基于Shack-Hartmann波前传感器的自适应光学系统研究
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摘要
自适应光学是一种实时测量和校正波前畸变的光学新技术，目前已广泛应用于天文观测、激光核聚变、人眼视网膜成像等领域，并成为这些研究领域的重点。在大气激光通信（大气层内的激光通信）中，大气湍流的影响成为阻碍其实用化的最主要因素之一。为了抑制大气湍流对激光通信的影响，人们借鉴自适应光学技术在其他领域的成果，开始研究自适应光学对激光通信中光束的质量改善问题。本文紧跟这个研究热点，以大气激光通信应用为背景，开展了自适应光学系统校正波前畸变的理论分析和实验研究。
本文详细分析了大气湍流对激光传输以及成像系统的影响，根据自适应光学的基本原理，从波前探测、波前重构和波前控制三个方面对自适应光学系统进行了深入研究。在理论分析的基础上，建立了自适应光学系统的数值模型，用于自适应光学系统校正波前畸变的模拟研究。
为了提高自适应光学系统的校正精度，本文在质心计算和波前重构两个方面，分别提出质心计算的高阶矩方法和最优重构阶数的选取方法，并通过数值模拟验证了两种方法的性能。实验结果证明：在质心计算中使用高阶矩方法可以有效地提高质心位置的精度；在波前重构中使用合适的重构阶数可以使重构误差最小。
为了满足自适应光学系统的实时性，利用帧内流水线和并行处理的结构设计了波前控制器，并根据双流水线的思想，使波前控制器中的波前斜率计算在CCD图像输出结束时就基本完成了，保证了系统的实时性。
根据波前补偿原理，建立了一套基于Shack-Hartmann波前传感器和连续面型变形镜的自适应光学实验系统，采用自校正和相对校正两种方法，验证了系统对波前畸变的校正能力。由于实验条件所限，该系统采用计算机作为控制单元，系统的工作带宽较窄，不利于波前的实时校正。但是，该系统可以很好地校正静态的波前畸变。为克服传统控制算法对控制精度的影响，本文提出一种改进的迭代控制算法，使用波前的rms作为判断依据，使经过校正的输出波前逐渐收敛于所预期的参考波前，实验通过开环和闭环校正验证了整个系统的性能。结果表明：该自适应光学平台能够基本消除系统自身带来的波前畸变，使校正之后的光束接近理想的平面波前；对于变形镜校正范围之内的畸变波前，系统可以很好的校正。
Adaptive Optics is a new technology that can measure and correct the distortedwavefront real-time. It has been widely used in many fields, such as astronomicalobservation, laser fusion and human eye retina imaging and become a focus in thesefields. Atmospheric turbulence is one of the main factors that prevent atmosphericlaser communication from practical application. For weakening the influence ofatmospheric turbulence, people utilize the fruits of adaptive optical technologyachieved in other fields, and begin to research how to improve the quality ofwavefront in laser communication using adaptive optical technology. On thebackground of laser communication’s application requirement, the theoretical analysisand experimental study on an aberrated wavefront corrected by adaptive opticalsystem were developed following the hotspot.
The atmospheric turbulence’influence on laser transmission and optical imagingsystem was analyzed detailedly. Based on the adaptive optical fundamental, thesystem was investigated thoroughly in three main aspects including wavefrontdetection，wavefront reconstruction and wavefront control. Based on the theoryanalyzing, a numerical model of an adaptive optical system was expounded to correctthe aberrated wavefront.
Then, in order to improve the correction precision of adaptive optical system，thehigher moment algorithm and the optimal reconstruction number’s selection methodwere proposed separately in wavefront detection and wavefront reconstruction, andtheir performance was validated by numerical simulation experiments. The resultsindicated that the higher moment algorithm can improve the precision of the centroid calculation and the appropriate reconstruction number can minimize thereconstruction error.
In order to meet the real-time of adaptive optics system, the wavefront controllerwas designed according to the inner-frame pipeline and the parallel processing. Basedon the double pipeline method, the wavefront slope calculation was completed in theend of the output of CCD image, which could ensure the real-time of the system.
Finally, according to the principle of wavefront compensation, a set ofexperimental adaptive optical system was established including a Shack-Hartmannwavefront sensor and a continuous surface deformable mirror. Its performance ofcorrecting abnormal wavefront was validated via two methods, self-correction methodand relative correction method. The experimental system couldn’t correct thewavefront real-time because of tha restriction of experimental conditions; itsbandwidth was limited by the control unit of a computer. But the static aberratedwavefront could be corrected. The improved iterative control algorithm was proposedin order to eliminate the impact of traditional control algorithm on the controlprecision, the wavefront’s rms acted as its estimation criterion, and the correctedoutput wavefront was converged to the expectant reference wavefront gradually. Theperformance of the improved algorithm was validated through open and closed loopexperiments. It indicated that the adaptive optics system used the new controlalgorithm, could mostly eliminate the aberration caused by the self, made thecorrected light beam close to the plane wavefront and could correct the aberratedwavefront in the correction range of the deformable mirror.
本文详细分析了大气湍流对激光传输以及成像系统的影响，根据自适应光学的基本原理，从波前探测、波前重构和波前控制三个方面对自适应光学系统进行了深入研究。在理论分析的基础上，建立了自适应光学系统的数值模型，用于自适应光学系统校正波前畸变的模拟研究。
为了提高自适应光学系统的校正精度，本文在质心计算和波前重构两个方面，分别提出质心计算的高阶矩方法和最优重构阶数的选取方法，并通过数值模拟验证了两种方法的性能。实验结果证明：在质心计算中使用高阶矩方法可以有效地提高质心位置的精度；在波前重构中使用合适的重构阶数可以使重构误差最小。
为了满足自适应光学系统的实时性，利用帧内流水线和并行处理的结构设计了波前控制器，并根据双流水线的思想，使波前控制器中的波前斜率计算在CCD图像输出结束时就基本完成了，保证了系统的实时性。
根据波前补偿原理，建立了一套基于Shack-Hartmann波前传感器和连续面型变形镜的自适应光学实验系统，采用自校正和相对校正两种方法，验证了系统对波前畸变的校正能力。由于实验条件所限，该系统采用计算机作为控制单元，系统的工作带宽较窄，不利于波前的实时校正。但是，该系统可以很好地校正静态的波前畸变。为克服传统控制算法对控制精度的影响，本文提出一种改进的迭代控制算法，使用波前的rms作为判断依据，使经过校正的输出波前逐渐收敛于所预期的参考波前，实验通过开环和闭环校正验证了整个系统的性能。结果表明：该自适应光学平台能够基本消除系统自身带来的波前畸变，使校正之后的光束接近理想的平面波前；对于变形镜校正范围之内的畸变波前，系统可以很好的校正。
Adaptive Optics is a new technology that can measure and correct the distortedwavefront real-time. It has been widely used in many fields, such as astronomicalobservation, laser fusion and human eye retina imaging and become a focus in thesefields. Atmospheric turbulence is one of the main factors that prevent atmosphericlaser communication from practical application. For weakening the influence ofatmospheric turbulence, people utilize the fruits of adaptive optical technologyachieved in other fields, and begin to research how to improve the quality ofwavefront in laser communication using adaptive optical technology. On thebackground of laser communication’s application requirement, the theoretical analysisand experimental study on an aberrated wavefront corrected by adaptive opticalsystem were developed following the hotspot.
The atmospheric turbulence’influence on laser transmission and optical imagingsystem was analyzed detailedly. Based on the adaptive optical fundamental, thesystem was investigated thoroughly in three main aspects including wavefrontdetection，wavefront reconstruction and wavefront control. Based on the theoryanalyzing, a numerical model of an adaptive optical system was expounded to correctthe aberrated wavefront.
Then, in order to improve the correction precision of adaptive optical system，thehigher moment algorithm and the optimal reconstruction number’s selection methodwere proposed separately in wavefront detection and wavefront reconstruction, andtheir performance was validated by numerical simulation experiments. The resultsindicated that the higher moment algorithm can improve the precision of the centroid calculation and the appropriate reconstruction number can minimize thereconstruction error.
In order to meet the real-time of adaptive optics system, the wavefront controllerwas designed according to the inner-frame pipeline and the parallel processing. Basedon the double pipeline method, the wavefront slope calculation was completed in theend of the output of CCD image, which could ensure the real-time of the system.
Finally, according to the principle of wavefront compensation, a set ofexperimental adaptive optical system was established including a Shack-Hartmannwavefront sensor and a continuous surface deformable mirror. Its performance ofcorrecting abnormal wavefront was validated via two methods, self-correction methodand relative correction method. The experimental system couldn’t correct thewavefront real-time because of tha restriction of experimental conditions; itsbandwidth was limited by the control unit of a computer. But the static aberratedwavefront could be corrected. The improved iterative control algorithm was proposedin order to eliminate the impact of traditional control algorithm on the controlprecision, the wavefront’s rms acted as its estimation criterion, and the correctedoutput wavefront was converged to the expectant reference wavefront gradually. Theperformance of the improved algorithm was validated through open and closed loopexperiments. It indicated that the adaptive optics system used the new controlalgorithm, could mostly eliminate the aberration caused by the self, made thecorrected light beam close to the plane wavefront and could correct the aberratedwavefront in the correction range of the deformable mirror.
引文
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