基于生态—水文响应机制的大坝下游生态保护适应性管理研究
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摘要
河流是人类生存与发展的基础,但随着水电开发进程、经济社会发展速度的不断加快,大坝下游河流廊道的生态环境问题日益凸显,维持河流廊道向好的结构与功能、实现人水和谐发展日益成为河流保护与管理的焦点性问题。坝下河流廊道类型多样化,涵盖河流生态系统、河流/河口湿地生态系统、近海岸域系统,鉴于生态系统自身的高度复杂性、高度不确定性及人类认知的局限性,提出基于生态-水文响应机制的大坝下游生态保护适应性管理模式,较传统管理模式在管理范式、管理体制、管理目标、管理手段方面均有了一定的突破,允许基于实际监测数据信息,针对各种理论、技术及措施进行论证和检验,且基于新的认知与数据信息调控反馈,修改、完善与提高原有的水库调度模式和生态环境保护方案,不仅为水电开发与生态环境保护的和谐发展提供了重要的技术支撑,同时也为国内大坝下游生态保护适应性管理提供了重要的借鉴作用。主要研究内容如下：
1.系统的阐述了大坝下游生态保护适应性管理的理论基础
理论基础包括可持续发展、生态系统生态学、“自然-人工”二元水循环理论。水文条件是河流廊道生态系统发生变化的最根本驱动力,由于高强度人类活动,提高了水资源开发利用程度,改变了江河湖泊关系和地下水的赋存环境,也改变了地表水与地下水的转化路径,形成了“取水-用水-耗水-排水”四大基本环节的人工侧支循环圈,导致天然水循环与人工侧支水循环此消彼长,伴随着流域水循环过程的变化生态因子也在发生相应的改变。因此,生态水文过程分析是大坝下游生态保护适应性管理的基础,从生态保护目标出发研究河道生态流量过程是管理核心,改善水库调度模式是管理保证。
2.科学的提出了大坝下游生态保护适应性管理的概念及内涵
本文提出了大坝下游生态保护适应性管理概念即“针对河流廊道的高度复杂性与不确定性、人类认知的局限性,以生态-水文响应机制研究为基础,秉持可持续性、适应性、反馈性、科学性、可操控性原则,遵循自然环境与经济社会协调发展的规律,以利益相关方共同参与协商与交流为前提,以水库工程影响范围内生态环境与经济社会良性发展为目标,以持续性监测、定量科学评估、调整反馈机制为手段,形成维持水库生态系统、下游河流生态系统、河流／河口湿地生态系统与近海岸域生态系统可持续健康发展的协调管理模式”。适应性管理作为创新型管理模式,突出“学习”与“适应”以实际数据信息作为支撑,实现动态化、弹性化与精准化管理。
3.提出了适合于国情的大坝下游生态保护适应性管理理论与方法体系
基于适应性管理“确定目标-构建方案-决策实施-监测-评价-调整”的闭合型管理程序构建了大坝下游生态保护适应性管理的“三维一体一评”方法(三维是指生态-水文响应机制的基础维、三大条件的约束维、生态系统结构与功能的调控维,一体是指长效生态监测体系,一评是指管理效果“适应度”评价)：(1)从水文全过程、鱼类栖息地与鸟类栖息地出发研究生态-水文响应关系,采用IHA生态流组分法、RVA法、景观格局分析法、水动力模型相结合的方法,研究确定基于敏感生态目标的生态-水文动力联系；(2)基于水库下游河流生态系统、河流/河口湿地生态系统、近海岸域生态系统的关键生态-水文过程及关键时期确定适应性管理目标；(3)以水资源可利用量、生态系统良性循环、经济社会向好发展三大条件作为约束制定适应性管理方案；(4)实施管理方案且基于长效生态监测体系开展监测,为管理有效性评估提供数据基础；(5)从资源与生态环境方面针对敏感生态要素的管理效果开展“适应度”评价：(6)以生态系统结构与功能作为调控准则,结合管理效果评估结果,提出调控与反馈。
4.开展了基于生态-水文响应机制的大坝下游生态保护适应性管理的实践应用
运用构建的基于生态-水文响应机制的大坝下游生态保护适应性理论与方法体系,应用于黄河小浪底水库下游河流廊道。主要应用成果如下：(1)从水文全过程分析了生态流组分的改变程度及产生的生态效应。小浪底水库运行后相较河道天然状态,花园口、高村、利津站的整体改变程度是0.85、0.73、0.77；相较龙羊峡、刘家峡与三门峡三库联合调度时期,整体改变程度是0.54、0.79、0.66。基于现行管理模式,减少了低流量特别是极端低流量的持续时间,基本可以保证低流量生态组分的生态学功能；高流量发生频率能够接近自然状态,持续时间增加,峰值流量减少,尚不能充分实现高流量组分的生态学功能；小洪水脉冲改善了下游输沙功能,但不能补给洪泛平原；漫滩洪水发生几率降低。(2)基于鱼类栖息地物理、化学与生物特征的变化分析,研究了鱼类生长、繁殖与水文要素间的联系。现行管理模式下,水库下游河道主槽过流能力增加到4000m3/s；河道水质基本能满足水功能区Ⅲ类水质要求；调水调沙对水生生物资源产生负面影响且生物量为年度内最低值,生物物种丰度及生物量呈现明显的季节性变化趋势。纵向时间尺度来看,鱼类资源量呈现持续衰减趋势(20世纪50、60年代鱼类资源量最为丰富),泥沙与水质要素制约鱼类的生长与繁殖但水文要素是最重要的约束条件；调水调沙期间的高含沙水流泥沙含量急剧增加、溶解氧急剧减少,两个种质资源保护区2010-2011年内鱼类捕获物种类减少,资源量分别减少42.9%-84.7%、47.0%-61.1%。综合分析来看稳定的河道自然径流量是鱼类(水生生物)生长与繁殖的生态需求。(3)基于鸟类栖息地鸟类的量变分析结果,从景观与水文驱动力方面分析联系。鸟类数量及种类多样性具有一定程度的增加,出现旅鸟停留繁殖的现象。基于景观分析,斑块破碎化程度增加,鸟类重要栖息地面积萎缩,自然湿地面积减少人工湿地面积增加；河流湿地花园口断面需要在7014m3/s以上才能发生漫滩补给鸟类栖息地,鉴于下游河道防洪安全现阶段主要依靠降水与地下水侧渗补给；由于闸首的控制河口湿地主要依靠人工补水,现状条件下年补水量远远不能满足三角洲所需水量3.5亿m3。(4)研究区现行管理模式综合评价得分2.3097,生态系统功能处于中等偏下,基于调整与反馈机制,结合关键生态-水文联系及关键时期提出适应性管理目标、制定了相应的生态-水文过程管理方案,花园口、高村与利津最小年生态径流总量分别是154.5亿m3、138.3亿m3、76.8亿m3,中等分别是215.7亿m3、182.1亿m3、94.6亿m3,适宜分别是265.7亿m3、219.9亿m3、115.6亿m3；调水调沙期间6月份花园口、高村、利津断面最小生态流量分别是1300m3/s、967m3/s、798m3/s,中等分别是1570m3/s、1275m3/s、1088m3/s,适宜分别是1743m3/s、1389m3/s、1231m3/s;调水调沙期间7月份花园口、高村、利津断面最小生态流量分别是815m3/s、751m3/s、892m3/s,中等分别是984m3/s、983m3/s、1215m3/s,适宜分别是1093m3/s、1071m3/s、1376m3/s。与历史不同研究时段相比,适应性管理方案提出的下游生态流量过程,非汛期基本能恢复到1969-1987年状态,汛期考虑防洪最小、中等、适宜生态流量过程,分别能够达到1969-1987年生态流标准中的中、好、十分好；6-7月份汛前调水调沙与历史状态发生了很大变化,分别达到生态流标准中的最大、最佳状态；同时由于调水调沙期间水流变幅剧烈,需适度调整调水调沙洪峰的上升与回落速度,减缓对水生生物带来的冲击影响。
The river is the basis of human survival and development. With the accelerating development of hydropower, society and economy, the ecological environment for river corridor in dam downstream has been becoming bad to worse. So it is the focus problem of river management and protection in order to keep the structure and function of river corridor are much better. In view of the great complexity and uncertainty of dam downstream river corridor ecosystem, including the river ecosystem, riverine or estuarine wetland ecosystem and coastal system, ecosystem types diversity, as well as the limitations of human knowledge, the reservoir downstream ecological adaptive management mode based on the eco-hydrological response mechanisms was proposed, which had some breakthroughs in management style, system, objective and approach compared with the traditional models. Additionally, it allowed the comparing with a variety of theories, techniques and measures, and then based on the combining with a new understanding, information feedback and the latest advancing technology, the original reservoir operation mode and eco-environmental protection programs was improved. Reservoir downstream ecological adaptive management based on the eco-hydrological response mechanism begins from the scientific recognition of the quantitative relationship between Ecology and hydrology factors, and by the constraints of the available water resources, and then put forward the best management options about reservoir regulation. It is important to provide not only technical support for the harmonious development between hydropower development and ecological environment protection, but also an important reference for domestic reservoir ecological adaptive management. The main researches are as follows:
1. The systematical elaboration of the theoretical basises of the reservoir ecological adaptive management
The theoretical basis includes the theories of sustainable development, ecosystem ecology,"natural-artificial" dualistic water cycle. Hydrological conditions is the most fundamental driving force for the changes of the river corridor ecosystem, however, the water resources development and utilization is growing with the high intensity human activities, and the relationships between rivers, lakes and groundwater storage are changing, and also the conversion path between the surface water and groundwater, and then forming of "water intaking-water using-water consuming-water drainge" has come into being. The natural water cycle and artificial collateral shift in the water cycle, ecological factors are changing associated with changes in water cycle process. Therefore, the eco-hydrological process analysis is the basis about the ecological adaptive management of the reservoir downstream, the research of environment flow process is the focus of management based on the ecological protection objectives, the improving of reservoir management is the guarantee of the management.
2. The scientific connotation of reservoir project ecological adaptive management
Ecological adaptive management for the reservoir project is "the best mode for adaptive management, aiming at the complexity and uncertainty of the river corridor ecosystem and limitations of human cognition,based on the study on Ecological-Hydrological Response Mechanism,adhering to the principles of sustainability, adaptability, feedback, scientific and controllability, following the law of coordinate development for natural environment and social economic,by taking the consult and communication among relevant stakeholders as its premise,and achieving the goal that benign development of reservoir ecological environment and social economic within the affected areas,and using the means of persistent monitoring, scientific quantitative assessment, feedback mechanism, maintains sustainable and healthy development of the reservoir ecosystem, downstream river ecosystems, river/estuary wetland ecosystems and the coast domain ecosystem. Adaptive management is the innovative management mode which faces the complexity and uncertainty of the river corridor ecosystem and limitations of human cognition, highlights the "learn" and "adapt" supporting by actual data and actualizes dynamic, flexible and standard management.
3. The theory and methodology of reservoir ecological adaptive management adapting to the Chinese context
Based on a closed reservoir ecological adaptive management, determining target-building decision management solutions-implementing-monitoring-evaluating-adjusting ", the assessing method with three dimension, a system and an assessment was built up (The three dimension is Eco-hydrological response mechanism, three conditions constraint, ecosystem structure and the regulatory function dimension; one system is the long-term ecological monitoring system; an assessment is the adaption assessment for management effect). The specific contents as follow:(1) the eco-hydrological response mechanism was determined by the hydrological processes, landscape scale and river scales, and the ecological-Hydrodynamic contact, based on the sensitive ecological objectives, was established using the methods of1HA ecological flow component indicator, the RVA, landscape pattern analysis and hydrodynamic model;(2) the adaptive management objectives was determined through the reservoir downstream ecosystem, river or estuary wetland ecosystem, coast domain ecosystem and critical eco-hydrology processes at critical period.(3) the adaptive management plan was established according the condition of water resources availability, ecosystem healthy cycle and economic society to be better;(4) based on the long-term ecological monitoring system, the implementation management was carried out to provide basic data for the management effective evaluation;(5) the adaption of sensitive elements on ecological environment was assessed from the natural resources and ecological environment;(6) the feedback was proposed with regulatory guidelines of ecosystem structure and function, combining the results of management effective.
4. The applications about adaptive management of reservoir downstream based on eco-hydrological responsding mechanism
The theory and methodology of adaptive management of reservoir downstream based on eco-hydrological responsding mechanism were applied in Xiaolangdi Reservoir. The results are as follows:(1) The changing degree of environment flows and the corresponding ecological effects were analysised based on the Hydrological processes. The overall changing degrees of Huayunkou, Gaocun Lijin stations were separately0.85,0.73,0.77, which were based on the comparison of after the construction of Xiaolangdi Reservoir and the natural period of river; and meanwhile they were separately0.54,0.79,0.66, which were based on the comparison of before and after the construction of Xiaolangdi Reservoir. According to the current managing mode, low flow was greatly reduced especially the extreme low-flow, but it could ensure the ecological functions of the low-flow; high flows frequency was closing to the natural period, while the increasing of duration and the reduction of peak flow resulted in not yet function; small floods improved the function of sediment transferring of downstream, but it can not furnish supplies to the flood plain; and the frequency of floodplain floods was reducing.(2) Based on the analysis of changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of fish habitat, the links between fish growth and reproduction and hydrological factors were studied. According to the current managing mode, the main channel flow capacity was increased to4000m3/s; water quality could meet the water quality standards Ⅲ; Water and sediment regulation regulation have a negative impact on aquatic biological resources, and the biomass was the lowest in the year. With the Longitudinal time scale, Fish resources has continued to decline (the fish resources of the1950s and1960s were in the most abundant), sediment and water quality wert the restricting factors during the fish growth and reproduction time, but the hydrological factors is the most important constraints; the water and sediment regulation led to the high consentration of silt, the reduction of dissolved oxygen, and in2010-2011the types and material resources of the two germplasm resources protection areas were reduced with42.9%-84.7%,47.0%-61.1%seprately. In view of all the analysis, the stable natural river runoff is the most appropriate for the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms including the fishes.(3) Based on the quantitative analysis results of the birds, it could be analysised from the landscape and hydrological driving force. The number of birds and species diversity has increased to some extent, and some traveling birds were beginning to stay in here for reproduction. Based on the analysis of the landscape driving force, the degree of fragmentation were increasing, the important habitats of birds are shrinking, and the natural wetland were reduing with the increasing of the artificial wetland; the water recharging of riverine wetlands may be happened when the runoff where the river is more than7014m3/s, in view of the downstream flood control the water charging mainly depends on the rainfall and the lateral seepage recharge of groundwater; due to the control of the gate, estuarine wetland mainly depends on the artificial recharge, but now the artificial fill water resourses is far from the water demands of the Delta by the0.35billion m3.(4)The comprehensive evaluation of the current managing model scored2.3097, the ecosystem function was in the lower-middle. Based on the adjustment and feedback mechanisms, the adaptive management objectives and eco-hydrological process management solutions were put forword, as follows:The minimum annual ecological runoff of Huayunkou, Gaocun and Lijin are15.45billion m3,13.83billion m3and7.68billion m3separately, the medium are21.57billion m3,18.21billion m3and9.46billion m3, the most suitable are26.57billion m3,21.99billion m3and11.56billion m3; during the water and sediment regulantion, the minimum monthly runoff in June of Huayunkou, Gaocun and Lijin are separately1300m3/s,967m3/s and798m3/s, the medium are1570m3/s,1275m3/s and1088m3/s, the suitable are1743m3/s,1389m3/s and1231m3/s; the minimum in July are815m3/s,751m3/s and892m3/s, the medium are984m3/s,983m3/s and1215m3/s, the most suitable are1093m3/s,1071m3/s and1376m3/s. Compared with the History periods, the non-flood season could recovery to the state of1969-1987period; in the flood season, the Minimum, Medium and suitable ecological flow process could approach the ecological flow standard of1969-1987period as well, good, very good; Due to the water and sediment regulation, the runoff in June and July were undergoning great changes, and they all have reached the largest and the best state of the ecological flow standard; and it need to adjust the flow rise rate and fall rate in the time of water and sediment regulation, in order to mitigate the adverse impact to aquatic organisms.
1.系统的阐述了大坝下游生态保护适应性管理的理论基础
理论基础包括可持续发展、生态系统生态学、“自然-人工”二元水循环理论。水文条件是河流廊道生态系统发生变化的最根本驱动力,由于高强度人类活动,提高了水资源开发利用程度,改变了江河湖泊关系和地下水的赋存环境,也改变了地表水与地下水的转化路径,形成了“取水-用水-耗水-排水”四大基本环节的人工侧支循环圈,导致天然水循环与人工侧支水循环此消彼长,伴随着流域水循环过程的变化生态因子也在发生相应的改变。因此,生态水文过程分析是大坝下游生态保护适应性管理的基础,从生态保护目标出发研究河道生态流量过程是管理核心,改善水库调度模式是管理保证。
2.科学的提出了大坝下游生态保护适应性管理的概念及内涵
本文提出了大坝下游生态保护适应性管理概念即“针对河流廊道的高度复杂性与不确定性、人类认知的局限性,以生态-水文响应机制研究为基础,秉持可持续性、适应性、反馈性、科学性、可操控性原则,遵循自然环境与经济社会协调发展的规律,以利益相关方共同参与协商与交流为前提,以水库工程影响范围内生态环境与经济社会良性发展为目标,以持续性监测、定量科学评估、调整反馈机制为手段,形成维持水库生态系统、下游河流生态系统、河流／河口湿地生态系统与近海岸域生态系统可持续健康发展的协调管理模式”。适应性管理作为创新型管理模式,突出“学习”与“适应”以实际数据信息作为支撑,实现动态化、弹性化与精准化管理。
3.提出了适合于国情的大坝下游生态保护适应性管理理论与方法体系
基于适应性管理“确定目标-构建方案-决策实施-监测-评价-调整”的闭合型管理程序构建了大坝下游生态保护适应性管理的“三维一体一评”方法(三维是指生态-水文响应机制的基础维、三大条件的约束维、生态系统结构与功能的调控维,一体是指长效生态监测体系,一评是指管理效果“适应度”评价)：(1)从水文全过程、鱼类栖息地与鸟类栖息地出发研究生态-水文响应关系,采用IHA生态流组分法、RVA法、景观格局分析法、水动力模型相结合的方法,研究确定基于敏感生态目标的生态-水文动力联系；(2)基于水库下游河流生态系统、河流/河口湿地生态系统、近海岸域生态系统的关键生态-水文过程及关键时期确定适应性管理目标；(3)以水资源可利用量、生态系统良性循环、经济社会向好发展三大条件作为约束制定适应性管理方案；(4)实施管理方案且基于长效生态监测体系开展监测,为管理有效性评估提供数据基础；(5)从资源与生态环境方面针对敏感生态要素的管理效果开展“适应度”评价：(6)以生态系统结构与功能作为调控准则,结合管理效果评估结果,提出调控与反馈。
4.开展了基于生态-水文响应机制的大坝下游生态保护适应性管理的实践应用
运用构建的基于生态-水文响应机制的大坝下游生态保护适应性理论与方法体系,应用于黄河小浪底水库下游河流廊道。主要应用成果如下：(1)从水文全过程分析了生态流组分的改变程度及产生的生态效应。小浪底水库运行后相较河道天然状态,花园口、高村、利津站的整体改变程度是0.85、0.73、0.77；相较龙羊峡、刘家峡与三门峡三库联合调度时期,整体改变程度是0.54、0.79、0.66。基于现行管理模式,减少了低流量特别是极端低流量的持续时间,基本可以保证低流量生态组分的生态学功能；高流量发生频率能够接近自然状态,持续时间增加,峰值流量减少,尚不能充分实现高流量组分的生态学功能；小洪水脉冲改善了下游输沙功能,但不能补给洪泛平原；漫滩洪水发生几率降低。(2)基于鱼类栖息地物理、化学与生物特征的变化分析,研究了鱼类生长、繁殖与水文要素间的联系。现行管理模式下,水库下游河道主槽过流能力增加到4000m3/s；河道水质基本能满足水功能区Ⅲ类水质要求；调水调沙对水生生物资源产生负面影响且生物量为年度内最低值,生物物种丰度及生物量呈现明显的季节性变化趋势。纵向时间尺度来看,鱼类资源量呈现持续衰减趋势(20世纪50、60年代鱼类资源量最为丰富),泥沙与水质要素制约鱼类的生长与繁殖但水文要素是最重要的约束条件；调水调沙期间的高含沙水流泥沙含量急剧增加、溶解氧急剧减少,两个种质资源保护区2010-2011年内鱼类捕获物种类减少,资源量分别减少42.9%-84.7%、47.0%-61.1%。综合分析来看稳定的河道自然径流量是鱼类(水生生物)生长与繁殖的生态需求。(3)基于鸟类栖息地鸟类的量变分析结果,从景观与水文驱动力方面分析联系。鸟类数量及种类多样性具有一定程度的增加,出现旅鸟停留繁殖的现象。基于景观分析,斑块破碎化程度增加,鸟类重要栖息地面积萎缩,自然湿地面积减少人工湿地面积增加；河流湿地花园口断面需要在7014m3/s以上才能发生漫滩补给鸟类栖息地,鉴于下游河道防洪安全现阶段主要依靠降水与地下水侧渗补给；由于闸首的控制河口湿地主要依靠人工补水,现状条件下年补水量远远不能满足三角洲所需水量3.5亿m3。(4)研究区现行管理模式综合评价得分2.3097,生态系统功能处于中等偏下,基于调整与反馈机制,结合关键生态-水文联系及关键时期提出适应性管理目标、制定了相应的生态-水文过程管理方案,花园口、高村与利津最小年生态径流总量分别是154.5亿m3、138.3亿m3、76.8亿m3,中等分别是215.7亿m3、182.1亿m3、94.6亿m3,适宜分别是265.7亿m3、219.9亿m3、115.6亿m3；调水调沙期间6月份花园口、高村、利津断面最小生态流量分别是1300m3/s、967m3/s、798m3/s,中等分别是1570m3/s、1275m3/s、1088m3/s,适宜分别是1743m3/s、1389m3/s、1231m3/s;调水调沙期间7月份花园口、高村、利津断面最小生态流量分别是815m3/s、751m3/s、892m3/s,中等分别是984m3/s、983m3/s、1215m3/s,适宜分别是1093m3/s、1071m3/s、1376m3/s。与历史不同研究时段相比,适应性管理方案提出的下游生态流量过程,非汛期基本能恢复到1969-1987年状态,汛期考虑防洪最小、中等、适宜生态流量过程,分别能够达到1969-1987年生态流标准中的中、好、十分好；6-7月份汛前调水调沙与历史状态发生了很大变化,分别达到生态流标准中的最大、最佳状态；同时由于调水调沙期间水流变幅剧烈,需适度调整调水调沙洪峰的上升与回落速度,减缓对水生生物带来的冲击影响。
The river is the basis of human survival and development. With the accelerating development of hydropower, society and economy, the ecological environment for river corridor in dam downstream has been becoming bad to worse. So it is the focus problem of river management and protection in order to keep the structure and function of river corridor are much better. In view of the great complexity and uncertainty of dam downstream river corridor ecosystem, including the river ecosystem, riverine or estuarine wetland ecosystem and coastal system, ecosystem types diversity, as well as the limitations of human knowledge, the reservoir downstream ecological adaptive management mode based on the eco-hydrological response mechanisms was proposed, which had some breakthroughs in management style, system, objective and approach compared with the traditional models. Additionally, it allowed the comparing with a variety of theories, techniques and measures, and then based on the combining with a new understanding, information feedback and the latest advancing technology, the original reservoir operation mode and eco-environmental protection programs was improved. Reservoir downstream ecological adaptive management based on the eco-hydrological response mechanism begins from the scientific recognition of the quantitative relationship between Ecology and hydrology factors, and by the constraints of the available water resources, and then put forward the best management options about reservoir regulation. It is important to provide not only technical support for the harmonious development between hydropower development and ecological environment protection, but also an important reference for domestic reservoir ecological adaptive management. The main researches are as follows:
1. The systematical elaboration of the theoretical basises of the reservoir ecological adaptive management
The theoretical basis includes the theories of sustainable development, ecosystem ecology,"natural-artificial" dualistic water cycle. Hydrological conditions is the most fundamental driving force for the changes of the river corridor ecosystem, however, the water resources development and utilization is growing with the high intensity human activities, and the relationships between rivers, lakes and groundwater storage are changing, and also the conversion path between the surface water and groundwater, and then forming of "water intaking-water using-water consuming-water drainge" has come into being. The natural water cycle and artificial collateral shift in the water cycle, ecological factors are changing associated with changes in water cycle process. Therefore, the eco-hydrological process analysis is the basis about the ecological adaptive management of the reservoir downstream, the research of environment flow process is the focus of management based on the ecological protection objectives, the improving of reservoir management is the guarantee of the management.
2. The scientific connotation of reservoir project ecological adaptive management
Ecological adaptive management for the reservoir project is "the best mode for adaptive management, aiming at the complexity and uncertainty of the river corridor ecosystem and limitations of human cognition,based on the study on Ecological-Hydrological Response Mechanism,adhering to the principles of sustainability, adaptability, feedback, scientific and controllability, following the law of coordinate development for natural environment and social economic,by taking the consult and communication among relevant stakeholders as its premise,and achieving the goal that benign development of reservoir ecological environment and social economic within the affected areas,and using the means of persistent monitoring, scientific quantitative assessment, feedback mechanism, maintains sustainable and healthy development of the reservoir ecosystem, downstream river ecosystems, river/estuary wetland ecosystems and the coast domain ecosystem. Adaptive management is the innovative management mode which faces the complexity and uncertainty of the river corridor ecosystem and limitations of human cognition, highlights the "learn" and "adapt" supporting by actual data and actualizes dynamic, flexible and standard management.
3. The theory and methodology of reservoir ecological adaptive management adapting to the Chinese context
Based on a closed reservoir ecological adaptive management, determining target-building decision management solutions-implementing-monitoring-evaluating-adjusting ", the assessing method with three dimension, a system and an assessment was built up (The three dimension is Eco-hydrological response mechanism, three conditions constraint, ecosystem structure and the regulatory function dimension; one system is the long-term ecological monitoring system; an assessment is the adaption assessment for management effect). The specific contents as follow:(1) the eco-hydrological response mechanism was determined by the hydrological processes, landscape scale and river scales, and the ecological-Hydrodynamic contact, based on the sensitive ecological objectives, was established using the methods of1HA ecological flow component indicator, the RVA, landscape pattern analysis and hydrodynamic model;(2) the adaptive management objectives was determined through the reservoir downstream ecosystem, river or estuary wetland ecosystem, coast domain ecosystem and critical eco-hydrology processes at critical period.(3) the adaptive management plan was established according the condition of water resources availability, ecosystem healthy cycle and economic society to be better;(4) based on the long-term ecological monitoring system, the implementation management was carried out to provide basic data for the management effective evaluation;(5) the adaption of sensitive elements on ecological environment was assessed from the natural resources and ecological environment;(6) the feedback was proposed with regulatory guidelines of ecosystem structure and function, combining the results of management effective.
4. The applications about adaptive management of reservoir downstream based on eco-hydrological responsding mechanism
The theory and methodology of adaptive management of reservoir downstream based on eco-hydrological responsding mechanism were applied in Xiaolangdi Reservoir. The results are as follows:(1) The changing degree of environment flows and the corresponding ecological effects were analysised based on the Hydrological processes. The overall changing degrees of Huayunkou, Gaocun Lijin stations were separately0.85,0.73,0.77, which were based on the comparison of after the construction of Xiaolangdi Reservoir and the natural period of river; and meanwhile they were separately0.54,0.79,0.66, which were based on the comparison of before and after the construction of Xiaolangdi Reservoir. According to the current managing mode, low flow was greatly reduced especially the extreme low-flow, but it could ensure the ecological functions of the low-flow; high flows frequency was closing to the natural period, while the increasing of duration and the reduction of peak flow resulted in not yet function; small floods improved the function of sediment transferring of downstream, but it can not furnish supplies to the flood plain; and the frequency of floodplain floods was reducing.(2) Based on the analysis of changes in the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of fish habitat, the links between fish growth and reproduction and hydrological factors were studied. According to the current managing mode, the main channel flow capacity was increased to4000m3/s; water quality could meet the water quality standards Ⅲ; Water and sediment regulation regulation have a negative impact on aquatic biological resources, and the biomass was the lowest in the year. With the Longitudinal time scale, Fish resources has continued to decline (the fish resources of the1950s and1960s were in the most abundant), sediment and water quality wert the restricting factors during the fish growth and reproduction time, but the hydrological factors is the most important constraints; the water and sediment regulation led to the high consentration of silt, the reduction of dissolved oxygen, and in2010-2011the types and material resources of the two germplasm resources protection areas were reduced with42.9%-84.7%,47.0%-61.1%seprately. In view of all the analysis, the stable natural river runoff is the most appropriate for the growth and reproduction of aquatic organisms including the fishes.(3) Based on the quantitative analysis results of the birds, it could be analysised from the landscape and hydrological driving force. The number of birds and species diversity has increased to some extent, and some traveling birds were beginning to stay in here for reproduction. Based on the analysis of the landscape driving force, the degree of fragmentation were increasing, the important habitats of birds are shrinking, and the natural wetland were reduing with the increasing of the artificial wetland; the water recharging of riverine wetlands may be happened when the runoff where the river is more than7014m3/s, in view of the downstream flood control the water charging mainly depends on the rainfall and the lateral seepage recharge of groundwater; due to the control of the gate, estuarine wetland mainly depends on the artificial recharge, but now the artificial fill water resourses is far from the water demands of the Delta by the0.35billion m3.(4)The comprehensive evaluation of the current managing model scored2.3097, the ecosystem function was in the lower-middle. Based on the adjustment and feedback mechanisms, the adaptive management objectives and eco-hydrological process management solutions were put forword, as follows:The minimum annual ecological runoff of Huayunkou, Gaocun and Lijin are15.45billion m3,13.83billion m3and7.68billion m3separately, the medium are21.57billion m3,18.21billion m3and9.46billion m3, the most suitable are26.57billion m3,21.99billion m3and11.56billion m3; during the water and sediment regulantion, the minimum monthly runoff in June of Huayunkou, Gaocun and Lijin are separately1300m3/s,967m3/s and798m3/s, the medium are1570m3/s,1275m3/s and1088m3/s, the suitable are1743m3/s,1389m3/s and1231m3/s; the minimum in July are815m3/s,751m3/s and892m3/s, the medium are984m3/s,983m3/s and1215m3/s, the most suitable are1093m3/s,1071m3/s and1376m3/s. Compared with the History periods, the non-flood season could recovery to the state of1969-1987period; in the flood season, the Minimum, Medium and suitable ecological flow process could approach the ecological flow standard of1969-1987period as well, good, very good; Due to the water and sediment regulation, the runoff in June and July were undergoning great changes, and they all have reached the largest and the best state of the ecological flow standard; and it need to adjust the flow rise rate and fall rate in the time of water and sediment regulation, in order to mitigate the adverse impact to aquatic organisms.
引文
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