洪、枯季黄河口水沙输运的三维数值模拟及特征分析
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摘要
本文首先对黄河口海域实际调查资料进行了充分分析和讨论,在此基础上,将EOMSED数值模型应用到黄河口,根据黄河口的实际岸线和地形,建立了一个基于正交曲线网格的三维黄河口水沙输运数值模型。利用该模型成功的模拟了黄河口洪、枯季水沙输运的过程,进而结合实测资料分析了洪、枯季黄河水沙扩散的基本特征。最后针对泥沙输运中所发生特殊沉积动力现象(最大混浊带、异重流),初步探讨了其形态特征和形成机制。通过本文的工作,初步得到以下几点结论:
ECOMSED模型对潮流作用下的黄河口水沙输运过程的模拟是可信的。本文应用ECOMSED模型模拟了渤海潮流,进而模拟了黄河口地区流场、盐度场和泥沙场,经过验证其模拟结果与实测结果符合较好。
枯季黄河口水沙以异轻羽状流的形式向海扩散,高潮时盐水楔侵入河道,呈“墙”状分布,阻挡了淡水的向海扩散。洪季黄河口水沙以异轻流和异重流两种形式向海输运,异轻流仍然是水沙扩散的重要形式之一,底部盐水上溯受高浓度泥沙异重流的影响,上溯距离大大缩短。
最大浑浊带发生在流速较小的涨落潮的交替阶段,形成于向陆的密度流和上游向海的径流在河道低层辐合的滞流点处,此处是泥沙的汇合地,流速很小有利于泥沙的沉降,而由流场辐合产生的上升流又使该处泥沙不易落淤,造成此处水体含沙量明显高于别处,从而形成最大浑浊带。
泥沙异重流是发生在高含沙量径流入海过程中的泥沙输运现象,并且要求径流含沙量分布是分层的;异重流输沙距离很短,仅在水深6m以浅;落潮时由于潮流变小,异轻流输沙量变大,此时泥沙异重流的含沙量降低。
In this paper, the survey data in the Huanghe estuary area are fully analyzed and discussed. Then the ECOMSED numerical model is applied to the Huanghe estuary. A 3D transportation simulation model with the orthogonal curvilinear grid which is based on the coastal line and terrain of Huanghe estuary is built up. With this model, the transportation processes of the fresh water and sediment in the Huanghe estuary during flood and Drought are successfully simulated. Then the basic dispersing character of the fresh water and sediment during flood and drought is analyzed based on the survey data. There are some particular depositional dynamic phenomena, such us maximum turbidity zone, hyperpycnal flow, which are found during the simulation. The shape character and the dynamic mechanism of these phenomena are discussed in this paper. The following results are obtained throughout the work:The simulation result of ECOMSED model about the transportation process of the fresh water and sediment in the Huanghe estuary with the effect of the tide current is believable. In the paper, the tide current of Bohai and then the current, salinity, sediment concentration in the Huanghe estuary are simulated. The result complies with the survey data after verification.During drought, the fresh water and the sediment disperse into the sea as the hypopycnal flow. The salt water intrudes into the channel like a wall and stops the dispersing of the fresh water at the flow time. During flood, the fresh water and the sediment disperse in the shape
of both hypopycnal flow and hyperpycnal flow. And the hypopycnal flow is also a important factor of their dispersion. The salt water which traces upward along the sea bottom can only trace a shorter distance because of the impact of the hyperpycnal flow.The estuarine maximum turbidity zone occurs at the time when ebb and flow alternates and the tide speed is relatively low. It is located at the stagnation point on the river bottom where the land-ward density induced current and the river current meet. Both the upstream and downstream currents convey sediments to the stagnation point that induces the convergence of sediments, and the upwelling current here makes sediment difficult to settle down. As a result, the sediment concentration near the stagnation point is larger than the other area, then the maximum turbidity zone occurs.Hyperpycnal flow occurs during the transportation of the high sediment concentration flow into the sea when the sediment concentration of the river flow is layered. Hyperpycnal flow can only carry the sediment to a short distance where the water is not deeper than 6 rn. At the ebb, the sediment concentration of the hyperpycnal flow reduces as more sediment disperses with the hypopycnal flow.
ECOMSED模型对潮流作用下的黄河口水沙输运过程的模拟是可信的。本文应用ECOMSED模型模拟了渤海潮流,进而模拟了黄河口地区流场、盐度场和泥沙场,经过验证其模拟结果与实测结果符合较好。
枯季黄河口水沙以异轻羽状流的形式向海扩散,高潮时盐水楔侵入河道,呈“墙”状分布,阻挡了淡水的向海扩散。洪季黄河口水沙以异轻流和异重流两种形式向海输运,异轻流仍然是水沙扩散的重要形式之一,底部盐水上溯受高浓度泥沙异重流的影响,上溯距离大大缩短。
最大浑浊带发生在流速较小的涨落潮的交替阶段,形成于向陆的密度流和上游向海的径流在河道低层辐合的滞流点处,此处是泥沙的汇合地,流速很小有利于泥沙的沉降,而由流场辐合产生的上升流又使该处泥沙不易落淤,造成此处水体含沙量明显高于别处,从而形成最大浑浊带。
泥沙异重流是发生在高含沙量径流入海过程中的泥沙输运现象,并且要求径流含沙量分布是分层的;异重流输沙距离很短,仅在水深6m以浅;落潮时由于潮流变小,异轻流输沙量变大,此时泥沙异重流的含沙量降低。
In this paper, the survey data in the Huanghe estuary area are fully analyzed and discussed. Then the ECOMSED numerical model is applied to the Huanghe estuary. A 3D transportation simulation model with the orthogonal curvilinear grid which is based on the coastal line and terrain of Huanghe estuary is built up. With this model, the transportation processes of the fresh water and sediment in the Huanghe estuary during flood and Drought are successfully simulated. Then the basic dispersing character of the fresh water and sediment during flood and drought is analyzed based on the survey data. There are some particular depositional dynamic phenomena, such us maximum turbidity zone, hyperpycnal flow, which are found during the simulation. The shape character and the dynamic mechanism of these phenomena are discussed in this paper. The following results are obtained throughout the work:The simulation result of ECOMSED model about the transportation process of the fresh water and sediment in the Huanghe estuary with the effect of the tide current is believable. In the paper, the tide current of Bohai and then the current, salinity, sediment concentration in the Huanghe estuary are simulated. The result complies with the survey data after verification.During drought, the fresh water and the sediment disperse into the sea as the hypopycnal flow. The salt water intrudes into the channel like a wall and stops the dispersing of the fresh water at the flow time. During flood, the fresh water and the sediment disperse in the shape
of both hypopycnal flow and hyperpycnal flow. And the hypopycnal flow is also a important factor of their dispersion. The salt water which traces upward along the sea bottom can only trace a shorter distance because of the impact of the hyperpycnal flow.The estuarine maximum turbidity zone occurs at the time when ebb and flow alternates and the tide speed is relatively low. It is located at the stagnation point on the river bottom where the land-ward density induced current and the river current meet. Both the upstream and downstream currents convey sediments to the stagnation point that induces the convergence of sediments, and the upwelling current here makes sediment difficult to settle down. As a result, the sediment concentration near the stagnation point is larger than the other area, then the maximum turbidity zone occurs.Hyperpycnal flow occurs during the transportation of the high sediment concentration flow into the sea when the sediment concentration of the river flow is layered. Hyperpycnal flow can only carry the sediment to a short distance where the water is not deeper than 6 rn. At the ebb, the sediment concentration of the hyperpycnal flow reduces as more sediment disperses with the hypopycnal flow.
引文
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