基于中美比较视角的中国农产品国际竞争力研究
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摘要
近几年世界农产品贸易增长迅速,世界农产品市场竞争激烈,同时,中国农产品市场已成为世界上最开放的市场之一,中国农产品国际贸易面临着新的机遇与挑战。全球性的金融危机,更使中国农产品贸易经受着严峻的考验。应对机遇与挑战、克服危机影响的关键在于提高农产品的国际竞争力。因此,全面深入的评估中国农产品国际竞争力的绩效、潜力与影响因素,进而就如何把竞争力潜力转变为好的竞争力绩效提出有针对性的实现机制具有重要的现实意义。
与国内已有研究不同的是,本文在翔实的文献综述基础上重新界定了农产品国际竞争力的定义,构建了农产品国际竞争力绩效、竞争力潜力和竞争力实现三层次的概念框架和相应的评估指标,竞争力绩效的主导评估指标为市场份额和盈利性,效率作为盈利性的参照指标,竞争力潜力的主导评估指标为成本和质量指标。
采用恒定市场份额模型(CMS),对中美农产品国际竞争力对各自农产品出口贡献进行分析,结果表明,中美农产品国际竞争力变动趋势相反,对各自农产品出口贡献截然相反。中国农产品竞争力的提升为中国农产品出口做出了积极贡献,而美国农产品国际竞争力的下降给其农产品出口带来了负面影响。
对中美两国农产品在世界市场、日本市场、中美国内市场等不同市场的市场份额和盈利性指标进行实证分析,并参照效率指标,揭示了中美两国农产品的国际竞争力绩效及其动态变化。农产品出口市场份额指标显示,中国农产品国际竞争力绩效与美国农产品相比差距很大;但农产品出口市场份额获取指数指标则显示,中国农产品的竞争力绩效呈改善趋势,与美国的差距有望缩小。
基于成本和质量指标对中美大米和小麦等6种农产品在日本市场、中美国内市场的国际竞争力潜力进行评估比较,结果表明,就不同市场而言,中美两国均拥有国际竞争潜力较大的产品,优势产品数量差距不大。
从生产和流通两个环节识别对比中美主要农产品国际竞争力的影响因素。其中生产环节的影响因素包括:种子、农资、机械与能源、水资源、资金、劳动力、土地、税收与保险、经营管理、科技和农业补贴政策11种因素;流通环节的影响因素包括:国际运输和保险、国内运输和营销2种因素。
最后在识别影响因素的基础上探讨中国农产品国际竞争力的实现机制。对于具有国际竞争力潜力的农产品而言,其竞争力实现机制主要依赖于流通环节的国际市场推广与营销,但生产和流通环节的成本和质量控制会进一步强化其竞争力潜力;对于不具有竞争力潜力的农产品而言,其竞争力实现机制则首先依赖于生产环节的成本和质量控制,而后同时也依赖于流通环节的成本质量控制与国际营销。
通过构建概念框架和评估指标,从中美比较视角,对中美两国农产品国际竞争力进行实证分析,本文初步回答了中国农产品国际竞争力对于农产品出口的贡献有多大,竞争力绩效表现到底如何,哪些农产品具有竞争力潜力,未来如何实现好的竞争力绩效等现实问题,同时也为国内的农产品国际竞争力研究提供了一个新的分析框架。
In recent years,international trade of agricultural products has been increasing rapidly,the competition of the world agricultural market was stiff,at the same time,Chinese agricultural market has been one of the most open markets,and international trade of Chinese agricultural products is faced with the new opportunity and challenge.Current global financial crisis is making China's agricultural trade facing with more severe challenges.The key to react to the opportunities and challenges lies in increasing international competitiveness of agricultural products.Therefore,it is of practical significance to estimate the performance、potential and influence factor of international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products comprehensively and deeply,and further put forward the targeted countermeasures for changing competitiveness potential into better competitiveness performance.
Different from the present domestic studies,based on literature review,the paper redefines the definition of international competitiveness of agricultural products,constructs 3 levels of definition frame and the corresponding estimation indices,which is international competitiveness performance、competitiveness potentials and competitiveness process of agricultural products.The market share and productivity are the leading evaluation indices of the competitiveness performance,the efficiency could be the reference indicator of the productivity,and the cost and quality are the leading evaluation indices of the competitiveness potentials.
Behind the above research,constant market share model(CMS) is adopted to analyze the contribution of international competitiveness factors behind the export growth of Chinese and American agricultural products.The result shows the growth of international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products has made the great contribution on the export of agricultural products,and the decline of international competitiveness of U.S.agricultural products has had the negative effect to the export of agricultural products.
Then an empirical evaluation is made on the performance of international competitiveness of Chinese and American agricultural products in world market,Chinese and American domestic market and Japanese market through adopting market share,profitability and productivity indices.The evaluation result of market share index shows that the performance of international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products still have the big difference compared with U.S.A,but the result of market share gaining index indicates that the difference in the future could be shortened.
Based on cost index and quality index,the potential of the international competitiveness of Chinese and American 6 kinds of agricultural products is compared in Chinese and American domestic market and Japanese market,and it is revealed that in different markets, both China and the United States have the agricultural products that enjoy much more international competitiveness potential than each other,and there is a little gap between the quantity of advantageous products of China and the United States.
In the paper,13 factors which have influenced international competitiveness of Chinese and American agricultural products also have been identified and compared from both the production and circulation aspect.The influencing factors in production include seeds, agricultural materials,machine and energy source,water resource,capital,labor force,land,tax and insurance,operation management and technology and agricultural subsidy etc.The influencing factors in distribution aspect include international transportation and insurance, domestic transportation and marketing.
Finally the fulfilling mechanisms or methods of international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products are discussed based on identifying the above influencing factors,with the following viewpoints:as far as the agricultural products with the potential of international competitiveness,the competitiveness realization mechanism mainly depends on the international extension and marketing in circulation link,and the cost and quality control of the production and circulation will further strengthen its competitiveness potential;as far as the agricultural products without competitiveness potentials are concerned,the competitiveness realization mechanism will firstly depend on the cost and quality control of production link, then also on the cost and quality control and international marketing of the circulation.
Through the above definition framework and evaluation indices construction and the following empirical analysis from a Sino-Us comparative perspective,the paper makes an empirical study on the international competitiveness of Chinese and American agricultural products and preliminarily answers how much the contribution of international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products on the export of agricultural products is,which agricultural products have the competitiveness potentials,and how to realize good competitiveness performances and so on,at the same time,it also provides the domestic study on international competitiveness of agricultural products with a new analytical frame.
与国内已有研究不同的是,本文在翔实的文献综述基础上重新界定了农产品国际竞争力的定义,构建了农产品国际竞争力绩效、竞争力潜力和竞争力实现三层次的概念框架和相应的评估指标,竞争力绩效的主导评估指标为市场份额和盈利性,效率作为盈利性的参照指标,竞争力潜力的主导评估指标为成本和质量指标。
采用恒定市场份额模型(CMS),对中美农产品国际竞争力对各自农产品出口贡献进行分析,结果表明,中美农产品国际竞争力变动趋势相反,对各自农产品出口贡献截然相反。中国农产品竞争力的提升为中国农产品出口做出了积极贡献,而美国农产品国际竞争力的下降给其农产品出口带来了负面影响。
对中美两国农产品在世界市场、日本市场、中美国内市场等不同市场的市场份额和盈利性指标进行实证分析,并参照效率指标,揭示了中美两国农产品的国际竞争力绩效及其动态变化。农产品出口市场份额指标显示,中国农产品国际竞争力绩效与美国农产品相比差距很大;但农产品出口市场份额获取指数指标则显示,中国农产品的竞争力绩效呈改善趋势,与美国的差距有望缩小。
基于成本和质量指标对中美大米和小麦等6种农产品在日本市场、中美国内市场的国际竞争力潜力进行评估比较,结果表明,就不同市场而言,中美两国均拥有国际竞争潜力较大的产品,优势产品数量差距不大。
从生产和流通两个环节识别对比中美主要农产品国际竞争力的影响因素。其中生产环节的影响因素包括:种子、农资、机械与能源、水资源、资金、劳动力、土地、税收与保险、经营管理、科技和农业补贴政策11种因素;流通环节的影响因素包括:国际运输和保险、国内运输和营销2种因素。
最后在识别影响因素的基础上探讨中国农产品国际竞争力的实现机制。对于具有国际竞争力潜力的农产品而言,其竞争力实现机制主要依赖于流通环节的国际市场推广与营销,但生产和流通环节的成本和质量控制会进一步强化其竞争力潜力;对于不具有竞争力潜力的农产品而言,其竞争力实现机制则首先依赖于生产环节的成本和质量控制,而后同时也依赖于流通环节的成本质量控制与国际营销。
通过构建概念框架和评估指标,从中美比较视角,对中美两国农产品国际竞争力进行实证分析,本文初步回答了中国农产品国际竞争力对于农产品出口的贡献有多大,竞争力绩效表现到底如何,哪些农产品具有竞争力潜力,未来如何实现好的竞争力绩效等现实问题,同时也为国内的农产品国际竞争力研究提供了一个新的分析框架。
In recent years,international trade of agricultural products has been increasing rapidly,the competition of the world agricultural market was stiff,at the same time,Chinese agricultural market has been one of the most open markets,and international trade of Chinese agricultural products is faced with the new opportunity and challenge.Current global financial crisis is making China's agricultural trade facing with more severe challenges.The key to react to the opportunities and challenges lies in increasing international competitiveness of agricultural products.Therefore,it is of practical significance to estimate the performance、potential and influence factor of international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products comprehensively and deeply,and further put forward the targeted countermeasures for changing competitiveness potential into better competitiveness performance.
Different from the present domestic studies,based on literature review,the paper redefines the definition of international competitiveness of agricultural products,constructs 3 levels of definition frame and the corresponding estimation indices,which is international competitiveness performance、competitiveness potentials and competitiveness process of agricultural products.The market share and productivity are the leading evaluation indices of the competitiveness performance,the efficiency could be the reference indicator of the productivity,and the cost and quality are the leading evaluation indices of the competitiveness potentials.
Behind the above research,constant market share model(CMS) is adopted to analyze the contribution of international competitiveness factors behind the export growth of Chinese and American agricultural products.The result shows the growth of international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products has made the great contribution on the export of agricultural products,and the decline of international competitiveness of U.S.agricultural products has had the negative effect to the export of agricultural products.
Then an empirical evaluation is made on the performance of international competitiveness of Chinese and American agricultural products in world market,Chinese and American domestic market and Japanese market through adopting market share,profitability and productivity indices.The evaluation result of market share index shows that the performance of international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products still have the big difference compared with U.S.A,but the result of market share gaining index indicates that the difference in the future could be shortened.
Based on cost index and quality index,the potential of the international competitiveness of Chinese and American 6 kinds of agricultural products is compared in Chinese and American domestic market and Japanese market,and it is revealed that in different markets, both China and the United States have the agricultural products that enjoy much more international competitiveness potential than each other,and there is a little gap between the quantity of advantageous products of China and the United States.
In the paper,13 factors which have influenced international competitiveness of Chinese and American agricultural products also have been identified and compared from both the production and circulation aspect.The influencing factors in production include seeds, agricultural materials,machine and energy source,water resource,capital,labor force,land,tax and insurance,operation management and technology and agricultural subsidy etc.The influencing factors in distribution aspect include international transportation and insurance, domestic transportation and marketing.
Finally the fulfilling mechanisms or methods of international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products are discussed based on identifying the above influencing factors,with the following viewpoints:as far as the agricultural products with the potential of international competitiveness,the competitiveness realization mechanism mainly depends on the international extension and marketing in circulation link,and the cost and quality control of the production and circulation will further strengthen its competitiveness potential;as far as the agricultural products without competitiveness potentials are concerned,the competitiveness realization mechanism will firstly depend on the cost and quality control of production link, then also on the cost and quality control and international marketing of the circulation.
Through the above definition framework and evaluation indices construction and the following empirical analysis from a Sino-Us comparative perspective,the paper makes an empirical study on the international competitiveness of Chinese and American agricultural products and preliminarily answers how much the contribution of international competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products on the export of agricultural products is,which agricultural products have the competitiveness potentials,and how to realize good competitiveness performances and so on,at the same time,it also provides the domestic study on international competitiveness of agricultural products with a new analytical frame.
引文
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