工程建设领域执业资格制度和注册建筑师执业制度的研究
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摘要
本文主要阐述了我国工程建设领域实施执业资格制度的意义,阐明了我国在工程建设领域实行执业资格制度的状况,对我国目前工程建设执业资格制度实施过程中存在的问题进行了深入探讨,有针对性的提出了健全我国工程建设执业资格制度的对策。工程建设领域首个实行个人注册执业制度是于1995年9月国务院颁布《注册建筑师条例》为标志,它的建立经历了从1984年建筑市场雏形建立到1992年以行业特点为主的企业市场准入资质管理制度建立阶段;经历了从1992年工程建设企业资质统一管理体制建立到1995年注册建筑师制度建立的发展阶段。由于它是在建筑市场出现后,从单位资质管理制度建立到个人执业制度的配套,因此它体现了以单位市场准入资质管理制度为主,个人执业制度为辅,通过对企业的管制实现对个人的管理的思路。在这种背景条件下,虽然建立了个人执业制度,但注册人员的市场化并未形成,出现了许多非市场化管理方式,使企业与个人之间形成了不平等的主体关系,个人不能直接进入工程建设市场,束缚了他们实现个人价值的最大化。
与国际接轨,实行国际通行做法是我国建立个人注册执业制度的主要目的之一,英、美等国家建立这项制度已有百年历史,它们的体系和做法对世界许多国家有较大的影响。本文根据现代市场经济特点对国际上主要采用的三种模式:(1)北美模式(以美、加为代表);(2)英联邦模式(英、澳、新西兰、中国香港等);(3)混合模式(包含有前两种模式的国家和地区,如亚太地区建筑师体系等)与我国的注册执业制度进行了分析比较,以此提出了改进注册工作的新思路。本文以注册建筑师制度的建立与实施为背景,探讨如何构建注册建筑师价值的最大化和市场化问题,从行为学、利益最大化和产权制度学方面探讨在工程建设市场中注册人员个人价值形成与实现的市场化问题,在理论与实践层面上探讨适应个人价值发挥的新管理体制与市场化方式。
This paper mainly expounds the meaning and condition of certified qualification system in our country’s engineering constructs domain, discussing the present problem that exists in execution process of certified qualification system and bringing up some counterplans contrapositively which aim at consummating our country’s professional qualification institution in engineering construction. The 1st registered system of personal profession engagement implemented in the field of engineering construction is marked by the Ordinance of Registered Architects promulgated by the State Council in September, 1995. Its creation experienced the development stage from the appearance of construction markets in 1984 to the enterprise of non-unified supervision system of engineering construction enterprise qualifications until 1992; and the stage from the establishment of unified supervision system of engineering construction enterprise qualifications in 1992 to the development of registered architect system in 1995. It is a combination of unit’s qualification administration system and personal practical system of profession following the emergence of the construction market, so it, supplemented by personal practical system of profession, relies mainly on the qualification administration system of unit’s market admittance, and manages individuals through enterprise control. In this context, although the personal practical system of profession has been established, the market-driven framework of registered persons hasn’t yet taken shape. There emerged many none market-driven ways of management, which formed unequal relationship of main bodies between enterprises and individuals, making individuals unable to enter the engineering construction market directly, hence restricting them to achieve the maximum of personal value.
One of the main targets in establishment of personal registered practical system in our country is to adopt international practice. It has been over 100 years since UK and USA established the system, which has greatly affected many countries in the world. Based on the features of modern market economy, the paper analyzes and compares the three models (a. North American Model represented by USA and Canada; b. Commonwealth of Nations Model represented by UK, Austria, New Zealand, Hong Kong of China etc; c. Mixed Model, including countries and regions of the above two models, e.g. architect system in Asia and Pacific regions, etc.) mainly adopted in international community, with registered practice system of profession in China, and finally proposes new concepts to improve current registered operation.
Under the background of institution’s establishment and execution , the paper explores the problem that how to build up and make the Registered architects’value up to maximum and flooding the market .The paper also analyzes market problems of the form and realization in the Registered persons’values in the way of praxeology and the maximum of benefits and property right institution, discussing new management system and market fashion which can fit in with personal value development on the bedding plane of theories and practice.
与国际接轨,实行国际通行做法是我国建立个人注册执业制度的主要目的之一,英、美等国家建立这项制度已有百年历史,它们的体系和做法对世界许多国家有较大的影响。本文根据现代市场经济特点对国际上主要采用的三种模式:(1)北美模式(以美、加为代表);(2)英联邦模式(英、澳、新西兰、中国香港等);(3)混合模式(包含有前两种模式的国家和地区,如亚太地区建筑师体系等)与我国的注册执业制度进行了分析比较,以此提出了改进注册工作的新思路。本文以注册建筑师制度的建立与实施为背景,探讨如何构建注册建筑师价值的最大化和市场化问题,从行为学、利益最大化和产权制度学方面探讨在工程建设市场中注册人员个人价值形成与实现的市场化问题,在理论与实践层面上探讨适应个人价值发挥的新管理体制与市场化方式。
This paper mainly expounds the meaning and condition of certified qualification system in our country’s engineering constructs domain, discussing the present problem that exists in execution process of certified qualification system and bringing up some counterplans contrapositively which aim at consummating our country’s professional qualification institution in engineering construction. The 1st registered system of personal profession engagement implemented in the field of engineering construction is marked by the Ordinance of Registered Architects promulgated by the State Council in September, 1995. Its creation experienced the development stage from the appearance of construction markets in 1984 to the enterprise of non-unified supervision system of engineering construction enterprise qualifications until 1992; and the stage from the establishment of unified supervision system of engineering construction enterprise qualifications in 1992 to the development of registered architect system in 1995. It is a combination of unit’s qualification administration system and personal practical system of profession following the emergence of the construction market, so it, supplemented by personal practical system of profession, relies mainly on the qualification administration system of unit’s market admittance, and manages individuals through enterprise control. In this context, although the personal practical system of profession has been established, the market-driven framework of registered persons hasn’t yet taken shape. There emerged many none market-driven ways of management, which formed unequal relationship of main bodies between enterprises and individuals, making individuals unable to enter the engineering construction market directly, hence restricting them to achieve the maximum of personal value.
One of the main targets in establishment of personal registered practical system in our country is to adopt international practice. It has been over 100 years since UK and USA established the system, which has greatly affected many countries in the world. Based on the features of modern market economy, the paper analyzes and compares the three models (a. North American Model represented by USA and Canada; b. Commonwealth of Nations Model represented by UK, Austria, New Zealand, Hong Kong of China etc; c. Mixed Model, including countries and regions of the above two models, e.g. architect system in Asia and Pacific regions, etc.) mainly adopted in international community, with registered practice system of profession in China, and finally proposes new concepts to improve current registered operation.
Under the background of institution’s establishment and execution , the paper explores the problem that how to build up and make the Registered architects’value up to maximum and flooding the market .The paper also analyzes market problems of the form and realization in the Registered persons’values in the way of praxeology and the maximum of benefits and property right institution, discussing new management system and market fashion which can fit in with personal value development on the bedding plane of theories and practice.
引文
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[40]孟宪海.国际工程保险制度研究借鉴.建筑经济. 2000. 9
[41]赖熹. 21世纪国外大型承包商对工程师的要求.建筑经济. 2000. 9
[42]建设部.建筑业“十五”及2015年预测. 2000年2月
[43]刘猛.过渡竞争、行业壁垒及其政策援助.建筑经济. 2000. 2
[2]赵铁生.工程项目管理.天津大学出版社,1992年12月
[3]肖鸣政.职业资格考评的理论与方法.中国人民大学出版社,1999年1月
[4]国务院法制局、建设部体改法规司、建筑管理司.中华人民共和国建筑法释义.中国建筑工业出版社,2000年11月
[5]张青林.项目法施工指导.中国建筑工业出版社,1997年8月
[6]姚兵.论工程建设和建筑业管理.中国建筑工业出版社,1995年7月
[7]全国建筑施工企业项目经理培训教材编委会.施工项目管理概论.中国建筑工业出版社,1999年6月
[8]罗民.日本的职业资格制度和考试.中国人民大学出版社,1997年8月
[9]国家统计局.中国统计年鉴—1999.中国统计出版社,1999年
[10]何伯森、张毅.工程项目管理的国际惯例. 1997年3月
[11]毕星、翟丽.项目管理.复旦大学出版社,2000年11月
[13]于安. WTO协定国内实施读本.中国法制出版社,2000年7月
[14]梁鉴.国际工程施工经营管理.水利电力出版社,1994年6月
[15]何伯森.工程招标承包与监理.人民交通出版社,1993年8月
[16]韩同银、刘庆凡.建设项目施工组织与管理.中国铁道出版社. 2000年3月
[17]吴涛.施工项目经理工作手册.地震出版社. 1998年2月
[18]沈祥华.施工承包企业项目综合管理.武汉工业大学出版社. 1996年8月
[19]王新华.建设监理概论.中国水利水电出版社. 1999年2月
[20]乔林.建筑工程施工风险与保险.上海科技文献出版社. 1999年8月
[21] [英]罗吉·弗兰根、乔治·诺曼著李世蓉、徐波译.工程建设风险管理.中国建筑工业出版社. 2000年12月
[22]王超.项目决策与管理.中国对外经济贸易出版社. 1998年12月
[23]刘尚和.建设监理实用手册.经济管理出版社. 1996年6月
[24]肖洪、王孟钧、余开华.工程项目管理与建设法规.湖南大学出版社. 1998年1月
[25]吴荣.保险学—理论与实务.复旦大学出版社. 1996年6月
[26]建设部.关于进一步推进建设系统国有企业改革和发展的指导意见. 2000年1月
[27]姚兵.论建筑企业创新.建筑经济. 2000. 2
[28]李世蓉.国外建筑业承包商资质管理模式.建筑. 2000. 7
[29] Construction Contracting, Richard H. Clough and Glenn A. Sears, John Wiley&Sons, Inc. 1994
[30] International Construction Project Management, General theory and practice, John Bennett, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., 1991
[31] Construction Contracts, Keith Collier, Reston Publishing Company, Inc.
[32] Procurement in France, Some Information for UK Professionals Considering Working in the French Construction Market, David Borrie, CIOB
[33] Project Procurement Method In USA , James Rowings, 1996年5月于天津大学
[34] AIA Introduction, American Institute of Architects, USA
[35] ACE Introduction, The Association of Consulting Engineers, UK
[36] ACEC The People Who Design Solutions, American Consulting Engineers Council, USA
[37] Project/Construction Management, American Consulting Engineers Council, USA
[38] ICE Introduction, The Institute of Civil Engineering, UK
[39]王秀娟.试析制约国有建筑企业深化改革的因素.建筑经济. 2000. 8
[40]孟宪海.国际工程保险制度研究借鉴.建筑经济. 2000. 9
[41]赖熹. 21世纪国外大型承包商对工程师的要求.建筑经济. 2000. 9
[42]建设部.建筑业“十五”及2015年预测. 2000年2月
[43]刘猛.过渡竞争、行业壁垒及其政策援助.建筑经济. 2000. 2