低温流体空化特性数值研究
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摘要
随着载人航天、深空探测等大型航天活动的开展，对液体运载火箭的推力要求越来越高，大推力要求会使液体运载火箭中流经推进系统的低温流体推进剂产生空化现象，从而严重影响液体运载火箭的性能和可靠性。因此，准确预测低温流体空化是大推力液体运载火箭的关键技术之一。掌握低温流体空化特性及其机理具有重要的理论意义和工程应用价值。低温流体空化问题是一种温度接近饱和温度的流体空化问题，与常温流体空化的不同主要在于热力学效应的影响程度不同。本文针对低温流体空化问题，考虑低温流体的热力学效应，采用数值模拟方法对低温流体的定常和非定常空化流动特性开展了研究，主要研究工作如下：
基于Rayleigh-Plesset汽（气）泡动力学方程，考虑温度的影响，结合两相间的热扩散方程和汽泡热平衡方程，推导得到热力学效应项，并对Zwart空化模型的质量输运源相进行修正，建立了考虑热力学效应的修正空化模型，对液氮绕水翼空泡流动进行定常数值模拟，其计算结果与试验数据吻合较好，验证了该模型的有效性。
基于均质平衡流理论，以商用软件FLUENT12.0为研究平台，通过自定义函数方法在能量方程中加入源相，考虑汽化潜热的影响，同时引入低温流体物性参数随温度的变化函数。模拟了液氮绕圆头型水翼空泡流动，对比分析了三种空化模型对空化热力学效应的敏感程度，认为Zwart空化模型适合模拟低温流体空化，并分析了Zwart空化模型中蒸发和凝结系数对低温流体空化特性的影响，给出更适合模拟低温流体空化的蒸发和凝结系数；
模拟了液氮绕不同翼型的定常和非定常空泡流动，分析了三种湍流模型及入口湍流粘度比对低温流体空化特性的影响，Realizable k-湍流模型在低温流体定常和非定常空泡流动模拟中，不受入口湍流粘度比的影响，适用于模拟低温流体空化特性。选取合适的数值计算方法，并利用试验数据验证了数学模型和数值计算方法的有效性，形成了一套计算低温流体空化特性的数值模拟方法。
基于本文形成的数值模拟方法，对液氮、液氢绕二维圆头型水翼定常空泡流动进行数值模拟，研究了液氮和液氢两种低温流体介质热力学效应对空化特性的影响程度，并对其影响机理进行了分析，得出液氢的空化热力学效应强于液氮；研究了来流速度、来流温度和远场压强对低温流体空化特性的影响，得到了压强分布、温度分布、液相体积分数分布和空泡长度随流动参数的变化规律，得出在同一流体介质中，各流动参数也会影响热力学效应。
通过对液氢绕二维NACA0015翼型非定常空泡流进行数值模拟，研究不同温度下，空泡的演变过程和空泡周期性脱落的规律，得到了温度对空泡形态、空泡流场结构、流体动力特性的影响规律，揭示温度对非定常空泡流场影响的机理。同时研究了来流空化数、翼型攻角及其组合参数对空泡形态、温度分布以及升力系数和阻力系数的影响规律。
With the manned space, deep space exploration and other large aerospaceactivities, increasingly demand for liquid rocket high-thrust, high-thrustrequirements would lead to a cryogenic fluid flowing through the liquid carrierrocket propulsion systems propellant cavitation phenomenon, which can seriouslyaffect the performance and reliability of the liquid carrier rocket. Therefore,accurate prediction of cryogenic cavitation is one of the key technologies forhigh-thrust liquid rocket. Characteristics and mechanis m of cryogenic cavitationhave important theory significance and engineering application value. Thecryogenic cavitation question is a temperature close to the saturation temperature ofthe fluid cavitation problems, with the type of room-temperature fluid cavitationmainly lies in the different degree of thermodyna mic effects. For cryogeniccavitation issues, to consider cryogenic fluid thermodynamic effect, by nu mericalsimulation carried out a study of cryogenic fluid steady and unsteady cavity flowcharacteristics, the main research work are as follows:
Based on Rayleigh-Plesset bubble dynamics equation, consider the influenceof temperature, combined with the two phases of the thermal diffus ion equation andthe bubble thermal equilibrium equation, derived thermodynamic effect terms,phase correction and Zwart cavitation model mass transport source, establishconsidering the thermodynamic effect correction cavita tion model and numericalsimulation of the unsteady cavity flow of liquid nitrogen around the hydrofoil, thecalculated results agree well with the experimental data to verify the validity of themodel.
Based on the theory of homogeneous equilibrium flow, with commercialsoftware FLUENT12as research platform, through user define function method areadded to the source in the energy equation, considering the effect of latent heat ofvaporization, while the introduction of cryogenic fluid physical parameters changewith the function of temperature. To simulate the flow around cylindrical hydrofoilcavitation of liquid nitrogen, comparison and analysis of the sensitivity of threekinds of cavitation cavitation model thermodynamic effect, think Zwart cavitatio nmodel suitable for the simulation of cryogenic fluid cavitation, and analyze theeffects of evaporation and condensation coefficient Zwart cavitation model oncavitation characteristics of cryogenic fluid, gives more suitable for the simulationof cryogenic fluid cavitation evaporation and condensation coefficient;
Simulate the liquid nitrogen around different hydrofoil in steady and unsteady cavitating flow, analyzes the influence of three kinds of turbulence models andentrance turbulence viscosity ratio of cryogenic cavitation characteristics,Realizable k-turbulence model for steady and unsteady cavitating flow simulationin the cryogenic fluid, is not affected by the entrance turbulence viscosity ratio,application in the simulation of low temperature fluid cavitation characteristics.Select the appropriate numerical calculation method, and verified the validity of themathematical model and numerical calculation method using experimental data, hasformed a set of numerical simulation method for calc ulation of cavitationcharacteristics of cryogenic fluid
Based on the numerical simulation method, liquid nitrogen and liquidhydrogen around2D cylindrical hydrofoil unsteady cavitating flow numericalsimulation, cryogenic cavitating flow of the two cryogenic fluid medium cavitationthermodynamic effect, comparative analysis of two the degree of influence of thethermodynamic effect of cryogenic fluid medium, and its impact mechanism foranalys is, liquid hydrogen cavitation thermodynamics effect is stronger than liquidnitrogen. To study the effects of flow velocity, flow temperature and the far fieldpressure on cavitation characteristics of cryogenic fluid, the pressure distribution,temperature distribution, liquid volume fraction distribution and cavity length varieswith the flow parameters are obtained, obtained in the same fluid medium, the flowparameters will also affect the thermodynamic effects.
Numerical simulation of unsteady cavity flow around a2D NACA0015hydrofoil with liquid hydrogen, the study of various temperature, the evolution ofvacuolar and the law of vacuoles periodic shedding of temperature on vacuolarmorphology, bubble flow fieldstructure and dynamic properties of water, to revealthe mechanis m of the effect of temperature on unsteady cavity. Stream cavitationnumber and hydrofoil angle of attack on the the liquid hydrogen unsteady cavityflow. At the same time, research influence of flow cavitation number, attack angleand the combination of parameters on the cavity shape, tempera ture distribution andthe lift coefficient and drag coefficient.
基于Rayleigh-Plesset汽（气）泡动力学方程，考虑温度的影响，结合两相间的热扩散方程和汽泡热平衡方程，推导得到热力学效应项，并对Zwart空化模型的质量输运源相进行修正，建立了考虑热力学效应的修正空化模型，对液氮绕水翼空泡流动进行定常数值模拟，其计算结果与试验数据吻合较好，验证了该模型的有效性。
基于均质平衡流理论，以商用软件FLUENT12.0为研究平台，通过自定义函数方法在能量方程中加入源相，考虑汽化潜热的影响，同时引入低温流体物性参数随温度的变化函数。模拟了液氮绕圆头型水翼空泡流动，对比分析了三种空化模型对空化热力学效应的敏感程度，认为Zwart空化模型适合模拟低温流体空化，并分析了Zwart空化模型中蒸发和凝结系数对低温流体空化特性的影响，给出更适合模拟低温流体空化的蒸发和凝结系数；
模拟了液氮绕不同翼型的定常和非定常空泡流动，分析了三种湍流模型及入口湍流粘度比对低温流体空化特性的影响，Realizable k-湍流模型在低温流体定常和非定常空泡流动模拟中，不受入口湍流粘度比的影响，适用于模拟低温流体空化特性。选取合适的数值计算方法，并利用试验数据验证了数学模型和数值计算方法的有效性，形成了一套计算低温流体空化特性的数值模拟方法。
基于本文形成的数值模拟方法，对液氮、液氢绕二维圆头型水翼定常空泡流动进行数值模拟，研究了液氮和液氢两种低温流体介质热力学效应对空化特性的影响程度，并对其影响机理进行了分析，得出液氢的空化热力学效应强于液氮；研究了来流速度、来流温度和远场压强对低温流体空化特性的影响，得到了压强分布、温度分布、液相体积分数分布和空泡长度随流动参数的变化规律，得出在同一流体介质中，各流动参数也会影响热力学效应。
通过对液氢绕二维NACA0015翼型非定常空泡流进行数值模拟，研究不同温度下，空泡的演变过程和空泡周期性脱落的规律，得到了温度对空泡形态、空泡流场结构、流体动力特性的影响规律，揭示温度对非定常空泡流场影响的机理。同时研究了来流空化数、翼型攻角及其组合参数对空泡形态、温度分布以及升力系数和阻力系数的影响规律。
With the manned space, deep space exploration and other large aerospaceactivities, increasingly demand for liquid rocket high-thrust, high-thrustrequirements would lead to a cryogenic fluid flowing through the liquid carrierrocket propulsion systems propellant cavitation phenomenon, which can seriouslyaffect the performance and reliability of the liquid carrier rocket. Therefore,accurate prediction of cryogenic cavitation is one of the key technologies forhigh-thrust liquid rocket. Characteristics and mechanis m of cryogenic cavitationhave important theory significance and engineering application value. Thecryogenic cavitation question is a temperature close to the saturation temperature ofthe fluid cavitation problems, with the type of room-temperature fluid cavitationmainly lies in the different degree of thermodyna mic effects. For cryogeniccavitation issues, to consider cryogenic fluid thermodynamic effect, by nu mericalsimulation carried out a study of cryogenic fluid steady and unsteady cavity flowcharacteristics, the main research work are as follows:
Based on Rayleigh-Plesset bubble dynamics equation, consider the influenceof temperature, combined with the two phases of the thermal diffus ion equation andthe bubble thermal equilibrium equation, derived thermodynamic effect terms,phase correction and Zwart cavitation model mass transport source, establishconsidering the thermodynamic effect correction cavita tion model and numericalsimulation of the unsteady cavity flow of liquid nitrogen around the hydrofoil, thecalculated results agree well with the experimental data to verify the validity of themodel.
Based on the theory of homogeneous equilibrium flow, with commercialsoftware FLUENT12as research platform, through user define function method areadded to the source in the energy equation, considering the effect of latent heat ofvaporization, while the introduction of cryogenic fluid physical parameters changewith the function of temperature. To simulate the flow around cylindrical hydrofoilcavitation of liquid nitrogen, comparison and analysis of the sensitivity of threekinds of cavitation cavitation model thermodynamic effect, think Zwart cavitatio nmodel suitable for the simulation of cryogenic fluid cavitation, and analyze theeffects of evaporation and condensation coefficient Zwart cavitation model oncavitation characteristics of cryogenic fluid, gives more suitable for the simulationof cryogenic fluid cavitation evaporation and condensation coefficient;
Simulate the liquid nitrogen around different hydrofoil in steady and unsteady cavitating flow, analyzes the influence of three kinds of turbulence models andentrance turbulence viscosity ratio of cryogenic cavitation characteristics,Realizable k-turbulence model for steady and unsteady cavitating flow simulationin the cryogenic fluid, is not affected by the entrance turbulence viscosity ratio,application in the simulation of low temperature fluid cavitation characteristics.Select the appropriate numerical calculation method, and verified the validity of themathematical model and numerical calculation method using experimental data, hasformed a set of numerical simulation method for calc ulation of cavitationcharacteristics of cryogenic fluid
Based on the numerical simulation method, liquid nitrogen and liquidhydrogen around2D cylindrical hydrofoil unsteady cavitating flow numericalsimulation, cryogenic cavitating flow of the two cryogenic fluid medium cavitationthermodynamic effect, comparative analysis of two the degree of influence of thethermodynamic effect of cryogenic fluid medium, and its impact mechanism foranalys is, liquid hydrogen cavitation thermodynamics effect is stronger than liquidnitrogen. To study the effects of flow velocity, flow temperature and the far fieldpressure on cavitation characteristics of cryogenic fluid, the pressure distribution,temperature distribution, liquid volume fraction distribution and cavity length varieswith the flow parameters are obtained, obtained in the same fluid medium, the flowparameters will also affect the thermodynamic effects.
Numerical simulation of unsteady cavity flow around a2D NACA0015hydrofoil with liquid hydrogen, the study of various temperature, the evolution ofvacuolar and the law of vacuoles periodic shedding of temperature on vacuolarmorphology, bubble flow fieldstructure and dynamic properties of water, to revealthe mechanis m of the effect of temperature on unsteady cavity. Stream cavitationnumber and hydrofoil angle of attack on the the liquid hydrogen unsteady cavityflow. At the same time, research influence of flow cavitation number, attack angleand the combination of parameters on the cavity shape, tempera ture distribution andthe lift coefficient and drag coefficient.
引文
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