基于共生理论的利益相关者管理研究
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摘要
随着古镇旅游的兴起,腾冲和顺古镇的开发是继丽江束河古镇引进企业成功开发之后的又一成功案例。但是在开发之后的具体管理中,涉及腾冲和顺古镇经济利益的各相关主体如何和谐共生,进一步的促使当地的旅游在快速发展的过程中更加的稳定,更加和谐是腾冲和顺古镇旅游发展面临的一个现实问题。
本文从共生理论的视角,对古镇旅游开发和发展过程中涉及到的利益相关者做出了分析。本文根据和顺古镇旅游发展的实际情况界定利益相关者主体即共生单元,并得出了随着共生模式的转换,核心共生单元同样具有动态性的结论。结合古镇旅游发展的实际情况,进一步分析了和顺古镇旅游发展过程中的共生动力因素和阻力因素,并在此基础上对和顺古镇旅游发展各个阶段对应的共生模式进行了分析,得出目前和顺古镇旅游的共生模式为偏利条件下的间歇共生。
从和顺古镇旅游共生体中的动力和阻力因素分析来看,当地政府和旅游者在共生界面中的作用显得十分的微弱。因此本文认为,必需充分的调动起当地政府和旅游者在共生体中的作用,带动整个共生体之间的物质流,能量流以及信息流的有效传递和交换,保证整个共生界面顺畅,从而最终达到对称性互惠一体化共生。因此本文尝试从当地政府、当地居民和旅游企业三个方面对共生界面的构建提出了相应的策略,通过当地居民所展示的当地文化、旅游企业的优势资源以及政府的协调组织,采取全方位合作,实施资源整合、形象共塑、品牌共建,最终实现互惠一体化共生模式。
With the rise of ancient town tourism, the ancient town called Heshun in Teng chong of Yunnan is another successful case after the Shuhe ancient town in Lijiang.But how to manage the stakeholders which involved in the development of the HeShun ancient town? It is a real problem when we should ensure the development of the ancient town is fast and steady.
From the perspective of the symbiosis theory, this paper analyses the stakeholders which involved in the development of the Heshun ancient town. According to the actual situation of the Heshun acient town,this paper defines stakeholder subject as symbiotic unit and gets the conclusion that as symbiotic model conversion, the core symbiotic unit is also the dynamic. Combined with the actual situation of ancient town tourism development, further analyzes the motivity factors and the resistance factors in the development process of HeShun ancient town. Then this paper analyses the symbiotic model based on the present situation of the Heshun ancient town.From that we can draw the conclusion that the symbiotic model is partial and intermittent symbiosis.
From the motivity factors and the resistance factors, we can see the role of the local government and the tourist is very weak among these stakeholders.So only mobilize the role of the local government and the tourists in this symbiosis to drive the material、energy and information flow effective transmission and exchange among the symbiosis, also guarantee the symbiotic interface smooth and achieve mutually beneficial integration symbiosis symmetry. Therefore this paper try to put forward tactics about the construction of symbiotic interface from local government, local residents and tourist enterprise three aspects. Through the local culture showed by residents, the advantage resources afford by tourism enterprises and the coordinated organization from the government, the symbiosis should take all-round cooperation,integrate resources,build the brand and image together. So as to achieve mutually beneficial integration symbiotic model.
本文从共生理论的视角,对古镇旅游开发和发展过程中涉及到的利益相关者做出了分析。本文根据和顺古镇旅游发展的实际情况界定利益相关者主体即共生单元,并得出了随着共生模式的转换,核心共生单元同样具有动态性的结论。结合古镇旅游发展的实际情况,进一步分析了和顺古镇旅游发展过程中的共生动力因素和阻力因素,并在此基础上对和顺古镇旅游发展各个阶段对应的共生模式进行了分析,得出目前和顺古镇旅游的共生模式为偏利条件下的间歇共生。
从和顺古镇旅游共生体中的动力和阻力因素分析来看,当地政府和旅游者在共生界面中的作用显得十分的微弱。因此本文认为,必需充分的调动起当地政府和旅游者在共生体中的作用,带动整个共生体之间的物质流,能量流以及信息流的有效传递和交换,保证整个共生界面顺畅,从而最终达到对称性互惠一体化共生。因此本文尝试从当地政府、当地居民和旅游企业三个方面对共生界面的构建提出了相应的策略,通过当地居民所展示的当地文化、旅游企业的优势资源以及政府的协调组织,采取全方位合作,实施资源整合、形象共塑、品牌共建,最终实现互惠一体化共生模式。
With the rise of ancient town tourism, the ancient town called Heshun in Teng chong of Yunnan is another successful case after the Shuhe ancient town in Lijiang.But how to manage the stakeholders which involved in the development of the HeShun ancient town? It is a real problem when we should ensure the development of the ancient town is fast and steady.
From the perspective of the symbiosis theory, this paper analyses the stakeholders which involved in the development of the Heshun ancient town. According to the actual situation of the Heshun acient town,this paper defines stakeholder subject as symbiotic unit and gets the conclusion that as symbiotic model conversion, the core symbiotic unit is also the dynamic. Combined with the actual situation of ancient town tourism development, further analyzes the motivity factors and the resistance factors in the development process of HeShun ancient town. Then this paper analyses the symbiotic model based on the present situation of the Heshun ancient town.From that we can draw the conclusion that the symbiotic model is partial and intermittent symbiosis.
From the motivity factors and the resistance factors, we can see the role of the local government and the tourist is very weak among these stakeholders.So only mobilize the role of the local government and the tourists in this symbiosis to drive the material、energy and information flow effective transmission and exchange among the symbiosis, also guarantee the symbiotic interface smooth and achieve mutually beneficial integration symbiosis symmetry. Therefore this paper try to put forward tactics about the construction of symbiotic interface from local government, local residents and tourist enterprise three aspects. Through the local culture showed by residents, the advantage resources afford by tourism enterprises and the coordinated organization from the government, the symbiosis should take all-round cooperation,integrate resources,build the brand and image together. So as to achieve mutually beneficial integration symbiotic model.
引文
[1]Freeman R E. Strategic Management:A Stakeholder Approach [M].Boston: Pitman/Ballinger,1984.46.
[2]Fisun Yuksel, Bill Bramwell, Atila Yuksel. Stakeholder interviews and tourism planning at Pamukkale, Turkey [JJTourism Management,1999, (3):351-360.
[3]Jamal T B,Getz D. Collaboration theory and community tourism planning[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1995,22(1):186-204.
[4]Robson J,Robson I. From shareholders to stakeholders:critical issues for tourism marketers [J]. Tourism Management,1996,17 (7):533-540.
[5]Sautter E T,Leisen B. Managing Stakeholders:A Tourism PlanningModel[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1999,26(2):312-328.
[6]Ryan C. Equity, management, power sharing and sustain ability:issue of "new tourism"[J]. Tourism Management,2002,23(1):17-26.
[7]Robert W. Mclntosh, Charles R. Goeldner, and J.R. Brent Ritchie.Tourism: Principles Practices, Philosophies [M].New York:John Wiley& sons, Inc,1995.167-189.
[8]Bramwell B,Sharman A. Collaboration in Local Tourism Policymaking [J]. Annals of Tourism research,1999,26(2):392-415.
[9]De Araujo L M,Bramwell B. Partnership and Regional Tourism in BrazilfJ]. Annals of Tourism research,2002,29(4):1138-1164.
[10]Aas C,Ladkin A,Fletcher J. Stakeholder collaboration and heritage management[J]. Annals of Tourism research,2005,32(1):28-48.
[11]Tosun C. Limits to Community Participation in the Tourism Development Process in Developing Countries [J].Tourism Management,2000,21:613-633.
[12]保继刚,钟新民.桂林市旅游发展总体规划简本[EB/OL].http://www. guilin.com.cn/cn/Government/tourLayout/200507/258.html,2005-7-8.
[13]张伟,吴必虎.利益主体(Stakeholder)理论在区域旅游规划中的应用——以四川省乐山市为例[J].旅游学刊,2002,(04).
[14]黄昆.利益相关者共同参与的景区环境管理模式研究[J].湖北社会科学,2003,(09).
[15]夏赞才.利益相关者理论及旅行社利益相关者基本图谱[J].湖南师范大学社会科学学报,2003,(03).
[16]何彪,马勇.基于关系营销的旅游地利益相关者管理策略研究[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2004,(03).
[17]宋瑞.我国生态旅游利益相关者分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2005,(01).
[18]何自力,徐学军.生物共生学说的发展与在其他领域的应用研究综述[J].企业家天地(理论版),2006-11-076.
[19]袁纯清.共生理论——兼论小型经济[M].经济科学出版社,1998.
[20]吴世辉.旅游共生机制研究[J].和田师范专科学校学报(汉文综合版),2008,2(53)：184-185.
[21]宋瑞.生态旅游：多目标多主体的共生[D],北京；中国社会科学院研究生院,2003,(6).
[22]张容.旅游与环境保护的冲突及其共生模式研究[J].湖北经济管理干部学院学报,2005(06)
[23]李向农,丁艳平.旅游经济与生态环境共生互动模式研究[J].经济师,2007,(10).
[24]陈剑峰.湿地生态旅游与生态环境和谐共生发展对策研究[J].当代经济管理2008(09).
[25]曹华盛.试论忠县旅游与长江三峡旅游的共生发展[J].人文地理,2002(6)
[26]吴泓,顾朝林.基于共生理论的区域旅游竞合研究——以淮海经济区为例[J].经济地理,2004(01)
[27]骆浩文,苏柱华,黄小晶等.基于循环经济的城乡旅游产业功能互补共生圈的构建研究[J].广东农业科学,2008(10)：145-148.
[28]张健华,余建辉,洪元程.基于共生理论的闽台旅游合作机制研究[J].福建农林大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,(0 1).
[29]肖扬.桂西南区域旅游合作竞争创新模式研究[J].消费导刊,2009(05)
[30]王维艳,林锦屏,沈琼.跨界民族文化景区核心利益相关者的共生整合机制——以泸沽湖景区为例[J].地理研究,2007,26(4)：673-684.
[31]徐虹,李筱东,吴珊珊.基于共生理论的体育旅游开发及其利益协调机制研究[J].旅游论坛,2008,(05)
[32]纪金雄,陈秋华.生态旅游利益相关者共生机制研究[J].现代农业,2009,(06).
[33]纪金雄.下梅古村落旅游利益相关者共生机制构建研究[D].福建;福建农林大学,2010(04).
[34]袁俊,吴殿廷,肖敏.生态旅游：农业文化遗产地保护与开发的制衡——以浙江青田“稻鱼共生”全球重要农业文化遗产为例[J].乡村旅游,2008(2).
[35]李锦宏,周蓓蓓.农业生态旅游可持续发展模式探讨——以共生理论为视角[J].当代经济,2009(6)
[36]陈剑峰.湿地生态旅游与生态环境和谐共生发展对策研究[J].当代经济管理,2008,(09)
[37]黄葵.基于农地发展权理论的乡村旅游商业用地途径研究[D]四川：四川大学2007
[38]丁艳平,李向农.基于共生理论的西部生态旅游可持续发展研究[J].特区经济,2008(10)
[39]张容.旅游与环境保护中图及其共生模式研究[J].湖南经济管理干部学院学报,2005(11)
[40]姚国荣,陆林,张德辉.古村落开发与运营机制研究——以安徽省夥县宏村为例[J]农业经济问题,2004(04)
[41]鲁金萍,蒲春玲.土地征用储备中地方政府与农民的博弈行为浅析[J]农村经济,2006(1)
[42]邹统钎,陈序桄.乡村旅游经营者共生机制研究——以北京市怀柔区北宅村为例[J].北京第二外国语学院学报(旅游版),2006,139(9)
[2]Fisun Yuksel, Bill Bramwell, Atila Yuksel. Stakeholder interviews and tourism planning at Pamukkale, Turkey [JJTourism Management,1999, (3):351-360.
[3]Jamal T B,Getz D. Collaboration theory and community tourism planning[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1995,22(1):186-204.
[4]Robson J,Robson I. From shareholders to stakeholders:critical issues for tourism marketers [J]. Tourism Management,1996,17 (7):533-540.
[5]Sautter E T,Leisen B. Managing Stakeholders:A Tourism PlanningModel[J]. Annals of Tourism Research,1999,26(2):312-328.
[6]Ryan C. Equity, management, power sharing and sustain ability:issue of "new tourism"[J]. Tourism Management,2002,23(1):17-26.
[7]Robert W. Mclntosh, Charles R. Goeldner, and J.R. Brent Ritchie.Tourism: Principles Practices, Philosophies [M].New York:John Wiley& sons, Inc,1995.167-189.
[8]Bramwell B,Sharman A. Collaboration in Local Tourism Policymaking [J]. Annals of Tourism research,1999,26(2):392-415.
[9]De Araujo L M,Bramwell B. Partnership and Regional Tourism in BrazilfJ]. Annals of Tourism research,2002,29(4):1138-1164.
[10]Aas C,Ladkin A,Fletcher J. Stakeholder collaboration and heritage management[J]. Annals of Tourism research,2005,32(1):28-48.
[11]Tosun C. Limits to Community Participation in the Tourism Development Process in Developing Countries [J].Tourism Management,2000,21:613-633.
[12]保继刚,钟新民.桂林市旅游发展总体规划简本[EB/OL].http://www. guilin.com.cn/cn/Government/tourLayout/200507/258.html,2005-7-8.
[13]张伟,吴必虎.利益主体(Stakeholder)理论在区域旅游规划中的应用——以四川省乐山市为例[J].旅游学刊,2002,(04).
[14]黄昆.利益相关者共同参与的景区环境管理模式研究[J].湖北社会科学,2003,(09).
[15]夏赞才.利益相关者理论及旅行社利益相关者基本图谱[J].湖南师范大学社会科学学报,2003,(03).
[16]何彪,马勇.基于关系营销的旅游地利益相关者管理策略研究[J].桂林旅游高等专科学校学报,2004,(03).
[17]宋瑞.我国生态旅游利益相关者分析[J].中国人口·资源与环境,2005,(01).
[18]何自力,徐学军.生物共生学说的发展与在其他领域的应用研究综述[J].企业家天地(理论版),2006-11-076.
[19]袁纯清.共生理论——兼论小型经济[M].经济科学出版社,1998.
[20]吴世辉.旅游共生机制研究[J].和田师范专科学校学报(汉文综合版),2008,2(53)：184-185.
[21]宋瑞.生态旅游：多目标多主体的共生[D],北京；中国社会科学院研究生院,2003,(6).
[22]张容.旅游与环境保护的冲突及其共生模式研究[J].湖北经济管理干部学院学报,2005(06)
[23]李向农,丁艳平.旅游经济与生态环境共生互动模式研究[J].经济师,2007,(10).
[24]陈剑峰.湿地生态旅游与生态环境和谐共生发展对策研究[J].当代经济管理2008(09).
[25]曹华盛.试论忠县旅游与长江三峡旅游的共生发展[J].人文地理,2002(6)
[26]吴泓,顾朝林.基于共生理论的区域旅游竞合研究——以淮海经济区为例[J].经济地理,2004(01)
[27]骆浩文,苏柱华,黄小晶等.基于循环经济的城乡旅游产业功能互补共生圈的构建研究[J].广东农业科学,2008(10)：145-148.
[28]张健华,余建辉,洪元程.基于共生理论的闽台旅游合作机制研究[J].福建农林大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2008,(0 1).
[29]肖扬.桂西南区域旅游合作竞争创新模式研究[J].消费导刊,2009(05)
[30]王维艳,林锦屏,沈琼.跨界民族文化景区核心利益相关者的共生整合机制——以泸沽湖景区为例[J].地理研究,2007,26(4)：673-684.
[31]徐虹,李筱东,吴珊珊.基于共生理论的体育旅游开发及其利益协调机制研究[J].旅游论坛,2008,(05)
[32]纪金雄,陈秋华.生态旅游利益相关者共生机制研究[J].现代农业,2009,(06).
[33]纪金雄.下梅古村落旅游利益相关者共生机制构建研究[D].福建;福建农林大学,2010(04).
[34]袁俊,吴殿廷,肖敏.生态旅游：农业文化遗产地保护与开发的制衡——以浙江青田“稻鱼共生”全球重要农业文化遗产为例[J].乡村旅游,2008(2).
[35]李锦宏,周蓓蓓.农业生态旅游可持续发展模式探讨——以共生理论为视角[J].当代经济,2009(6)
[36]陈剑峰.湿地生态旅游与生态环境和谐共生发展对策研究[J].当代经济管理,2008,(09)
[37]黄葵.基于农地发展权理论的乡村旅游商业用地途径研究[D]四川：四川大学2007
[38]丁艳平,李向农.基于共生理论的西部生态旅游可持续发展研究[J].特区经济,2008(10)
[39]张容.旅游与环境保护中图及其共生模式研究[J].湖南经济管理干部学院学报,2005(11)
[40]姚国荣,陆林,张德辉.古村落开发与运营机制研究——以安徽省夥县宏村为例[J]农业经济问题,2004(04)
[41]鲁金萍,蒲春玲.土地征用储备中地方政府与农民的博弈行为浅析[J]农村经济,2006(1)
[42]邹统钎,陈序桄.乡村旅游经营者共生机制研究——以北京市怀柔区北宅村为例[J].北京第二外国语学院学报(旅游版),2006,139(9)