台州湾悬沙运动的二维数学模型
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摘要
“波浪掀沙，潮流输沙”是波流共同作用下的河口海岸泥沙运动机制。台州湾海域是强潮海域，同时也是浙江省强波浪作用海域之一，对波流共同作用下台州湾悬沙运动的研究，揭示其规律，不仅可以为该地区海岸工程提供依据，而且对了解河口及海岸的演变规律，保护海洋环境等有深刻的意义。
本文在现有河口海岸动力学理论、泥沙运动理论和数值计算方法的基础上，建立了一个波浪和潮流共同作用下台州湾平面二维悬沙计算的数值模型，该模型主要由三部分组成，即波浪模型、考虑了波浪作用的二维复合流场模型及复合流场作用下的二维悬沙输运模型。在建立复合流场模型过程中考虑了波浪辐射应力对潮流的作用，同时在悬沙输运模型利用切应力方法来确定对流扩散方程中的泥沙源函数，底部剪切应力是通过波—流共同作用下的非线性模式计算得到。经过验证计算结果与实测结果吻合较好，基本上再现了台州湾当时的潮流场及悬沙浓度分布场。
在验证的悬沙数学模型的基础上，本文对台州湾大小潮的悬沙浓度分布及悬沙运动情况进行了研究，并对大潮过程中，纯潮流和波流共同作用下的悬沙分布规律进行了比较与分析，定量分析了波浪在台州湾悬沙运动中的作用，得出如下结论：
台州湾的悬沙浓度在时间上呈现明显的涨落潮和大小潮周期变化。涨潮时悬沙浓度自台州湾向椒江口内递增，落潮时则相反，浓度由椒江口内向口外浓度由高到低，呈放射状分布；同时，大潮含沙量大于小潮含沙量。在NE向波浪作用下，在椒江河口纯潮流和波流共同作用下的悬沙浓度分布差异不大，可以认为在该地区对泥沙悬浮与再悬浮起决定作用的是潮流，波浪的影响不大；在深水区，波浪作用也不明显；而对处在椒江河口口外的台州湾(特别是浅水区域)的泥沙的悬浮与再悬浮，波流共同作用下要比单纯潮流作用下悬沙浓度要大的多，如在4m等深线处的测点大潮平均悬沙浓度增幅达到了75％，这说明对于台州湾这样的强潮海域，波浪在泥沙悬浮过程中起着不可忽视的作用，因而也必然会对其地形的塑造产生重要影响。
"Waves lift sediments and currents transport them" is the sediment transport mechanism in the coast and estuary where both waves and currents play great roles. The Taizhou Bay is not just a macro-tidal coast, but a strong-waves area. Study on suspended sediment transport and the transport rules in the Taizhou Bay can not only provide the basis for coastal engineering and let us know the evolution of estuarine and coast, but play an important part in the protection of the marine environment.
Based on the existing hydrodynamics, sand transport theory and numerical calculation method, a 2D depth-integrated mathematical model which combined wave with current on suspended sediment in the Taizhou Bay is developed. There are three parts in this model, a 2D compound hydrodynamics model combined waves and currents, a wave-model and a 2D suspended sediment transport model. The wave radiation stress is considered in the compound hydrodynamic model. The value of bottom friction is offered by the wave-current bottom boundary layer model. In the sediment transport model, the. method of shear stress is adopted to determine the source function in the suspended sediment diffusion equation. The simulated results which include the coupling current model and the sediment transport model tally well with the measured data. It shows that the models that were built are in agreement with the fact of the Taizhou Bay basically.
Then, temporal changes of suspended sediment concentration in the Taizhou Bay is analyzed. At the same time the distribution of suspended sediment during the spring-tide is compared and discussed under two conditions including pure current and wave-current condition. It indicates that the suspended sediment concentration in the Taizhou Bay show a neap-spring tidal cycle and flood-ebb fluctuations. During the spring-tide the concentrations of sediment increase from the Taizhou Bay to the Jiaojiang mouth, the condition of neap-tide is on the contrary, and the spring-tide concentration of suspended sediment is greater than the neap-tide concentration. In the mouth of Jiaojiang river the contributions of sediment concentration have little difference in two conditions which are pure current and wave-current motion. So it shows that in those areas suspension and resuspension of sediment are controlled by currents, and waves contribution is tiny; at the deep zone waves also have little effects. But in the shallow areas of Taizhou Bay waves play a very important part in sediment suspension and resuspension, suspended sediment concentration is 75% at least in wave-current greater than pure current condition. Then it shows that for Taizhou Bay which is a macro-tidal area waves play an important part in suspension of sediment.
本文在现有河口海岸动力学理论、泥沙运动理论和数值计算方法的基础上，建立了一个波浪和潮流共同作用下台州湾平面二维悬沙计算的数值模型，该模型主要由三部分组成，即波浪模型、考虑了波浪作用的二维复合流场模型及复合流场作用下的二维悬沙输运模型。在建立复合流场模型过程中考虑了波浪辐射应力对潮流的作用，同时在悬沙输运模型利用切应力方法来确定对流扩散方程中的泥沙源函数，底部剪切应力是通过波—流共同作用下的非线性模式计算得到。经过验证计算结果与实测结果吻合较好，基本上再现了台州湾当时的潮流场及悬沙浓度分布场。
在验证的悬沙数学模型的基础上，本文对台州湾大小潮的悬沙浓度分布及悬沙运动情况进行了研究，并对大潮过程中，纯潮流和波流共同作用下的悬沙分布规律进行了比较与分析，定量分析了波浪在台州湾悬沙运动中的作用，得出如下结论：
台州湾的悬沙浓度在时间上呈现明显的涨落潮和大小潮周期变化。涨潮时悬沙浓度自台州湾向椒江口内递增，落潮时则相反，浓度由椒江口内向口外浓度由高到低，呈放射状分布；同时，大潮含沙量大于小潮含沙量。在NE向波浪作用下，在椒江河口纯潮流和波流共同作用下的悬沙浓度分布差异不大，可以认为在该地区对泥沙悬浮与再悬浮起决定作用的是潮流，波浪的影响不大；在深水区，波浪作用也不明显；而对处在椒江河口口外的台州湾(特别是浅水区域)的泥沙的悬浮与再悬浮，波流共同作用下要比单纯潮流作用下悬沙浓度要大的多，如在4m等深线处的测点大潮平均悬沙浓度增幅达到了75％，这说明对于台州湾这样的强潮海域，波浪在泥沙悬浮过程中起着不可忽视的作用，因而也必然会对其地形的塑造产生重要影响。
"Waves lift sediments and currents transport them" is the sediment transport mechanism in the coast and estuary where both waves and currents play great roles. The Taizhou Bay is not just a macro-tidal coast, but a strong-waves area. Study on suspended sediment transport and the transport rules in the Taizhou Bay can not only provide the basis for coastal engineering and let us know the evolution of estuarine and coast, but play an important part in the protection of the marine environment.
Based on the existing hydrodynamics, sand transport theory and numerical calculation method, a 2D depth-integrated mathematical model which combined wave with current on suspended sediment in the Taizhou Bay is developed. There are three parts in this model, a 2D compound hydrodynamics model combined waves and currents, a wave-model and a 2D suspended sediment transport model. The wave radiation stress is considered in the compound hydrodynamic model. The value of bottom friction is offered by the wave-current bottom boundary layer model. In the sediment transport model, the. method of shear stress is adopted to determine the source function in the suspended sediment diffusion equation. The simulated results which include the coupling current model and the sediment transport model tally well with the measured data. It shows that the models that were built are in agreement with the fact of the Taizhou Bay basically.
Then, temporal changes of suspended sediment concentration in the Taizhou Bay is analyzed. At the same time the distribution of suspended sediment during the spring-tide is compared and discussed under two conditions including pure current and wave-current condition. It indicates that the suspended sediment concentration in the Taizhou Bay show a neap-spring tidal cycle and flood-ebb fluctuations. During the spring-tide the concentrations of sediment increase from the Taizhou Bay to the Jiaojiang mouth, the condition of neap-tide is on the contrary, and the spring-tide concentration of suspended sediment is greater than the neap-tide concentration. In the mouth of Jiaojiang river the contributions of sediment concentration have little difference in two conditions which are pure current and wave-current motion. So it shows that in those areas suspension and resuspension of sediment are controlled by currents, and waves contribution is tiny; at the deep zone waves also have little effects. But in the shallow areas of Taizhou Bay waves play a very important part in sediment suspension and resuspension, suspended sediment concentration is 75% at least in wave-current greater than pure current condition. Then it shows that for Taizhou Bay which is a macro-tidal area waves play an important part in suspension of sediment.
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