7MeV/U重离子回旋加速器设计与研制
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摘要
近代物理研究所正在研制一台7MeV/U的重离子回旋加速器(HIMM-IC).论文围绕这台回旋加速器的设计和研制工作展开,重点是整个加速器的物理设计和相关动力学研究。
HIMM-IC的设计以电磁场设计为基础,以单粒子跟踪、多粒子跟踪和传输矩阵的方法为手段,分中心区、引出系统和轴向注入线三个部分进行。HIMM-IC的设计以提高整个加速器的传输效率和引出束流品质为目标,充分考虑了加速器结构的小型化和简单化,以及加速器运行的可靠性和稳定性的要求。
中心区设计包括电极形状的设计和反射镜的设计。电极形状的优化设计使中心区轨道对中好于2mm,并保证了束流在中心区的轴向聚焦以及较高的相空间和相位接收度。反射镜把轴向运动的束流偏转到中心平面的运动,它设计的重点是保证较高的传输效率和较好的束流光学特性。引出系统的设计在等时性磁场的基础上进行,通过单粒子跟踪确定引出元件的类型和基本参数,通过多粒子跟踪对元件的参数进行优化并得到引出束流的参数。HIMM-IC引出系统设计的难点来自于紧凑的空间,这使得引出元件的结构受到了限制,同时束流从扇块边缘引出,此区域内磁场变化剧烈,使引出效率不高并且束流品质变差。为了提高引出效率和引出束流品质,采用C型铁加跑道线圈的方法对磁场梯度进行了修正,使引出效率由28%提高到47%。轴向注入线的设计包括了对束流的分析、传输、束流光学的匹配和束流的调制。初步设计中采用TRACE3D程序进行束流的相关计算。设计完成后用束流模拟程序SNOP进行了多粒子跟踪验证。
HIMM-IC的加工和部分元件的测试工作已经完成,加速器的安装和部件调试工作进展顺利,加速器束流调试工作即将进行。
A7MeV/U compact heavy ion cyclotron has being under developing at Institute of Modern Physics. The thesis works on the design and development of the cyclotron. Focus on the physical design of the cyclotron and the beam dynamical studies.
The design of the cyclotron is based on the electromagnetic fields. The single particle tracking and multi-particle tracking as well as transport matrix method have been used in the design. The design of the cyclotron has been composed by3parts, the central region design, the extraction system design and the axial injection line design. The design of the cyclotron aims on the improvement of the transmission efficiency and the beam qualities. The miniaturization and simplification of the accelerator structures has been considered as well as the running reliability and stability of the accelerator.
The design of the central region includes the electrode geometry and the spiral inflector. The beam has been centralized by optimizing the shape of the electrode. The centralization in the central region is better than2mm. The design also insures the axial beam focusing and lager acceptance of phase space. The spiral inflector bends the beam from axil motion to the median plane motion. The design of the spiral inflector focuses on higher transfer efficiency and better beam optics.
The design of the extraction system is based on the isochronous fields. Theextraction elements and its’ basic parameters are determined by single particletracking. The parameters are optimized by multi-particle tracking, the beamparameters of extracted beam are also got from multi-particle tracking. Thedifficulties in the design of the extraction system come from the compact space,which makes the design of the extraction elements very difficult for they shouldhave high electromagnetic fields. Meanwhile the beam is extracted from the edge ofthe sector, where the magnetic field changes very quickly, so the extractionefficiency is very low, and extracted beam quality is poor. In order to improve theextraction efficiency and extracted beam quality, a magnetic field gradient correctorwhich composed of a c-iron and a coil is introduced at the edge of sector，then theextraction efficiency increases from28%to47%.
The design of the axial injection beam line includes the design of beam analysissystem, the design of the beam transmit system, the design of the optics matchingsystem and the design of the beam modulation system. TRACE3D code is used inthe preliminary design. Beam simulation code SNOP is used to check the design ofthe beam line.
The manufacture of the cyclotron components is completed. Some of the testworks of the components are completed. The installation of the cyclotron and thetune of cyclotron components are progressing. Beam commissioning of thecyclotron will soon be.
HIMM-IC的设计以电磁场设计为基础,以单粒子跟踪、多粒子跟踪和传输矩阵的方法为手段,分中心区、引出系统和轴向注入线三个部分进行。HIMM-IC的设计以提高整个加速器的传输效率和引出束流品质为目标,充分考虑了加速器结构的小型化和简单化,以及加速器运行的可靠性和稳定性的要求。
中心区设计包括电极形状的设计和反射镜的设计。电极形状的优化设计使中心区轨道对中好于2mm,并保证了束流在中心区的轴向聚焦以及较高的相空间和相位接收度。反射镜把轴向运动的束流偏转到中心平面的运动,它设计的重点是保证较高的传输效率和较好的束流光学特性。引出系统的设计在等时性磁场的基础上进行,通过单粒子跟踪确定引出元件的类型和基本参数,通过多粒子跟踪对元件的参数进行优化并得到引出束流的参数。HIMM-IC引出系统设计的难点来自于紧凑的空间,这使得引出元件的结构受到了限制,同时束流从扇块边缘引出,此区域内磁场变化剧烈,使引出效率不高并且束流品质变差。为了提高引出效率和引出束流品质,采用C型铁加跑道线圈的方法对磁场梯度进行了修正,使引出效率由28%提高到47%。轴向注入线的设计包括了对束流的分析、传输、束流光学的匹配和束流的调制。初步设计中采用TRACE3D程序进行束流的相关计算。设计完成后用束流模拟程序SNOP进行了多粒子跟踪验证。
HIMM-IC的加工和部分元件的测试工作已经完成,加速器的安装和部件调试工作进展顺利,加速器束流调试工作即将进行。
A7MeV/U compact heavy ion cyclotron has being under developing at Institute of Modern Physics. The thesis works on the design and development of the cyclotron. Focus on the physical design of the cyclotron and the beam dynamical studies.
The design of the cyclotron is based on the electromagnetic fields. The single particle tracking and multi-particle tracking as well as transport matrix method have been used in the design. The design of the cyclotron has been composed by3parts, the central region design, the extraction system design and the axial injection line design. The design of the cyclotron aims on the improvement of the transmission efficiency and the beam qualities. The miniaturization and simplification of the accelerator structures has been considered as well as the running reliability and stability of the accelerator.
The design of the central region includes the electrode geometry and the spiral inflector. The beam has been centralized by optimizing the shape of the electrode. The centralization in the central region is better than2mm. The design also insures the axial beam focusing and lager acceptance of phase space. The spiral inflector bends the beam from axil motion to the median plane motion. The design of the spiral inflector focuses on higher transfer efficiency and better beam optics.
The design of the extraction system is based on the isochronous fields. Theextraction elements and its’ basic parameters are determined by single particletracking. The parameters are optimized by multi-particle tracking, the beamparameters of extracted beam are also got from multi-particle tracking. Thedifficulties in the design of the extraction system come from the compact space,which makes the design of the extraction elements very difficult for they shouldhave high electromagnetic fields. Meanwhile the beam is extracted from the edge ofthe sector, where the magnetic field changes very quickly, so the extractionefficiency is very low, and extracted beam quality is poor. In order to improve theextraction efficiency and extracted beam quality, a magnetic field gradient correctorwhich composed of a c-iron and a coil is introduced at the edge of sector，then theextraction efficiency increases from28%to47%.
The design of the axial injection beam line includes the design of beam analysissystem, the design of the beam transmit system, the design of the optics matchingsystem and the design of the beam modulation system. TRACE3D code is used inthe preliminary design. Beam simulation code SNOP is used to check the design ofthe beam line.
The manufacture of the cyclotron components is completed. Some of the testworks of the components are completed. The installation of the cyclotron and thetune of cyclotron components are progressing. Beam commissioning of thecyclotron will soon be.
引文
[1] R R Wilson.Radiological Use of Fast Protons.Radiology,1946,Vol.47(5):487
[2]肖国青,张红,李强.中国科学院近代物理研究所重离子束治癌进展.原子核物理评论,2007, Vol.24(2):85-88
[3]叶飞,李强.重离子治癌相关研究.原子核物理论,2010,Vol.27(3):309-316
[4]宋明涛。重离子治疗装置研究.原子核物理论,2001,Vol.18(2):116-119
[5] Availablefrom:http://ptcogwebpsi.cn/.
[6]樊明武，张兴治，李振国.强流质子回旋加速器CYCIAE30建成.科学通报，1995，Vol.40(20):1825-1828.
[7]李振国，吴隆成，葛涛等.10MeV强流回旋加速器的束流调试.原子能科学技术，2011，Vol.45(5),：588-594.
[8]何小中,杨国君,龙继东等.紧凑型医用回旋加速器的物理设计.核技术，2014，37（1）.
[9] Lawrence E,Edlefson N, Science.1930,72:376–377.
[10]Lawrence E O.A method for producing high speed hydrogen ions without theuse of high voltages.Phys Rev,1931,Vol.38:384-385.
[11]Bethe H A, Rose M E. Maximun energy obtainable from cyclotron. Phys. Rev.1937,Vol.52:1254-1255.
[12]Bohm D, Foldy L L. Theory of the Synchro-Cyclotron. Phys. Rev.1947,Vol.72:649.
[13]Thomas L H. The Paths of Ions in the Cyclotrons. Phys.Rev.1938,Vol.54:580-598.
[14]Willax H A.Proposal for a500MeV Isochronous cyclotron with ring magnet.3rdInternational Conference on Sector-focused Cyclotrons.CERN63-19,1963:386.
[15]叶锋，马忠仁，尹全民等．注入器SFC性能的改进和提高．兰州重离子研究装置进展报告，1993,10:1-8.
[16]张恩后，魏宝文，马受武等．兰州重离子加速器建成出束．兰州重离子研究装置进展报告，1988,7:1-32.
[17]T J Zhang,Y L Lu,et al.Overall Design of the CYCIAE-14, a14MeV PETCyclotron. Proc. of10th ECAART2010, Athens.
[18]唐靖宇，魏宝文.回旋加速器理论与设计.合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，2008.
[19]徐键铭.加速器原理.北京：科学出版社,1981.
[20]姚红娟.CYCIAE-100回旋加速器轴向注入线与中心区理论和实验研究（博士论文）.2008.
[21]Kerst D W，Serber R.Electonic orbits in the induction accelerator. Phys.Rev,1941,Vol.60:53-58.
[22]John J Livingood.Principles of cyclic particle accelerators.New York:D.VanNostrand Company,Inc,1961.
[23]王义芳．SSC注入引出系统．兰州重离子研究装置进展报告，1983,2：16-25.
[24]王义芳．SSC注入效率计算．兰州重离子研究装置进展报告，1984,3：106-112.
[25]Kleeven W.J.G.M,Hagedoorn H L.The inflence of magnetic field imperfectionson the beam quality in an H-cyclotron.Proc.13th Int. Cycl. Conf.1992:380-383.
[26]Root L W. Design of an Inflector for the TRIUMF Cyclotron (M.Sc. Thesis).Vancouver:Univ. of British Columbia,1972.
[27]Root L W. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Behavior of an HˉIonBeam during Injection and Acceleration in the TRIUMF Central Region ModelCyclotron (Ph.D.Thesis), Vancouver: Univ. of British Columbia,1974.
[28]Louis R. The properties of ion orbits in the central region of a cyclotron (Ph.Dthesis).Vancouver: University of British Columbia,1971.
[29]S.B.Vorozhtsov,V.L.Smirnov.Snop user guide.
[30]Bellomo G. The central region for compact cyclotrons.12th Int. Cycl. Conf.Vancouver,1992:325.
[31]Injection and central region design for the IBA C70cyclotron.18th Int. Cycl.Conf. Giardini Naxos,2007:66-68.
[32]Borisov O N, B.N. Gikal, G.G. Gulbekyan, et al. Beam Extraction System fromDC60[C]. Proc of18th International Conference on Cyclotron and TheirApplication.2007:24-26.
[33]W. Br utigam, R. Brings, N. Gad, et al. Extraction of D-beams from thecyclotron JULIC for injection into the cooler synchrotron COSY[C]. Proc of17th International Conference on Cyclotron and Their Application.2001:123-125.
[34]D. Vandeplassche, W. Beeckman, W. Kleeven, et al. Extraction Simulations forthe IBA C70Cyclotron[C]. Proc of18th International Conference on Cyclotronand Their Application.2007:63-65.
[35]Willax H A,Garren A A.Center-region geometry of the Berkeley88-inchcyclotron.2ndICC. Los Angels:Nuclear Instruments and Methods,1962:347.
[36]Bellomo G.The central region for compact cyclotron.12thICC1989.Singapore:World Scientific Publishing Co，1991:325.
[37]Powell W B and Reece B L.Injection of ions into a cyclotron from an externalsource. Nuclear Instruments and Methods,1965(32):325.
[38]Cox A J, et al. Operation of a40-inch Radial Ridge Cyclotron. Nucl. Instr. andMehtods.1962,18:25-32.
[39]Plis Yu A, et al.The current state of the physics and technology of obtainingpolarized particle beams.Sviet Phys.-Tech. Phys.,1967(12):348.
[40]Bejsovec V, et al. The polarized ion source for the U-120cyclotron1.Realization of a new method of radial injection of ions into cyclic accelerators.Nuclear Instruments and Methods,1970(87):229.
[41]Gladyshev V A et al.Sov.Atom.Ener.1965,18(3):268.
[42]Bieth C,et al.A new heavy ion souce sand recent performance of Alice.IEEETransacrions on Nuclear Science,1972,Vol.19:93.
[43]Flerov G N.Heavy ion research at Dubna. IEEE Transacrions on NuclearScience,1972,Vol.19:9.
[44]A.Goto, S.B.Vorozhtsov, E.E.Perepelkin. Technical design Note. RIKEN, Tokyo,Japan,2009.
[2]肖国青,张红,李强.中国科学院近代物理研究所重离子束治癌进展.原子核物理评论,2007, Vol.24(2):85-88
[3]叶飞,李强.重离子治癌相关研究.原子核物理论,2010,Vol.27(3):309-316
[4]宋明涛。重离子治疗装置研究.原子核物理论,2001,Vol.18(2):116-119
[5] Availablefrom:http://ptcogwebpsi.cn/.
[6]樊明武，张兴治，李振国.强流质子回旋加速器CYCIAE30建成.科学通报，1995，Vol.40(20):1825-1828.
[7]李振国，吴隆成，葛涛等.10MeV强流回旋加速器的束流调试.原子能科学技术，2011，Vol.45(5),：588-594.
[8]何小中,杨国君,龙继东等.紧凑型医用回旋加速器的物理设计.核技术，2014，37（1）.
[9] Lawrence E,Edlefson N, Science.1930,72:376–377.
[10]Lawrence E O.A method for producing high speed hydrogen ions without theuse of high voltages.Phys Rev,1931,Vol.38:384-385.
[11]Bethe H A, Rose M E. Maximun energy obtainable from cyclotron. Phys. Rev.1937,Vol.52:1254-1255.
[12]Bohm D, Foldy L L. Theory of the Synchro-Cyclotron. Phys. Rev.1947,Vol.72:649.
[13]Thomas L H. The Paths of Ions in the Cyclotrons. Phys.Rev.1938,Vol.54:580-598.
[14]Willax H A.Proposal for a500MeV Isochronous cyclotron with ring magnet.3rdInternational Conference on Sector-focused Cyclotrons.CERN63-19,1963:386.
[15]叶锋，马忠仁，尹全民等．注入器SFC性能的改进和提高．兰州重离子研究装置进展报告，1993,10:1-8.
[16]张恩后，魏宝文，马受武等．兰州重离子加速器建成出束．兰州重离子研究装置进展报告，1988,7:1-32.
[17]T J Zhang,Y L Lu,et al.Overall Design of the CYCIAE-14, a14MeV PETCyclotron. Proc. of10th ECAART2010, Athens.
[18]唐靖宇，魏宝文.回旋加速器理论与设计.合肥：中国科学技术大学出版社，2008.
[19]徐键铭.加速器原理.北京：科学出版社,1981.
[20]姚红娟.CYCIAE-100回旋加速器轴向注入线与中心区理论和实验研究（博士论文）.2008.
[21]Kerst D W，Serber R.Electonic orbits in the induction accelerator. Phys.Rev,1941,Vol.60:53-58.
[22]John J Livingood.Principles of cyclic particle accelerators.New York:D.VanNostrand Company,Inc,1961.
[23]王义芳．SSC注入引出系统．兰州重离子研究装置进展报告，1983,2：16-25.
[24]王义芳．SSC注入效率计算．兰州重离子研究装置进展报告，1984,3：106-112.
[25]Kleeven W.J.G.M,Hagedoorn H L.The inflence of magnetic field imperfectionson the beam quality in an H-cyclotron.Proc.13th Int. Cycl. Conf.1992:380-383.
[26]Root L W. Design of an Inflector for the TRIUMF Cyclotron (M.Sc. Thesis).Vancouver:Univ. of British Columbia,1972.
[27]Root L W. Experimental and Theoretical Studies of the Behavior of an HˉIonBeam during Injection and Acceleration in the TRIUMF Central Region ModelCyclotron (Ph.D.Thesis), Vancouver: Univ. of British Columbia,1974.
[28]Louis R. The properties of ion orbits in the central region of a cyclotron (Ph.Dthesis).Vancouver: University of British Columbia,1971.
[29]S.B.Vorozhtsov,V.L.Smirnov.Snop user guide.
[30]Bellomo G. The central region for compact cyclotrons.12th Int. Cycl. Conf.Vancouver,1992:325.
[31]Injection and central region design for the IBA C70cyclotron.18th Int. Cycl.Conf. Giardini Naxos,2007:66-68.
[32]Borisov O N, B.N. Gikal, G.G. Gulbekyan, et al. Beam Extraction System fromDC60[C]. Proc of18th International Conference on Cyclotron and TheirApplication.2007:24-26.
[33]W. Br utigam, R. Brings, N. Gad, et al. Extraction of D-beams from thecyclotron JULIC for injection into the cooler synchrotron COSY[C]. Proc of17th International Conference on Cyclotron and Their Application.2001:123-125.
[34]D. Vandeplassche, W. Beeckman, W. Kleeven, et al. Extraction Simulations forthe IBA C70Cyclotron[C]. Proc of18th International Conference on Cyclotronand Their Application.2007:63-65.
[35]Willax H A,Garren A A.Center-region geometry of the Berkeley88-inchcyclotron.2ndICC. Los Angels:Nuclear Instruments and Methods,1962:347.
[36]Bellomo G.The central region for compact cyclotron.12thICC1989.Singapore:World Scientific Publishing Co，1991:325.
[37]Powell W B and Reece B L.Injection of ions into a cyclotron from an externalsource. Nuclear Instruments and Methods,1965(32):325.
[38]Cox A J, et al. Operation of a40-inch Radial Ridge Cyclotron. Nucl. Instr. andMehtods.1962,18:25-32.
[39]Plis Yu A, et al.The current state of the physics and technology of obtainingpolarized particle beams.Sviet Phys.-Tech. Phys.,1967(12):348.
[40]Bejsovec V, et al. The polarized ion source for the U-120cyclotron1.Realization of a new method of radial injection of ions into cyclic accelerators.Nuclear Instruments and Methods,1970(87):229.
[41]Gladyshev V A et al.Sov.Atom.Ener.1965,18(3):268.
[42]Bieth C,et al.A new heavy ion souce sand recent performance of Alice.IEEETransacrions on Nuclear Science,1972,Vol.19:93.
[43]Flerov G N.Heavy ion research at Dubna. IEEE Transacrions on NuclearScience,1972,Vol.19:9.
[44]A.Goto, S.B.Vorozhtsov, E.E.Perepelkin. Technical design Note. RIKEN, Tokyo,Japan,2009.