当前九年义务教育初中英语教学中存在的问题研究
摘要
在过去的六十年内，英语语言教学在世界范围内不仅在实践上而且在理论上
均有显著的发展，语言知识和语言应用不再是同一回事。交际教学法认为语言应
用是语言教学的目标。为了达到这一目标，语言必须放在交际情景中去教，语言
知识只有在通过大量语言实践才能转化语言技能，语言技能通过多种多样的实践
才能上升为交际能力。
现行九年义务教育初中英语教材（简称“九义”初中英语教材）是1993秋
季全国范围内投入使用的一套新教材，新大纲充分吸收现代语言教学的新成果，
高度重视语言在交际情景中的应用。它宣称英语教学应瞄准学生四项基本能力的
发展，适当强调阅读，培养学生具备初步的口头和笔头的交际能力。“九义”初
中英语教材是在中国历史上第一次把语言运用放在突出位置上的一种教材，它意
味着学校不仅要教学生的语言知识，而且也应教学生怎样运用语言。它充分考虑
到学生的需要和学生的兴趣，提供了大量的、真实的、贴近学生生活的语言材
料，供学生创造性的交际使用。同时，列出了学生必须掌握的意念项目和功能项
目。
“九义”初中英语教材是我国编写相当成功的一套新教材。然而，由于教学
方法不当，部分教师却不能充分发挥新教材的优势。本文旨在揭示教师在使用
“九义”初中英语教材中所出现的问题，并提出相应的对策。
全文共分五章。
第一章简要介绍了目前“九义”初中英语教材运用中存在的问题，即部分教
师由于教学方法不当，不能充分发挥“九义”初中英语教材的优势；同时也指出了
本文的写作目的和意义。
第二章是后面两章的理论基础。首先，它从交际法的发展史、定义、基本理
论和基本原则四个方面回顾“九义”英语教材的理论基础一交际教学法。它指
出“九义”初中英语教材的教法是属于一种弱势交际观的教法。
第三章通过调查分析，揭示了当前教学中关于语法教学；词汇教学；学生口
语的流利性与准确性；教师教学中使用母语与目标语；学生听、说、读、写四项
主要技能培养等方面在教学中的误区。同时也指出当前教学中两个被忽视的问
’题，即培养学生学习兴趣和学生跨文化交际意识。通过讨论提出了相应的对策：
在语法教学中提倡引导学生发现语法特征来学习语法，在词汇教学中提倡创建学
生的积极词汇；关于口语的准确性和流利性，提倡培养学生的口语准确性的同
时，也不能忽视流利性；关于教师在教学中使用母语和目标语的问题，提出了尽
可能的使用目标语，确有需要时可以使用母语；关于四项基本技能的问题，提出
初级阶段应四项技能在并重，并随年级不同有所侧重。在英语教学中被忽视的2
个问题，提出了在英语教学中应加强对学生学习兴趣的培养和对跨文化交际意识
的培养。
第四章首先进行了传统教学法与交际教学法，旧教材与新教材的对比，指出
随着教材的变化，教师必须相应的转变观念，更新教学方法。然后，针对五步教
学法的各项步骤提出了一些可行性的建议。
第五章是结论部分指出当务之急是进一步加强师资培训来解决本文提到的这
些问题。同时也指出在教学中仍然存在着其它因素可以阻碍英语教学的发展，如
考试问题、教学设备问题等，有待将来去研究以期进一步提高初中英语教学水
＼平。
本文主要在于揭示当前初中英语教学中教师在教法方面存在的问题，并提出
相应的对策。同时希望本文能引起教育部门的注意，进一步加强师资培v；I来解诀
这些问题以提高我们的英语教学水平。英语教学是一个相当复杂的过程，它包括
方方面面，由于时间和个人精力有限，本文的研究不够深入。本文中提到的问题
有待将来进一步深入地研究。同时希望将来能多开展初中英语教学研究，以进一
步提高我国英语教学水平，适应我国政治和经济发展的需要。
The presen dissertation is accomPlished under the invaluable guldance and
suPervision of my suPervisor Professor Wu Xin, WhO has read the draft very carefully
and has given me inStrUctive suggOStions fOr my revi8ions.
I feel obliged to exPress my gratitUde to all the professors for their imereSting
and enlightening teaching, among Whom, pwticularyl are Professor Li Li, Professor
Liu Jianbo, Professor Chen Zhi'an, Professor Xu anquan and Professor Lin Jiarong.
I would like to deliver my heart-felt thanks to Professor Li Changtai and
Professor Jia Zhigao for their excellent suggeStions.
I would also like to extended cordial thanks to my ffiends: Cheryl Woelk from
Canada and Alex Silver from the USA for they do proofreading carefuly
I would also lthe to eXtended cordial thanks tO rw classmates for their assiswte
and encouragemeni.
均有显著的发展，语言知识和语言应用不再是同一回事。交际教学法认为语言应
用是语言教学的目标。为了达到这一目标，语言必须放在交际情景中去教，语言
知识只有在通过大量语言实践才能转化语言技能，语言技能通过多种多样的实践
才能上升为交际能力。
现行九年义务教育初中英语教材（简称“九义”初中英语教材）是1993秋
季全国范围内投入使用的一套新教材，新大纲充分吸收现代语言教学的新成果，
高度重视语言在交际情景中的应用。它宣称英语教学应瞄准学生四项基本能力的
发展，适当强调阅读，培养学生具备初步的口头和笔头的交际能力。“九义”初
中英语教材是在中国历史上第一次把语言运用放在突出位置上的一种教材，它意
味着学校不仅要教学生的语言知识，而且也应教学生怎样运用语言。它充分考虑
到学生的需要和学生的兴趣，提供了大量的、真实的、贴近学生生活的语言材
料，供学生创造性的交际使用。同时，列出了学生必须掌握的意念项目和功能项
目。
“九义”初中英语教材是我国编写相当成功的一套新教材。然而，由于教学
方法不当，部分教师却不能充分发挥新教材的优势。本文旨在揭示教师在使用
“九义”初中英语教材中所出现的问题，并提出相应的对策。
全文共分五章。
第一章简要介绍了目前“九义”初中英语教材运用中存在的问题，即部分教
师由于教学方法不当，不能充分发挥“九义”初中英语教材的优势；同时也指出了
本文的写作目的和意义。
第二章是后面两章的理论基础。首先，它从交际法的发展史、定义、基本理
论和基本原则四个方面回顾“九义”英语教材的理论基础一交际教学法。它指
出“九义”初中英语教材的教法是属于一种弱势交际观的教法。
第三章通过调查分析，揭示了当前教学中关于语法教学；词汇教学；学生口
语的流利性与准确性；教师教学中使用母语与目标语；学生听、说、读、写四项
主要技能培养等方面在教学中的误区。同时也指出当前教学中两个被忽视的问
’题，即培养学生学习兴趣和学生跨文化交际意识。通过讨论提出了相应的对策：
在语法教学中提倡引导学生发现语法特征来学习语法，在词汇教学中提倡创建学
生的积极词汇；关于口语的准确性和流利性，提倡培养学生的口语准确性的同
时，也不能忽视流利性；关于教师在教学中使用母语和目标语的问题，提出了尽
可能的使用目标语，确有需要时可以使用母语；关于四项基本技能的问题，提出
初级阶段应四项技能在并重，并随年级不同有所侧重。在英语教学中被忽视的2
个问题，提出了在英语教学中应加强对学生学习兴趣的培养和对跨文化交际意识
的培养。
第四章首先进行了传统教学法与交际教学法，旧教材与新教材的对比，指出
随着教材的变化，教师必须相应的转变观念，更新教学方法。然后，针对五步教
学法的各项步骤提出了一些可行性的建议。
第五章是结论部分指出当务之急是进一步加强师资培训来解决本文提到的这
些问题。同时也指出在教学中仍然存在着其它因素可以阻碍英语教学的发展，如
考试问题、教学设备问题等，有待将来去研究以期进一步提高初中英语教学水
＼平。
本文主要在于揭示当前初中英语教学中教师在教法方面存在的问题，并提出
相应的对策。同时希望本文能引起教育部门的注意，进一步加强师资培v；I来解诀
这些问题以提高我们的英语教学水平。英语教学是一个相当复杂的过程，它包括
方方面面，由于时间和个人精力有限，本文的研究不够深入。本文中提到的问题
有待将来进一步深入地研究。同时希望将来能多开展初中英语教学研究，以进一
步提高我国英语教学水平，适应我国政治和经济发展的需要。
The presen dissertation is accomPlished under the invaluable guldance and
suPervision of my suPervisor Professor Wu Xin, WhO has read the draft very carefully
and has given me inStrUctive suggOStions fOr my revi8ions.
I feel obliged to exPress my gratitUde to all the professors for their imereSting
and enlightening teaching, among Whom, pwticularyl are Professor Li Li, Professor
Liu Jianbo, Professor Chen Zhi'an, Professor Xu anquan and Professor Lin Jiarong.
I would like to deliver my heart-felt thanks to Professor Li Changtai and
Professor Jia Zhigao for their excellent suggeStions.
I would also like to extended cordial thanks to my ffiends: Cheryl Woelk from
Canada and Alex Silver from the USA for they do proofreading carefuly
I would also lthe to eXtended cordial thanks tO rw classmates for their assiswte
and encouragemeni.
引文
AH Yahya, AL-Arishi. 1994． "Role-play, real-play and surreal-play in ESOL classroom", ELT Journal Vol.48, No.4．
Allwright, D. and K.M. Bailey. 1991． Focus on the Language Classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
BEC (Beijing Education Commission). 1997． "The general report of experimental work for new textbooks under 9-year compulsory education in Beijing". Curriculum: Teaching Material and Method, Issue No.2．
Brumfit, C.J. and Johnson, K. 1979． " ' Communicative' language teaching: an educational perspective", The Communicative Approach To Language Teaching. Oxford University Press.
Brumfit, C.J. 1980． Problems and Principles in English Teaching. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Brumfit, C.J. 1984． Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching: The Roles of Fluency and Accuracy. Cambridge University Press.
Byrne, D, 1987． Techniques for Class Management. Longman.
Candlin, C.N(ed). 1981． The Communicative Teaching of English: Principles and an Excersise Typology. London: Longman Group Limited.
Canale, M. and Swain, M. 1980． "Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Learning and Testing". Applied Linguistics 1． 1． Quoted in Maley, A. (1985． )
Carrier, M. 1985． Take 5 Games and Activities for Language Learner. Thomas Nelson, Hong Kong.
GET (College English Teaching) Syllabus Revision Team. 1993． GET Syllabus, Shanghai Foreign Language Press.
Chen, Kairong. and Leng, Neng. 1989． "Some Opinions about Vocabulary Size and How to Memorize Words Effectively". ELT. Vol. 19/9-14．
Chen, Limei. 1998． "The Fact Approach to College English Learning". English Language Teaching. Vol. 32/82-83．
Chen, Xiangyang. 1996． "English Language Teaching in the Schools of China". The speech on the English 2000 Conference. Beijing.
Chomsky, N. 1965． Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Soton MIT Press.
Cunningsworth, A. 1984． Evaluating and Selecting of ELT Material. Oxford University Press.
Cui, Guanwen. 1995． "On the new changes and new problems produced by the use of new textbooks for junior English". Foreign Language Teaching in Schools. Issue. No. 12．
Ellis, R. 1985． Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. 1992． Second Language Acquisition in Context. Prentice Hall International Ltd.
Gairns, R. and Redman, S, 1986． Working With Words. Cambridge CUP.
Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasen, R. 1976． Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Harmer, J. 1983． The Practice of English Language Teaching. New York: Longman.
Hargreaves, A. 1994． Change teachers, change times: Teachers work and culture in the postmodern age, London: Casell.
Howatt, A. 1984． A History of English Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hu, Wenzhong. 1978． Intercultural Communication-What it Means to Chinese Learners of English, Shanghai Translation Publishing House.
Huang, Xuejun. 1998． Communicative Approach for English Majors in Chinese University unpublished M.ed dissertation, the library of Southwest Normal University.
Hymes, D. 1972． "On Communicative Competenc". Communicative Approach to Language Teaching (eds) by C.J. Brumfit and K. Johnson. Oxford University Press.
Jespersen, O.H.O. 1922． Language, Its Nature, Development & Origin. The Mayflower Press.
Jespersen, O.H.O. 1924． How to Teach a Foreign language. The Mayflower Press.
Johnson, K. and Morrow, K. (eds). 1981． Communication in the Classroom. London: Longman Group UK. Ltd.
Krashen, S.D. 1987． Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. London: Prentice Hall.
Kwo, O.W.Y. 1996． "Learning to Teach English in Hong Kong classrooms: Patterns of Reflection" in Donald Freeman & Jack Richards (eds.) Teacher Learning in
Language Teaching, 295-319． New York: Cambridge University Press.
Larse-Freeman, D. (1986) . Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. Oxford University Press.
Lightbown, P. and Spada, N. 1993． How Languages are learned. Oxford University Press.
Lin, Yuan and Yuan, Ping. 1998． "Presentation-an Initial Step to Introduce New Structures and Functions". ELT. Vol.32/49-51．
Littlewood, W.T. 1981． Communicative Language Teaching: an Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
--W.T. 1984． Foreign and Second Language Learning. Cambridge University Press.
Liu, Daoyi, 1993． "On the communicative construction of English education in our country in Curriculum" Teaching Material and Method. Issue No. 12．
--1996． English Language Teaching in schools in China. People's Education Press.
--2000． The speech on English 2000 Conference. Beijing.
Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics, 1985．
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1990．
McDonough J. and Shaw, C. 1981． Materials and Methods in ELT. UK: Blackwell Publishers.
MaDonough, S. 1981． Phychology in Foreign Language Teaching. Allen & Unwin, London.
Maley, A. 1984． "Reconciling Communicative with Traditional Approaches to Language Teaching: Can It Be Done?" Foreign Language Teaching and Research Vol. 10, 1996．
Munby, J. 1978． Communicative Syllabus Design. Cambridge University Press.
Nolasco, R. & Arthur, L. 1988． Large Classes. Macmillan
Nunan, D.1989． Understanding Language Classrooms: A Guide for Teacher Initiated Action. Hemel Hepstead: Prentice Hall.
Politzer, R. 1959． "Developing cultural understanding through foreign language study", in Report of the fifth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Teaching. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Richards, J.C. 1985． The Context of Language Teaching. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J.C. and Rodgers, T.S. 1986． Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching: A Description and Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. Platt, J. and Webber, H. 1985． Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. London: Longman Group Limited.
Rossner, R. and Bolitho, R. (eds). 1990． Currents of Change in English Language Teaching. Oxford University Press.
Roulet, E. 1975． Linguistic Theory, Linguistic Description and Language Teaching. London: Longman.
Stern, H.H. 1983． Fubdamental Concepts of Language Teaching. Oxford University Press.
Underwood, M. 1987． Effective Class Management. New York: Longman Inc.
Vans Els, T.(ed). 1984． Applied Linguistics and the Learning and Teaching of Foreign Languages. London: Edward Arnold.
Wallace, J. 1990． " 'Hard' and 'soft' data", Establish a basis for reflective practice in Language and the curriculum. HKU.
Wallace, M.J. 1991． Training Foreign Language Teachers, CUP.
Widdowson, H.G. 1978． Teaching Language as Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilkins, D. A. 1972． Linguistics in Language Teaching. London: Edward Arnold.
Willis, J. 1981． Teaching English through English. Longman Group Ltd.
Xin, Bin. 1995． "The Communicative Approach: problems and solutions". Foreign Language Teaching and Research Journal 1995/3:43-45．
Yu, Hua. 1992． "Teaching vocabulary: a discussion." English Language Teaching Volume 24． 143-45．
Zhang, Weiyou. 1993． "Increasing Cultural Awareness". English Language Teaching. Volume 25． /99-103．
Zhou, Rong. 1993． "Help students Build up Their Vocabulary for Productive Use", English Language Teaching. Volume25/99-103．
Zhu, Xiaoyan. 1998． "Challenges to Teachers at a Time of Curriculum Changes". English Language Teaching. Volume 32/31-32．
Allwright, D. and K.M. Bailey. 1991． Focus on the Language Classroom. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
BEC (Beijing Education Commission). 1997． "The general report of experimental work for new textbooks under 9-year compulsory education in Beijing". Curriculum: Teaching Material and Method, Issue No.2．
Brumfit, C.J. and Johnson, K. 1979． " ' Communicative' language teaching: an educational perspective", The Communicative Approach To Language Teaching. Oxford University Press.
Brumfit, C.J. 1980． Problems and Principles in English Teaching. Oxford: Pergamon Press.
Brumfit, C.J. 1984． Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching: The Roles of Fluency and Accuracy. Cambridge University Press.
Byrne, D, 1987． Techniques for Class Management. Longman.
Candlin, C.N(ed). 1981． The Communicative Teaching of English: Principles and an Excersise Typology. London: Longman Group Limited.
Canale, M. and Swain, M. 1980． "Theoretical Bases of Communicative Approaches to Second Language Learning and Testing". Applied Linguistics 1． 1． Quoted in Maley, A. (1985． )
Carrier, M. 1985． Take 5 Games and Activities for Language Learner. Thomas Nelson, Hong Kong.
GET (College English Teaching) Syllabus Revision Team. 1993． GET Syllabus, Shanghai Foreign Language Press.
Chen, Kairong. and Leng, Neng. 1989． "Some Opinions about Vocabulary Size and How to Memorize Words Effectively". ELT. Vol. 19/9-14．
Chen, Limei. 1998． "The Fact Approach to College English Learning". English Language Teaching. Vol. 32/82-83．
Chen, Xiangyang. 1996． "English Language Teaching in the Schools of China". The speech on the English 2000 Conference. Beijing.
Chomsky, N. 1965． Aspects of the Theory of Syntax. Soton MIT Press.
Cunningsworth, A. 1984． Evaluating and Selecting of ELT Material. Oxford University Press.
Cui, Guanwen. 1995． "On the new changes and new problems produced by the use of new textbooks for junior English". Foreign Language Teaching in Schools. Issue. No. 12．
Ellis, R. 1985． Understanding Second Language Acquisition. Oxford University Press.
Ellis, R. 1992． Second Language Acquisition in Context. Prentice Hall International Ltd.
Gairns, R. and Redman, S, 1986． Working With Words. Cambridge CUP.
Halliday, M.A.K. and Hasen, R. 1976． Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Harmer, J. 1983． The Practice of English Language Teaching. New York: Longman.
Hargreaves, A. 1994． Change teachers, change times: Teachers work and culture in the postmodern age, London: Casell.
Howatt, A. 1984． A History of English Language Teaching. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hu, Wenzhong. 1978． Intercultural Communication-What it Means to Chinese Learners of English, Shanghai Translation Publishing House.
Huang, Xuejun. 1998． Communicative Approach for English Majors in Chinese University unpublished M.ed dissertation, the library of Southwest Normal University.
Hymes, D. 1972． "On Communicative Competenc". Communicative Approach to Language Teaching (eds) by C.J. Brumfit and K. Johnson. Oxford University Press.
Jespersen, O.H.O. 1922． Language, Its Nature, Development & Origin. The Mayflower Press.
Jespersen, O.H.O. 1924． How to Teach a Foreign language. The Mayflower Press.
Johnson, K. and Morrow, K. (eds). 1981． Communication in the Classroom. London: Longman Group UK. Ltd.
Krashen, S.D. 1987． Principles and Practice in Second Language Acquisition. London: Prentice Hall.
Kwo, O.W.Y. 1996． "Learning to Teach English in Hong Kong classrooms: Patterns of Reflection" in Donald Freeman & Jack Richards (eds.) Teacher Learning in
Language Teaching, 295-319． New York: Cambridge University Press.
Larse-Freeman, D. (1986) . Techniques and Principles in Language Teaching. Oxford University Press.
Lightbown, P. and Spada, N. 1993． How Languages are learned. Oxford University Press.
Lin, Yuan and Yuan, Ping. 1998． "Presentation-an Initial Step to Introduce New Structures and Functions". ELT. Vol.32/49-51．
Littlewood, W.T. 1981． Communicative Language Teaching: an Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
--W.T. 1984． Foreign and Second Language Learning. Cambridge University Press.
Liu, Daoyi, 1993． "On the communicative construction of English education in our country in Curriculum" Teaching Material and Method. Issue No. 12．
--1996． English Language Teaching in schools in China. People's Education Press.
--2000． The speech on English 2000 Conference. Beijing.
Longman Dictionary of Applied Linguistics, 1985．
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, 1990．
McDonough J. and Shaw, C. 1981． Materials and Methods in ELT. UK: Blackwell Publishers.
MaDonough, S. 1981． Phychology in Foreign Language Teaching. Allen & Unwin, London.
Maley, A. 1984． "Reconciling Communicative with Traditional Approaches to Language Teaching: Can It Be Done?" Foreign Language Teaching and Research Vol. 10, 1996．
Munby, J. 1978． Communicative Syllabus Design. Cambridge University Press.
Nolasco, R. & Arthur, L. 1988． Large Classes. Macmillan
Nunan, D.1989． Understanding Language Classrooms: A Guide for Teacher Initiated Action. Hemel Hepstead: Prentice Hall.
Politzer, R. 1959． "Developing cultural understanding through foreign language study", in Report of the fifth Annual Round Table Meeting on Linguistics and Language Teaching. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.
Richards, J.C. 1985． The Context of Language Teaching. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J.C. and Rodgers, T.S. 1986． Approaches and Methods in Language Teaching: A Description and Analysis. Cambridge University Press.
Richards, J. Platt, J. and Webber, H. 1985． Longman Dictionary of Language Teaching and Applied Linguistics. London: Longman Group Limited.
Rossner, R. and Bolitho, R. (eds). 1990． Currents of Change in English Language Teaching. Oxford University Press.
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