摘要
进入21世纪以来,化学工业面临着经济、能源、环境以及社会等多方面的挑战,优化技术是迎接这些挑战的有效手段,能够应用于化工全价值链的各个环节。化工系统是一类典型的复杂系统,随着目标问题的规模越来越大,模型结构也越来越复杂,经典的优化方法已显乏力,对高效的智能化的优化技术的需求日益迫切。
蚁群算法是新近提出来的一种群智能优化方法。由于其优越的问题分布式求解模式,在离散优化问题的求解中取得了极大成功,引起了相关领域学者的广泛关注。但很多实际问题通常被表达成连续优化问题。如何有效地将全局优化性能优越但本质离散的蚁群算法用于优化连续空间的问题,此为亟待应对的挑战,这也是本文的主要研究内容。
蚁群算法在本质是一种基于解空间参数化的概率分布模型的搜索算法框架,这些参数就是信息素,而蚂蚁生成的解集合则可看作是用来更新概率分布参数的样本。因此信息素分布模型是影响蚁群算法最关键的因素,它决定了蚂蚁的行为与分布,设计一种好的信息素分布模型是构造高性能连续蚁群算法的关键。
基于此,本文通过对蚁群觅食的生物学模型中信息素分布的分析,用多元正态分布函数来模拟信息素的分布,提出了一种信息素呈多元正态分布的连续多蚁群算法(CMACO)。该算法通过对信息素分布函数的随机抽样来指导蚂蚁完成状态转移,信息素分布函数又随着蚂蚁的移动而被调整,实施信息素更新,进而引导蚂蚁在可行域中逐步向最优食物源聚集。为了提高算法的寻优性能,基于蚁群的成群募集机制,本文构建出多蚁群策略来有效地调配蚁群的行为以平衡其全局探索能力和局部挖掘能力。经多个经典函数的测试,表明CMACO适用于连续优化问题,具有良好的全局寻优性能。
对于终端时间给定、终端状态无约束的动态优化问题,本文通过控制变量参数化方法将其转换成静态优化问题,然后使用CMACO进行优化。按照该思路,将CMACO用于生产分泌蛋白的Park-Ramirez生物反应器以及生产外源蛋白的Lee-Ramirez生物反应器的补料流率优化问题。结果表明,CMACO在优化结果和计算代价上都有较好的性能。
复杂相平衡体系的Gibbs自由能函数存在多个局部解,应用局部优化算法易陷入局部解或者平凡解而难以得到全局解。本文采用CMACO直接最小化系统Gibbs自由能函数,无需考虑体系实际存在的相态,计算不依赖函数导数,能以较高概率收敛至全局解。
总之,论文对蚁群算法做了较为全面深入的分析和讨论,不仅提出了一种连续多蚁群算法,而且将其用于化工动态优化以及相平衡计算中。论文最后对所做工作进行了总结,并且对未来研究提出展望。
Since entering the 21st century, chemical industry is faced with pressures from economic, energy, environment and many other problems. Optimization technique to meet these challenges is an effective approach, which can be applied on any scales of the entire value chain in chemical industry. But chemical system is a typical complex system. As the scale of object problem becomes more and more large, of which the model structure becomes more and more complicated too, classical optimization method can't meet the demands of many practical problems. So the requirement for right efficient intelligent optimization methods has become increasingly urgent.
Ant colony optimization (ACO) is recently proposed as a class of intelligent optimization methods. Its predominant distributed pattern of problem solving achieves great success in combinational problems, and brings extensively attentions of related research area. But to many practical engineering problems, they are usually expressed as continuous optimization problems. So, it is an imperative challenge on how to apply the basic ant colony optimization strategy to the problems solving in continuous space, which is the major work of this thesis.
In nature, ant colony optimization is a unified searching algorithm framework based on the probability distribution model of solution space parameterization. The parameter is pheromone, and the solution set producing by ants can be considered as the samples for updating the probability distribution parameter. Hence, the model of pheromone distribution is the key factor in ant colony algorithm, which can thoroughly determine the behavior and distribution of ants. Therefore, the key issue for constructing high-performance continuous ant colony optimization is to design reasonable pheromone distribution model.
Analyzing the pheromone distribution in biological model of ant colony foraging, we use normal distribution to simulate pheromone distribution and
proposed a normal distribution of pheromone based continuous multi ant-colony algorithm, CMACO. Firstly, state transition of ant colony is implemented by stochastic sampling based on pheromone distribution function. Secondly, the distribution function is updated according to the quality of food source, by which the pheromone is updated. The iterative implementation can lead the ants to global optimal solution. Moreover, to improve optimization performance, multi-colonies strategy is introduced to balance the trade-off between global exploration and local exploitation ability based on group recruitment mechanism. Finally, CMACO was applied to several benchmark problems, and the results illustrate CMACO has well global optimization performance.
To solve dynamic optimization problems efficiently, control vector parameterization approach is introduced to transform the original dynamic optimization to static optimization problems, which is directly solved by CMACO. The efficiency of this method was illustrated with two challenging problems for optimizing feed-rate of fed-batch bioreactors, and the results show CMACO has well global optimization ability and fast convergence speed.
For complex phase equilibrium system, the Gibbs energy function has several local minima, so it's difficult to get the global minimum by the local optimization algorithms. CMACO was utilized to solve the phase equilibrium without reactions, and it need not considering the actual number and type of phases and needn't the derivative. The results show CMACO can find the global solution with high probability.
In short, ACO was adapted elaborately for continuous optimization in this work, and proposed a normal distribution based continuous multi ant-colony optimization, which was applied on dynamic optimization problems of chemical processes and complex phase equilibrium calculation.
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