动态地图符号研究及系统实现
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摘要
地理信息系统的发展不过短短20多年时间,但其发展过程非常迅速。GIS技术的应用开发以及服务已经成为具有庞大市场规模的产业,应用领域几乎遍及与空间信息有关的所有领域。
地图符号是GIS地图的语言,它是表达地图内容,传递空间数据信息的主要媒介,是GIS地图区别于其它表示地理环境图像的一个重要特征。
基于现代可视化工:具的动态电子地图,其功能已远远超过了传统的静态地图。它表达的信息更加丰富生动,并将交互式操作引入读图之中,增强了读图的主动性和适应性。
而动态符号正是动态地图强大可视化功能的基础。有了动态符号的支持,动态地图显得更加生动和详细。
本文主要在分析了GIS符号系统发展现状的基础上,结合计算机动画技术,进而对动态地图进行进一步的研究和探索,并对动态符号的概念进行了延伸和拓展,并以此为基础试着将传统的监控流程系统与GIS相结合,以空间数据的方式地形式实现数据的实时接收,实时处理,实时表现。本文主要着眼于监控数据的GIS表现这一层面。
Geography Information System and its service has shared a large scale market, and GIS has spread to many field which was related with space information.Cartographic Symbols express the meaning of the data of the maps, and survey information about space data, witch distinguish the GIS map from other environmental maps.The dynamic Electronic maps which are based on modern visualization technology is more powerful than the traditional static maps . It introduces interaction to the GIS cartographies, and it enhances the adaptation and motivation of the users. The powerful dynamic maps are really based on dynamic symbols.The paper focuses on the dynamic symbols technology, after giving introductions about traditional GIS and computer animation technology. Additionally, the paper try to combine the GIS and traditional process monitoring systems to implement the receiving of data, the process of data, and the presentation of data, and all are processed real-time.
地图符号是GIS地图的语言,它是表达地图内容,传递空间数据信息的主要媒介,是GIS地图区别于其它表示地理环境图像的一个重要特征。
基于现代可视化工:具的动态电子地图,其功能已远远超过了传统的静态地图。它表达的信息更加丰富生动,并将交互式操作引入读图之中,增强了读图的主动性和适应性。
而动态符号正是动态地图强大可视化功能的基础。有了动态符号的支持,动态地图显得更加生动和详细。
本文主要在分析了GIS符号系统发展现状的基础上,结合计算机动画技术,进而对动态地图进行进一步的研究和探索,并对动态符号的概念进行了延伸和拓展,并以此为基础试着将传统的监控流程系统与GIS相结合,以空间数据的方式地形式实现数据的实时接收,实时处理,实时表现。本文主要着眼于监控数据的GIS表现这一层面。
Geography Information System and its service has shared a large scale market, and GIS has spread to many field which was related with space information.Cartographic Symbols express the meaning of the data of the maps, and survey information about space data, witch distinguish the GIS map from other environmental maps.The dynamic Electronic maps which are based on modern visualization technology is more powerful than the traditional static maps . It introduces interaction to the GIS cartographies, and it enhances the adaptation and motivation of the users. The powerful dynamic maps are really based on dynamic symbols.The paper focuses on the dynamic symbols technology, after giving introductions about traditional GIS and computer animation technology. Additionally, the paper try to combine the GIS and traditional process monitoring systems to implement the receiving of data, the process of data, and the presentation of data, and all are processed real-time.
引文
[1].华一新,吴升,赵军喜,“地理信息系统原理与技术”,解放军出出版社,2000.
[2].赵军喜,“GIS中地图符号库的设计与实现”,硕士论文,1999。
[3].祝国瑞,苗先荣,陈丽珍,“地图设计”,广东省地图出版社,1993。
[4].俞连笙,王涛,“地图整饰”,北京:测绘出版社,1985,112。
[5].赵军喜,“GIS中地图符号库的设计与实现”,硕士论文,1999。
[6].李孝传,陈玉清,“一般拓扑学导引”,北京:高等教育出版社,1982。
[7].钟业勋,李占元,“地图数学定义的研究”,武汉测绘科技大学学报,1997 22(2)。
[8].王树禾,“图论及其算法”,合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1990.5。
[9].钟业勋,:地图复制中图像阴阳正反的定义及图像变换数学模型的研究“,测绘信息与工程,1998 83(3)。
[10].魏文展,钟业勋,黄仁涛,彭月英,“地图符号视觉变量数学定义的研究”,武汉大学学报·信息科学版2002年。
[11].张燕燕,胡毓钜,“地图可视化”,测绘工程,2001,10(1):27-29。
[12].钟业勋,胡毓钜,“地图的集合模型(表达式)及比较应用初探”,武汉测绘科技大学学报,1990,15(1):58-65。
[13].李德仁,程涛,“从GIS数据库中发现知识”,测绘学报,1995(1)。
[14].樊红,“地图注记自动配置的研究”,博士学位论文,武汉大学2001。
[13]. Alexander Wolff and Tycho Strijk, "The Map-Labeling Bibliography", http://www.math.inf.uni-greifswaldde/map-labeling/bibliography/, 1996.
[15]. Bram Verweij and Karen Aardal, "An optimization algorithm for maximum independent set with applications in map labeling", In Proc, 7~(th) Annu, Europe Sympon Algorithms(ESA'99), volume 1643 of lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages426-437, Prague, 16-18July 1999, Springer-Verlag.
[16]. Anthony C, Cook and Christonpher B, Jones, "A Prolog rule-based system for cartographic name placement", Computer Graphics Forum, 9(2): 109-126, 1990.
[17]. Hiersch S, "An Algorithm for Automatic Name Placement Around Point Data", The American Cartographer, vo19, No 1, pp 5-17, 1982.
[18].李霖,苗蕾,“时间动态地图模型”,武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2004,6,29～32。
[19]. Christopher Jones, " Cartographic name placement with Prolog", IEEE Computer Graphics & Application, 9(5): 36-47, 1989.
[20]. Herbert Freeman and,John Ahn, "On the problem of placing names in geographic map", Pattern Recognize, and Art, 1(1): 121-140, 1987.
[21]. James E, Mower, "Automated Feature and Name Placement on Parallel Computers", Cartography and Geographic Information System, vol 20, 1993, pp 69-82.
[22]. James E, Mower, "The Selection, Implementation, and Evaluation of Heuristics for Automated Name Placement", PhD thesis, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 1989.
[23].陈毓芬 刘宏林,“几种地图新概念的比较分析”,北京绘测1(28)。
[24]. Peterson, Michael P, (1995) "Interactive and Animated Cartography", Amazon.Com.
[25].许亚晴,白宝钢,冯则森,“计算机动画综述[J]”,新疆石油学院学报,1999,11(1):61-68。
[26]. Menno-Jan Kraak, Rob Edsall and Alan MacEachren, "CARTOGRAPHIC ANIMATION AND LEGENDS FOR TEMPORAL MAPS: EXPLORATION AND OR INTERACTION", http://www.itc.nl/～kraak/legends/second draft 2-4.
[27]. MacEachren A, M, Krack M J. "Research Challenges in Geovisualization", Cartography & Geographic Information System, 2001, 28(1): 3～12.
[29] 王家耀,陈毓芬,“理论地图学”,北京:解放军出版社,2000。
[30] 田德森,现代地图学理论”,北京:测绘出版社,1991。
[31] 龚建华,“地学可视化——理论、技术及应用“,[博士后出站报告],北京:中国科学院地理研究所,1997。
[32] 马荣华,“地理空间认知与GIS空间数据组织研究“,[学位论文],南京:南京大学,2002。
[33] 鲁道夫·阿恩海姆,“视觉思维——审美直觉心理学“,滕守尧译,北京:光明日报出版社,1987。
[34] Peuquet D J. "It's About Time: a Conceptual Framework for the Representation of Temporal Dynamics in Geographic Information Systems", Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 1994, 84(3): 441～461.
[35] Oberholzer C, Hurni L. "Visualization of Change in the Interactive Multimedia Atlas of Switzerland". Computers & Geosciences, 2000, 26: 37～43.
[36] Hornsby K, Egenhofer M J. Qualitative Representation of Change. In: Hirtle S C, Frank A. U, eds,. Spatial Information Theory;a Theoretical Basis for GIS. Berlin: Springer, 1997. 15～33.
[37] 高俊,“地理空间数据的可视化”,测绘工程,2000,19(3):1～7。
[38] Blok C. "Monitoring of Spatial—temporal Changes: Characteristics of Dynamics for Visual Exploration". ICA99, Ottawa, Canada, 1999.
[39] Eschenbach C, "Research Abstract on Dynamic Phenomena in Space and Their Representation", NCGIA's Varenius Project Meeting on Cognitive Models of Dynamic Phenomena and Their Representations, Pittsburgh, 1998.
[40] Yattaw N. J. "Conceptualizing Space and Time: a Classification of Geographic Movement", Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 999, 26(2).
[41]艾廷华,“动态符号与动态地图”,武汉测绘科技大学学报 第23卷第1期1998年3月。
[42]. Bertin, "Graphics and Graphic Information Processing", Walter de Gruyter, 1981.
[43]. MacEachren. "Time as a Cartographic Variable", Visualization in GIS, 1994.
[44]. Fisher P F, "Modeling Soil Map unit Inclusions by Monte Carlo Simulation". International Journal of Geographic Information System, 1991, 5 (2).
[45]. Fisher P F. "Visualizing Uncertainty in Soil Maps by Animation ". Cartographic, 1993, 30 (2).
[46].郑海鹰,“计算机地图制图原理”,中国人民解放军测绘学院,1997。
[47].危拥军,“三维地图符号理论与方法的研究”,硕士论文,2000
[48].钟业勋 魏文展 彭月英 郑红波,“地图符号数学定义的研究”,武汉大学学报信息科学版 2001年。
[49].高俊,“地图学四面体—数字化时代地图学的让释”,军事地图制图与地理信息系统发展与展望,2002年。
[50].郭庆胜,郑春燕“地图线状符号图案单元的优化配置方法”,武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2002年。
[51]. McCormick B. H, et al, "Visualization in Scientific computing", SIGRA PH Computer Graphics Newsletter, 1987, No6.
[2].赵军喜,“GIS中地图符号库的设计与实现”,硕士论文,1999。
[3].祝国瑞,苗先荣,陈丽珍,“地图设计”,广东省地图出版社,1993。
[4].俞连笙,王涛,“地图整饰”,北京:测绘出版社,1985,112。
[5].赵军喜,“GIS中地图符号库的设计与实现”,硕士论文,1999。
[6].李孝传,陈玉清,“一般拓扑学导引”,北京:高等教育出版社,1982。
[7].钟业勋,李占元,“地图数学定义的研究”,武汉测绘科技大学学报,1997 22(2)。
[8].王树禾,“图论及其算法”,合肥:中国科学技术大学出版社,1990.5。
[9].钟业勋,:地图复制中图像阴阳正反的定义及图像变换数学模型的研究“,测绘信息与工程,1998 83(3)。
[10].魏文展,钟业勋,黄仁涛,彭月英,“地图符号视觉变量数学定义的研究”,武汉大学学报·信息科学版2002年。
[11].张燕燕,胡毓钜,“地图可视化”,测绘工程,2001,10(1):27-29。
[12].钟业勋,胡毓钜,“地图的集合模型(表达式)及比较应用初探”,武汉测绘科技大学学报,1990,15(1):58-65。
[13].李德仁,程涛,“从GIS数据库中发现知识”,测绘学报,1995(1)。
[14].樊红,“地图注记自动配置的研究”,博士学位论文,武汉大学2001。
[13]. Alexander Wolff and Tycho Strijk, "The Map-Labeling Bibliography", http://www.math.inf.uni-greifswaldde/map-labeling/bibliography/, 1996.
[15]. Bram Verweij and Karen Aardal, "An optimization algorithm for maximum independent set with applications in map labeling", In Proc, 7~(th) Annu, Europe Sympon Algorithms(ESA'99), volume 1643 of lecture Notes in Computer Science, pages426-437, Prague, 16-18July 1999, Springer-Verlag.
[16]. Anthony C, Cook and Christonpher B, Jones, "A Prolog rule-based system for cartographic name placement", Computer Graphics Forum, 9(2): 109-126, 1990.
[17]. Hiersch S, "An Algorithm for Automatic Name Placement Around Point Data", The American Cartographer, vo19, No 1, pp 5-17, 1982.
[18].李霖,苗蕾,“时间动态地图模型”,武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2004,6,29～32。
[19]. Christopher Jones, " Cartographic name placement with Prolog", IEEE Computer Graphics & Application, 9(5): 36-47, 1989.
[20]. Herbert Freeman and,John Ahn, "On the problem of placing names in geographic map", Pattern Recognize, and Art, 1(1): 121-140, 1987.
[21]. James E, Mower, "Automated Feature and Name Placement on Parallel Computers", Cartography and Geographic Information System, vol 20, 1993, pp 69-82.
[22]. James E, Mower, "The Selection, Implementation, and Evaluation of Heuristics for Automated Name Placement", PhD thesis, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 1989.
[23].陈毓芬 刘宏林,“几种地图新概念的比较分析”,北京绘测1(28)。
[24]. Peterson, Michael P, (1995) "Interactive and Animated Cartography", Amazon.Com.
[25].许亚晴,白宝钢,冯则森,“计算机动画综述[J]”,新疆石油学院学报,1999,11(1):61-68。
[26]. Menno-Jan Kraak, Rob Edsall and Alan MacEachren, "CARTOGRAPHIC ANIMATION AND LEGENDS FOR TEMPORAL MAPS: EXPLORATION AND OR INTERACTION", http://www.itc.nl/～kraak/legends/second draft 2-4.
[27]. MacEachren A, M, Krack M J. "Research Challenges in Geovisualization", Cartography & Geographic Information System, 2001, 28(1): 3～12.
[29] 王家耀,陈毓芬,“理论地图学”,北京:解放军出版社,2000。
[30] 田德森,现代地图学理论”,北京:测绘出版社,1991。
[31] 龚建华,“地学可视化——理论、技术及应用“,[博士后出站报告],北京:中国科学院地理研究所,1997。
[32] 马荣华,“地理空间认知与GIS空间数据组织研究“,[学位论文],南京:南京大学,2002。
[33] 鲁道夫·阿恩海姆,“视觉思维——审美直觉心理学“,滕守尧译,北京:光明日报出版社,1987。
[34] Peuquet D J. "It's About Time: a Conceptual Framework for the Representation of Temporal Dynamics in Geographic Information Systems", Annals of the Association of American Geographers. 1994, 84(3): 441～461.
[35] Oberholzer C, Hurni L. "Visualization of Change in the Interactive Multimedia Atlas of Switzerland". Computers & Geosciences, 2000, 26: 37～43.
[36] Hornsby K, Egenhofer M J. Qualitative Representation of Change. In: Hirtle S C, Frank A. U, eds,. Spatial Information Theory;a Theoretical Basis for GIS. Berlin: Springer, 1997. 15～33.
[37] 高俊,“地理空间数据的可视化”,测绘工程,2000,19(3):1～7。
[38] Blok C. "Monitoring of Spatial—temporal Changes: Characteristics of Dynamics for Visual Exploration". ICA99, Ottawa, Canada, 1999.
[39] Eschenbach C, "Research Abstract on Dynamic Phenomena in Space and Their Representation", NCGIA's Varenius Project Meeting on Cognitive Models of Dynamic Phenomena and Their Representations, Pittsburgh, 1998.
[40] Yattaw N. J. "Conceptualizing Space and Time: a Classification of Geographic Movement", Cartography and Geographic Information Systems, 999, 26(2).
[41]艾廷华,“动态符号与动态地图”,武汉测绘科技大学学报 第23卷第1期1998年3月。
[42]. Bertin, "Graphics and Graphic Information Processing", Walter de Gruyter, 1981.
[43]. MacEachren. "Time as a Cartographic Variable", Visualization in GIS, 1994.
[44]. Fisher P F, "Modeling Soil Map unit Inclusions by Monte Carlo Simulation". International Journal of Geographic Information System, 1991, 5 (2).
[45]. Fisher P F. "Visualizing Uncertainty in Soil Maps by Animation ". Cartographic, 1993, 30 (2).
[46].郑海鹰,“计算机地图制图原理”,中国人民解放军测绘学院,1997。
[47].危拥军,“三维地图符号理论与方法的研究”,硕士论文,2000
[48].钟业勋 魏文展 彭月英 郑红波,“地图符号数学定义的研究”,武汉大学学报信息科学版 2001年。
[49].高俊,“地图学四面体—数字化时代地图学的让释”,军事地图制图与地理信息系统发展与展望,2002年。
[50].郭庆胜,郑春燕“地图线状符号图案单元的优化配置方法”,武汉大学学报·信息科学版,2002年。
[51]. McCormick B. H, et al, "Visualization in Scientific computing", SIGRA PH Computer Graphics Newsletter, 1987, No6.