钻具旋转对造斜段岩屑运移的影响规律研究
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摘要
造斜段岩屑在重力作用下易沉积下井壁形成岩屑床,岩屑床的存在给钻井施工带来诸多安全问题,这些问题包括:高摩阻和扭矩、卡钻、憋泵、粘附卡钻、不能有效将钻压传至钻头、不能解释井的方向变化、钻井液漏入产层而影响最终采收率、钻进缓慢甚至阻塞井眼造成井眼报废。所以,造斜段岩屑运移是保证钻井施工安全及提高固井质量的关键。
造斜段由于井眼弯曲的影响,钻具偏向下井壁,钻具旋转改变了环空宽窄间隙处的流场分布,增大了环空钻井液的紊流度,使处于岩屑床表面的岩屑被搅动起来,随着钻具旋转的方向运移,将其带到环空高流速区,增大了岩屑被上返的钻井液带到井口的概率。因此,研究钻具旋转对造斜段岩屑运移的影响对携岩理论及工程实际有着重要的意义。
本文通过对环空流体力学分析建立了考虑钻柱旋转作用下环空流场的周向速度分布模型;通过固-液两相流理论对岩屑颗粒进行受力分析,根据岩屑运移的启动条件及悬浮条件分别建立考虑钻具旋转影响的岩屑颗粒翻滚、上升、滑移和悬浮的临界启动速度模型,分析钻具旋转对岩屑临界启动速度的影响规律,通过计算发现:在150RPM下,宽间隙处最大影响率为38%,窄间隙处最大影响率为47%;最后根据岩屑临界启动速度模型,考虑钻具旋转作用对偏心环空不同间隙处岩屑启动与运移规律的影响,真实的描述了岩屑在环空中不同位置处的运动状态,提出了评价井眼清洗效果的新方法。
The curve section cuttings are easier to deposit to the down sidewall under gravity then form cuttings bed. The cuttings bed existence has brought drilling many safety problems. Those problems include that high friction and torque, bit freezing, pump choking up, adhere sticking, failing to communicate drilling pressure to drill bit, can’t explain wells direction change, drilling fluid leaking into the production formations and affect the ultimate recovery, drilling slow even jams borehole to cause borehole scrapped. Consequently, cuttings removal of building inclined section is the key point to ensure drilling security and improve cementing quality.
The curve section drilling tools turn to down sidewall because of borehole bending. Drilling tools rotating changes the flow field distribution of annular width gap, increase annular drilling fluid turbulence scale, and make the cuttings in bed surface stir. With the drilling tools rotating direction migration, bring cuttings to high velocity area of annular and increase the probability of the cuttings are carried to wellhead by return drilling fluid. Thus, the study on influences of the drilling tools rotating to cuttings removal in building inclined section has an important meaning for carrying cuttings theory and engineering practice.
Analyzing the annulus fluid mechanics in the paper, the circumferential velocity distribution model of annulus flow field considering drillstring rotation was established. The force acting on the cuttings was analyzed by liquid-solid two phase flow theory, According to startup condition and suspension condition of cutting transport The critical startup velocity model of cuttings particles flipping, climbing, slippage and suspension. The influence of drilling tools rotating to cuttings critical startup speed is analyzed. Through calculating, we find that: At 150RPM,the biggest effect rate to the wide annular tolerance is 38%, to the narrow annular tolerance is 47%;at last,in accordance with the critical toggle speed model of rock debris ,with the effect of drill rotating function to rock debris start and migration law at different eccentric annulus,describe the cuttings motion state of different position in annular, and a new method of evaluate borehole cleaning effect is proposed.
造斜段由于井眼弯曲的影响,钻具偏向下井壁,钻具旋转改变了环空宽窄间隙处的流场分布,增大了环空钻井液的紊流度,使处于岩屑床表面的岩屑被搅动起来,随着钻具旋转的方向运移,将其带到环空高流速区,增大了岩屑被上返的钻井液带到井口的概率。因此,研究钻具旋转对造斜段岩屑运移的影响对携岩理论及工程实际有着重要的意义。
本文通过对环空流体力学分析建立了考虑钻柱旋转作用下环空流场的周向速度分布模型;通过固-液两相流理论对岩屑颗粒进行受力分析,根据岩屑运移的启动条件及悬浮条件分别建立考虑钻具旋转影响的岩屑颗粒翻滚、上升、滑移和悬浮的临界启动速度模型,分析钻具旋转对岩屑临界启动速度的影响规律,通过计算发现:在150RPM下,宽间隙处最大影响率为38%,窄间隙处最大影响率为47%;最后根据岩屑临界启动速度模型,考虑钻具旋转作用对偏心环空不同间隙处岩屑启动与运移规律的影响,真实的描述了岩屑在环空中不同位置处的运动状态,提出了评价井眼清洗效果的新方法。
The curve section cuttings are easier to deposit to the down sidewall under gravity then form cuttings bed. The cuttings bed existence has brought drilling many safety problems. Those problems include that high friction and torque, bit freezing, pump choking up, adhere sticking, failing to communicate drilling pressure to drill bit, can’t explain wells direction change, drilling fluid leaking into the production formations and affect the ultimate recovery, drilling slow even jams borehole to cause borehole scrapped. Consequently, cuttings removal of building inclined section is the key point to ensure drilling security and improve cementing quality.
The curve section drilling tools turn to down sidewall because of borehole bending. Drilling tools rotating changes the flow field distribution of annular width gap, increase annular drilling fluid turbulence scale, and make the cuttings in bed surface stir. With the drilling tools rotating direction migration, bring cuttings to high velocity area of annular and increase the probability of the cuttings are carried to wellhead by return drilling fluid. Thus, the study on influences of the drilling tools rotating to cuttings removal in building inclined section has an important meaning for carrying cuttings theory and engineering practice.
Analyzing the annulus fluid mechanics in the paper, the circumferential velocity distribution model of annulus flow field considering drillstring rotation was established. The force acting on the cuttings was analyzed by liquid-solid two phase flow theory, According to startup condition and suspension condition of cutting transport The critical startup velocity model of cuttings particles flipping, climbing, slippage and suspension. The influence of drilling tools rotating to cuttings critical startup speed is analyzed. Through calculating, we find that: At 150RPM,the biggest effect rate to the wide annular tolerance is 38%, to the narrow annular tolerance is 47%;at last,in accordance with the critical toggle speed model of rock debris ,with the effect of drill rotating function to rock debris start and migration law at different eccentric annulus,describe the cuttings motion state of different position in annular, and a new method of evaluate borehole cleaning effect is proposed.
引文
[1] Hyun Cho, Subhash, N. Shah, Samuel O. Osisanya, A Three-Segment Hydraulic Model for Cuttings Transport in Horizontal and Deviated Wells.SPE65488,2000.
[2] Mehmet Evren Ozbayoglu.Cuttings Transport with Foam in Hoizontal and Highly -Inclinged Wellbores.Ph. D. dissertation,University of Tulsa,2002.
[3] Yibing Li. Numerical Modeling of Cuttings Transport with Foam in Vertical and Horizontal wells. Ph. D. dissertation,University of Alberta,2004.
[4] Hyun Cho, Subhash N. Shah, Samuel O. Osisanya. A Three-Layer Modeling for Cuttings Transport with Coiled Tubing Horizontal Drilling.SPE,63269,2000.
[5] LONGQING ZOU, A New Computer Package for Simulating Cuttings Transport and Predicting Hole Cleaning in Deviated and Horizontal Wells.SPE64646,2000.
[6] Gavignet, A. A., Sobey, I., Model Aids Cuttings Transport Prediction[J].JPT, September1989:916~921.
[7] Ford,J. T. ,Peden,J. M. , Oyencyin,M. B. , et a1.Expermental Investigation of Drilled Cuttings Transort in IncliIlcd Boreholes[C].SPE20421, 1990.
[8] Nguyen, D. , Rahman.S.S. , A Three-Layer Hydralllic Program for Effective Cunings Transport and Hole Cleaning in Highly Deviated and Horizontal Wells[J] .SPE Drilling &Completion, September 1998:182~189(SPE51186) .
[9] Osunde Macdonald Okunsebor. Numerical Modeling of Cuttings Transport with Foam in Vertical and Inclinged wells. Master thesis,University of Alberta,2006.
[10]汪海阁,刘希圣.水平井钻井液携岩机理研究[J].钻采工艺,1996,19(2):10~14.
[11]汪海阁,刘希圣,李洪乾等.水平井段钻井液携带岩屑的实验研究[J].石油学报,1995,16(4):125~129.
[12]汪志明,张政.水平井两层稳定岩屑传输规律研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2004 28( 4):63~66.
[13]龙芝辉,汪志明,郭晓乐.斜直井段和水平井段中环空岩屑运移机理的研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版)2005,29(5): 42~45,49.
[14]汪志明,张政.大斜度井两层稳定模型岩屑传输规律研究[J].石油钻采工艺,2003,25(4): 8~10.
[15]郭晓乐,汪志明.大位移井水力参数设计方法[J].石油钻采工艺,2008,30(5):5~14.
[16]汪志明,郭晓乐,张松杰等.南海流花超大位移井井眼净化技术[J].石油钻采工艺,2006,28(1):4~8.
[17]龙芝辉,汪志明,郭晓乐.斜井和水平井钻井环空流核区及速梯区中岩屑的运移研究[J].天然气工业,2005,钻井工程:62~64.
[18]王艳辉,刘希圣.环空螺旋流场中岩屑运动条件的分析[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1994,18(5):32~36.
[19]王艳辉,刘希圣,罗平亚.水平钻井接单根时循环泥浆对岩屑床的改造规律[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1994,18(2):28~31.
[20]李洪乾,杲传良,任耀秀等.水平井钻井第二洗井区环空止动返速的计算[J].石油钻探技术,1995,23(增刊):27~29.
[21]张杰,陈平,石晓兵等.大斜度井段岩屑运移规律的微观研究[J].天然气工业,2004,23:73~74.
[22]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003,15~126.
[23]鹿传世.倾斜井眼内岩屑运移的数值计算与清岩工具设计流场计算[D].华东中国石油大学,2008.16~17.
[24]胡景荣.30°~60°井斜定向井的井眼净化问题[J].小型油气藏,2001,6(2):61~63.
[25]杨树人,张景富,申家年.大斜度井中钻井液携屑规律的实验研究[J].大庆石油学院学报,1997,21(1):126~128.
[26]张景富.钻井流体力学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1994,83~96.
[27]严维锋,郑何光,马路.钻柱偏心和旋转对环空压耗的影响[J].内蒙古石油化工,2010, 8:51~53.
[28] L.J.Leising, I.C.Walton.The Study of Computer Simulation of Hole-Cleaning in Deep and Veritical Wells.SPE77261, 2002.
[29] Hyun Cho,Subhash N. Shah, Samuel O.Osisanya, Effects of Fluid Flow in a Porous Cuttings-Bed on Cuttings Transport Efficiency and Hydraulics. SPE71347,2001.
[30] J. Li, S. Walker. Sensitivity Analysis of Hole Cleaning Parameters in Directional Wells. SPE54498,1999.
[31] M.S. Bizanti, S.F. Alkafeef. A Simplified Hole Cleaning Solution to Deviated and Horiz- ontal Wells.SPE81412,2003.
[32] Ing. Rudi Rubiandini R. S. Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) Design in Deepwater Applica- tion.SPE115286,2008.
[33] Datta,B.K.,Ratnayake,C.Hole Cleaning and Pressure-Loss Prediction From a Bulk Transp- ort Prepective.SPE96315,2005.
[34]石晓兵.大位移井中利用钻柱旋转作用清除岩屑床的机理研究[J].天然气工业,2000,20(2):51~53.
[35]张艳娟.幂律流体偏心环空螺旋流轴向速度分布规律的PIV实验研究[J].海洋石油, 2009,29(2):82~84.
[36]王磊.幂律流体偏心环空流动的数值计算[J].内蒙古石油化工,2009,22:35~37.
[37]杨树人,申家年,张景富.幂律流体偏心环空轴向层流流动的速度分布[J].大庆石油学院学报,1997,21(1):122~124.
[38]刘希圣,汪海阁.钻井环空水力学及携岩理论研究进展[J].西部探矿工程,1995,7(2):1~6.
[39] Vaugh R D. Axial Laminar Flow of Non-Newtonion Fluids in Narrow Eccentric Annuli.SPEJ 1965,5:277~280.
[40] Sifferman T R.Myers G M.Drill Cuttings Transport in full-scaleVertical Annuli.JPT.1974.26:1295~1302.
[41] Okrajin S S.Azar J J. Mud Cuttings Transport in Disectional Well billing. SPE.14178.297~308.
[42]韩春雨,龙刚,纪海鹏.气体钻井岩屑颗粒动力学分析[J].重庆科技学院学报(自然科学版),2008,10(6):31~33.
[43]王丹辉,宋询成.斜井井眼清洗模型[J].石油钻探技术,2003,31(2):9~10.
[44]艾池,杨东梅.通过环空返速对比确定合理的携屑返速[J].西部探矿工程,2009,8:42~44.
[45]付双成,孙国刚,高翠芝.气体钻井分离设备液体排料临界流速的影响因素分析[J].石油矿场机械,2009,38(1):27~30.
[46] A. Saasen, G.. The Effect of Drilling Fluid Rheological Properties on Hole Cleaning. SPE 745 58,2002.
[47]宋询成,管志川,陈绍维.斜井岩屑运移临界环空流速力学模型[J].中国石油大学学报(自然科学版),2009,33(1):53~56.
[48]袁照永.水平井环空泡沫携岩流动规律研究[D].中国石油大学,2009,31~36.
[49]胡景荣.再论大斜度定向井的井眼净化问题[J].石油钻采工艺,2001,14~16.
[50]董林海.大井斜大位移定向井岩屑运移问题研究[J].内江科技,2008,9:113.
[51]杨启恩.大位移钻井过程中的岩屑携带特征及其影响因素[J].国外油气田,2007,23(10):21~24.
[2] Mehmet Evren Ozbayoglu.Cuttings Transport with Foam in Hoizontal and Highly -Inclinged Wellbores.Ph. D. dissertation,University of Tulsa,2002.
[3] Yibing Li. Numerical Modeling of Cuttings Transport with Foam in Vertical and Horizontal wells. Ph. D. dissertation,University of Alberta,2004.
[4] Hyun Cho, Subhash N. Shah, Samuel O. Osisanya. A Three-Layer Modeling for Cuttings Transport with Coiled Tubing Horizontal Drilling.SPE,63269,2000.
[5] LONGQING ZOU, A New Computer Package for Simulating Cuttings Transport and Predicting Hole Cleaning in Deviated and Horizontal Wells.SPE64646,2000.
[6] Gavignet, A. A., Sobey, I., Model Aids Cuttings Transport Prediction[J].JPT, September1989:916~921.
[7] Ford,J. T. ,Peden,J. M. , Oyencyin,M. B. , et a1.Expermental Investigation of Drilled Cuttings Transort in IncliIlcd Boreholes[C].SPE20421, 1990.
[8] Nguyen, D. , Rahman.S.S. , A Three-Layer Hydralllic Program for Effective Cunings Transport and Hole Cleaning in Highly Deviated and Horizontal Wells[J] .SPE Drilling &Completion, September 1998:182~189(SPE51186) .
[9] Osunde Macdonald Okunsebor. Numerical Modeling of Cuttings Transport with Foam in Vertical and Inclinged wells. Master thesis,University of Alberta,2006.
[10]汪海阁,刘希圣.水平井钻井液携岩机理研究[J].钻采工艺,1996,19(2):10~14.
[11]汪海阁,刘希圣,李洪乾等.水平井段钻井液携带岩屑的实验研究[J].石油学报,1995,16(4):125~129.
[12]汪志明,张政.水平井两层稳定岩屑传输规律研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),2004 28( 4):63~66.
[13]龙芝辉,汪志明,郭晓乐.斜直井段和水平井段中环空岩屑运移机理的研究[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版)2005,29(5): 42~45,49.
[14]汪志明,张政.大斜度井两层稳定模型岩屑传输规律研究[J].石油钻采工艺,2003,25(4): 8~10.
[15]郭晓乐,汪志明.大位移井水力参数设计方法[J].石油钻采工艺,2008,30(5):5~14.
[16]汪志明,郭晓乐,张松杰等.南海流花超大位移井井眼净化技术[J].石油钻采工艺,2006,28(1):4~8.
[17]龙芝辉,汪志明,郭晓乐.斜井和水平井钻井环空流核区及速梯区中岩屑的运移研究[J].天然气工业,2005,钻井工程:62~64.
[18]王艳辉,刘希圣.环空螺旋流场中岩屑运动条件的分析[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1994,18(5):32~36.
[19]王艳辉,刘希圣,罗平亚.水平钻井接单根时循环泥浆对岩屑床的改造规律[J].石油大学学报(自然科学版),1994,18(2):28~31.
[20]李洪乾,杲传良,任耀秀等.水平井钻井第二洗井区环空止动返速的计算[J].石油钻探技术,1995,23(增刊):27~29.
[21]张杰,陈平,石晓兵等.大斜度井段岩屑运移规律的微观研究[J].天然气工业,2004,23:73~74.
[22]钱宁,万兆惠.泥沙运动力学[M].北京:科学出版社,2003,15~126.
[23]鹿传世.倾斜井眼内岩屑运移的数值计算与清岩工具设计流场计算[D].华东中国石油大学,2008.16~17.
[24]胡景荣.30°~60°井斜定向井的井眼净化问题[J].小型油气藏,2001,6(2):61~63.
[25]杨树人,张景富,申家年.大斜度井中钻井液携屑规律的实验研究[J].大庆石油学院学报,1997,21(1):126~128.
[26]张景富.钻井流体力学[M].北京:石油工业出版社,1994,83~96.
[27]严维锋,郑何光,马路.钻柱偏心和旋转对环空压耗的影响[J].内蒙古石油化工,2010, 8:51~53.
[28] L.J.Leising, I.C.Walton.The Study of Computer Simulation of Hole-Cleaning in Deep and Veritical Wells.SPE77261, 2002.
[29] Hyun Cho,Subhash N. Shah, Samuel O.Osisanya, Effects of Fluid Flow in a Porous Cuttings-Bed on Cuttings Transport Efficiency and Hydraulics. SPE71347,2001.
[30] J. Li, S. Walker. Sensitivity Analysis of Hole Cleaning Parameters in Directional Wells. SPE54498,1999.
[31] M.S. Bizanti, S.F. Alkafeef. A Simplified Hole Cleaning Solution to Deviated and Horiz- ontal Wells.SPE81412,2003.
[32] Ing. Rudi Rubiandini R. S. Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) Design in Deepwater Applica- tion.SPE115286,2008.
[33] Datta,B.K.,Ratnayake,C.Hole Cleaning and Pressure-Loss Prediction From a Bulk Transp- ort Prepective.SPE96315,2005.
[34]石晓兵.大位移井中利用钻柱旋转作用清除岩屑床的机理研究[J].天然气工业,2000,20(2):51~53.
[35]张艳娟.幂律流体偏心环空螺旋流轴向速度分布规律的PIV实验研究[J].海洋石油, 2009,29(2):82~84.
[36]王磊.幂律流体偏心环空流动的数值计算[J].内蒙古石油化工,2009,22:35~37.
[37]杨树人,申家年,张景富.幂律流体偏心环空轴向层流流动的速度分布[J].大庆石油学院学报,1997,21(1):122~124.
[38]刘希圣,汪海阁.钻井环空水力学及携岩理论研究进展[J].西部探矿工程,1995,7(2):1~6.
[39] Vaugh R D. Axial Laminar Flow of Non-Newtonion Fluids in Narrow Eccentric Annuli.SPEJ 1965,5:277~280.
[40] Sifferman T R.Myers G M.Drill Cuttings Transport in full-scaleVertical Annuli.JPT.1974.26:1295~1302.
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