摘要
面向人类社会发展和流域自身发展的需求,开展梯级水利枢纽多尺度多目标联合优化调度研究,并将研究成果应用于三峡-葛洲坝梯级水利枢纽实例中。主要研究内容和结论如下:
第一,引入聚类思想,提出聚类遗传算法,改进了选择算子和交叉算子;结合机组运行效率变化梯度改进了变异算子;实例表明:改进方式能降低早熟的概率和提高优化效率,适用于梯级水利枢纽优化调度问题。
第二,开展梯级水电站短期电力调度优化研究,构建“以水定电”和“以电定水”优化调度模型。提出了二级求解思路和机组组合、启停和运行效率同步实现策略。实例优化表明:模型和优化思路符合梯级水电站短期电力调度的需求。优化方案满足设定的目标和约束条件,可提高梯级的发电效率和效益。
第三,开展梯级水利枢纽长期优化调度研究。模拟总结了不同典型年下三峡-葛洲坝梯级的非汛期长期优化调度策略。构建了市场条件下以弃水风险和违约风险最小以及发电收益最优为多目标的梯级水电站长期风险调度模型,并采用概率分布和蒙特卡洛方法随机模拟月均入库流量预测误差和电力上报策略。最后,模拟得出了三葛梯级的非汛期风险调度方案。
第四,开展航运和电力调度耦合及智能快速决策研究。提出了航运条件和电站运行特性的评价方式,评价指标包括航运保证率、库水位符合率和平均库水位。结合典型模拟数据构建了三项指标的快速评估预测模型。最后,提出了耦合航运和电力调度多目标的梯级水利枢纽联合优化调度快速决策的实现策略。
第五,开展水质智能快速预测及其与电力调度的耦合策略研究。通过一维水流水质模拟评估了三峡枢纽调峰运行对库区水流和水质的影响。构建了以污染物浓度的天平均变化速率为目标的水质智能快速预测BP神经网络模型。模型预测精度较高,满足实际需求。最后,提出了耦合水质改善和电力调度多目标的梯级水利枢纽联合优化调度的实现策略。
第六,综合前五部分研究内容,开展三峡-葛洲坝梯级水利枢纽多尺度多目标联合优化调度研究。提出并构建了相应的联合优化调度模型及其优化求解策略。最后,通过实例模拟得出了三峡-葛洲坝梯级水利枢纽非汛期的多目标联合优化调度策略。
Oriented to demands of human society and drainage basin development, researchon multi-scale and multi-objective combined optimal dispatching of cascadedhydropower junctions is developed in this paper. And all the results are fully appliedto Three Gorges and Gezhouba cascaded hydropower junctions. Main research workandconclusionsareasfollows:
Firstly,cluster genetic algorithm is put forwardto improvingselectionoperatorandcrossover operator. Mutation operator is also improved by bringing in changinggradient of units’operation efficiency. Results of real case show that theimprovements can reduce premature possibility, and optimization is also faster andwithhigherefficiency.
Secondly, short-term optimal hydropower dispatching for cascaded hydropowerstations is developed with two different optimization models, which considerefficiency, stability and generation benefit as multi aims. Two-stage optimizationstrategyand synchronous achievement strategyis also proposedtoreducecomplexity.Optimal solutions show that constructed models and optimization strategies ispragmatic. Besides above, dispatching solutions realize all the aims and constraintswithmoregenerationbenefitandhigherefficiency.
Thirdly, scheduling solutions of different typical years in drawdown season areconcluded after optimization for Three Gorges and Gezhouba cascaded hydropowerjunctions. Oriented to power market, long-term risk scheduling model is proposedwith min waste water risk, min default risk and max generation benefit as multi aims.Forecasting error of monthly inflow and electricity bidding strategy is simulated byprobabilitydistribution and Monte-Carlo method. Finally, risk scheduling solutions indrawdown season are optimized for Three Gorges and Gezhouba cascadedhydropowerjunctions.
Fourthly, couple strategy and intelligent fast decision for navigation andhydropower dispatching is developed. Three coefficients are put forward to evaluatenavigation condition or operation characteristics, which are navigation guaranty rate,level guaranty rate and average level. Fast forecasting model for them is alsoconstructed based on typical simulations. Finally, realization strategies for intelligentfast decision with navigation and hydropower dispatching as multi aims are proposedforcascadedhydropowerjunctions.
Fifthly, intelligent fast forecasting of water quality and couple strategy for waterqualityand hydropower dispatchingis developed. Waterflow andwater qualityunderdifferent scheduling modes of Three Gorges hydropower station is simulated by onedimension water and water quality model. Taken daily average change rate ofcontamination concentration as evaluation parameter, intelligent fast forecasting BPneuron network model of water quality is constructed with high precision. Finally,realization strategies for combined optimal dispatching with water qualityimprovement and hydropower dispatching as multi aims are proposed for cascadedhydropowerjunctions.
Sixthly, based on the research work of five parts above, multi-scale andmulti-objective combined optimal dispatching model and optimization strategies areproposed and constructed for Three Gorges and Gezhouba cascaded hydropowerjunctions. Finally, dispatching solutions in drawdown season are optimized andconcludedforitafterrealsimulation.
引文
[1]Randi Field, Jay R.Lund, Multi-objective Optimization of Folsom ReservoirOperation,Operation Management ASCE 2006:205~214
[2]Beth A. Faber,Julien J. Harou,Multiobjective Optimization with HEC Res-PRMApplicationto the Upper Mississippi Reservoir System,Operation Management ASCE2006:215~224
[3]D. Nagesh Kumar, M. Janga Reddy, Multipurpose Reservoir Operation UsingParticle Swarm Optimization, Journal of Water Resources Planning and ManagementASCE,2007.6,133(3):192~201
[4]M. Janga Reddy,D. Nagesh Kumar,Multiobjective Differential Evolution withApplication to Reservoir System Optimization,Journal of Computing in CivilEngineering ASCE,2007.4,21(2):136~146
[5]王兴菊,赵然杭,水库多目标优化调度理论及其应用研究,水利学报, 2003.3,34(3):104~109
[6]M.J.Steinberg, T.H.Smith, The theory of incremental rates and practical applicationto load division, Electrical Engineering, 1934, 54(3): 432~445
[7]E.E.George, H.W.Page, J.B.Ward, Coordination of fuel cost and transmission lossby use of the network analyzer to determine plant loading schedules,AIEE Trans.,1949, 68(2):1152~1160
[8]W.G.Chandler. Short range economic operation of a combined thermal andhydroelectric power system. AIEE Trans. PAS, 1953,72(part III): 1057~1065
[9]高仕春,万飚,梅亚东等,三峡梯级和清江梯级水电站群联合调度研究,水利学报,2006.4,37(4):504~510
[10]万飚,高仕春,陶自成等,三峡梯级和清江梯级联合运行影响分析,水力发电学报,2007.8,26(4):1~5
[11]朱厚生,邱林,黄河上游梯级水库水沙调节优化调度,1990.11,6:54~60
[12]梅亚东,朱教新,黄河上游梯级水电站短期优化调度模型及迭代解法,水力发电学报,2000.2,19(1):1~7
[13]尹明万,三峡梯级水电站汛期日运行方式优化,水利学报,1998.2,2:79~83
[14]邹进,张勇传,三峡梯级电站短期优化调度的模糊多目标动态规划,水利学报,2005.8,36(8):925~931
[15]谭维炎,黄守信等,利用随机动态规划进行水电站水库的优化调度,水利学报,1982(7):1~7
[16]张勇传,熊斯毅等,拓溪水电站水库优化调度,优化理论在水库调度中的应用,长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1985,1~4
[17]董子敖,闫建生等,改变约束法和国民经济效益最大准则在水电站水库优化调度中的应用,水力发电学报,1983(2):1~11
[18]施熙灿,林翔岳等,考虑保证率约束的马氏决策规划在水库优化调度中的应用,水力发电学报,1982(2):11~2l
[19]张勇传,傅昭阳,水库优化调度中的几个理论问题,优化理论在水库调度中的应用,长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1985:28~40
[20]鲁子林等,电子计算机在洪水预报水库调度中的应用,北京:水利电力出版社,1983
[21]李寿声,彭世彰,多种水源联合运用非线性规划灌溉模型,水利学报,1986(6):11~19
[22]王厥谋等,丹江口水库防洪优化调度模型简介,水利水电技术,1985(8):54~58
[23]张玉新,冯尚友,多维决策的多目标动态规划及其应用,水利学报,1986(7):1~10
[24]张玉新,冯尚友,多目标动态规划逐次这代算法,武汉水利电力学院学报,1988(6):73~81
[25]张勇传,邴凤山等,水库优化调度的模糊数学方法,优化理论在水库调度中的应用,长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1985
[26]陈守煜,多阶段多目标决策系统模糊优选理论及其应用,水利学报,1990(1):1~10
[27]陈守煜,赵瑛琪,系统层次分析模糊优选模型,水利学报,1988(10):1~10
[28]谭维炎,刘健民等,四川水电站群水库优化调度图及其计算,优化理论在水库调度中的应用,长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1985
[29]张勇传等,水电站水库群优化调度方法的研究,水力发电,1989(11):48~52
[30]熊斯毅,邴凤山,湖南杨、马、双、风水库群联合优化调度,优化理论在水库调度中的应用,长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1985:58~64
[31]叶秉如等,水电站库群的联合优化调度,优化理论在水库调度中的应用,长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1985:65~73
[32]黄守信,方淑秀等,两个无水力联系水库的优化调度,优化理论在水库调度中的应用,长沙:湖南科学技术出版社,1985:85~89
[33]鲁子林,水库群调度网络分析法,华东水利学院学报,1983(4):35~48
[34]董子敖等,计入径流时间空间相关关系的梯级水库群优化调度的多层次法,水电能源科学,1987,5(1):29~40
[35]叶秉如等,红水河梯级优化调度的多次动态组划和空间分解算法,红水河水电最优开发数学模型研究论文集,南京:河海大学,1998
[36]胡振鹏,冯尚友,大系统多目标递阶分析“分解—聚合”方法,系统工程学报,1988(1):1~4
[37]解建仓等,大系统分解协调算法在黄河干流水库联合调度中的应用,西安理工大学学报,1998,14(1):1~5
[38]吴保生,陈惠源,多库防洪系统优化调度的一种解算方法,水利学报,1991(11):35~40
[39]都金康,周广安,水库群防洪调度的逐次优化方法,水科学进展,1994,5(2):134~141
[40]邵东国,多目标水资源系统自优化实时调度模型研究,系统工程,1998(9):19~24
[41]Amit K. Sinha, Christian H. Bischof, Application of Automatic Differentiation toReservoirDesignModels,J.WaterResour.Plng.andMgmt.,1998.7,124(3):162~167
[42]Bing Zhao, Larry W. Mays, Estuary Management by Stochastic Linear QuadraticOptimalControl,J.WaterResour.Plng.andMgmt.,1995.10,121(10):382~391
[43]R.E.Bellman,S.E.Dreyfus,Applied dynamic programming. Princeton universitypress,1962
[44]M.V.Rakic, Z.M.Markovic. Short-term operation and power exchange planningofhydrothermalpowersystems.IEEETrans.onPowerSystems,1994,9(1):359~365
[45]G.B.Dantzig, G.Infanger. Intelligent control and optimization under uncertaintywith application to hydropower. European Journal of Operational Research, 1997,97:396-407
[46]A.Turgon. Optimization short–term hydro scheduling from the principle ofprogressiveoptimality.WaterResourcesResearch,1981,17(6):481-486
[47]S.M.Amado, C.C.Ribeiro. Short-term generation scheduling of hydraulicmulti-reservoir multi-area interconnected systems. IEEE Trans. on Power Systems,1987,2(3):758-763
[48]F.N.Lee. A method to eliminate solution trapping in applying progressiveoptimization principle to short-term hydrothermal scheduling. IEEE Trans. on PowerSystems,1989,4(3):935-942
[49]Shi-chungChang,Chun-HungChen,I-KongFong,etal.Hydroelectricgenerationscheduling with an effective differential dynamic programming algorithm. IEEETrans.onPowerSystems,1990,5(3):737-743
[50]任钟淳,P.K.Ho,用增量动态规划法进行联合水资源系统分析,水利学报,1994.9,25(9):32~41
[51]艾学山,冉本银,FS-DDDP方法及其在水库群优化调度中的应用,水电自动化与大坝监测,2007.2,31(1):13~16
[52]余炳辉,王金文,李彩林等,逐次逼近动态规划法求解水电机组组合问题,华中电力,2004.6,17:1~3
[53]王双银,刘俊民,综合利用水库兴利调度的二次优化法,水力发电学报,2007.6,26(3):11~16
[54]宗航,周建中,张勇传,POA改进算法在梯级电站优化调度中的研究和应用,计算机工程,2003,29(17):105~109
[55]路志宏,三峡梯级水库优化调度模型及其应用:[博士学位论文],武汉;华中科技大学,2003
[56]R.H.Liang, Y.Y.Hsu,Scheduling of hydroelectric generations using artificialneural networks,IEEE Proceedings-Generation,Transmission and Distribution, 1994,141(5):452~458
[57]Singh,S.C.Srivastava,Fast approach to neural network training and its applicationto economic load dispatch. Electric Machines and Power Systems, 1995, 23(1):13~24
[58]朱敏,王定一,基于人工神经网络的梯级水电厂日优化运行电力系统自动化,1999,23(10):35~40
[59]傅师鹏,赵文谦,马光文,水库调度的神经网络模型,四川水力发电,2000.8,19(8):1~3
[60]陈建康,马光文,水库最优调度规则的神经网络模型,四川水力发电,2001.6,20(2):94~95
[61]缪益平,纪昌明,运用改进神经网络算法建立水库调度函数,武汉大学学报(工学版),2003.2,36(1):42~44
[62]胡铁松,万永华,冯尚友,水库群优化调度函数的人工神经网络方法研究,水科学进展,1995.3,6(1):54~60
[63]李敏强,寇纪淞,林丹,李书全等,遗传算法的基本原理与应用,北京:科学出版社,2002
[64]周明,孙树栋,遗传算法原理及应用,北京:国防工业出版社,1999
[65]王小安,李承军,遗传算法在短期发电优化调度中的研究与应用,张将科学院院报,2003.4,20(2):13~16
[66]畅建霞,黄强,王义民,基于改进遗传算法的水电站水库优化调度,水力发电学报,2001,3:85~90
[67]伍永刚,王定一,二倍体遗传算法求解梯级水电站日优化调度问题,水电能源科学,1999.9,17(3):31~34
[68]钟登华,熊开智,成立芹,遗传算法的改进及其在水库优化调度中的应用研究,中国工程科学,2003.9,5(9):22~26
[69]王白陆,陈春田,刘君等,遗传算法和增量动态规划算法在水库优化调度中的应用,2002.8,20(8):1~4
[70]王大刚,陈春田,李敏,基于遗传算法的水电站优化调度研究,华北水利水电学院学报,2001.3,22(1):5~11
[71]A.A.EL,Desouky,R.Aggarwal et al,Advanced hybrid genetic algorithm forshort-term generation scheduling, IEEE Proceedings-Generation, Transmission andDistribution, 2001, 148(6): 511-517
[72]袁晓辉,混沌进化算法及其应用:[博士学位论文],武汉:华中科技大学,2002
[73]Dorigo M , Maniezzo V , Colorni A. Ant system : Optimization by a colony ofcooperating agents.IEEE Trans on system , man and cybernetics, 1997, 26(1): 29~41.
[74]Dorigo M , GambardellaL M , Ant colony system: a cooperative learningapproach to the traveling salesman problem, IEEE Transactions on EvolutionaryComputation , 1997, 1(1): 622~627.
[75]Coloni A, Dorigo M, ManiezzoV. Distributed optimization by ant colonies.Proceeding of first European Conf Artificial Life. Paris, France: Elservier, 1991.134~142.
[76]陈文兰,戴树贵,求解旅行商问题的混合蚂蚁算法,计算机技术与发展, 2007.7,17(7):110~113
[77]许可证,赵勇,面向方案组合优化设计的混合遗传蚂蚁算法,计算机辅助设计与图形学学报,2006.10,18(10):1587~1593
[78]倪捷,刘志强,基于蚂蚁算法的公交网络优化方法研究,交通与计算机,2007.1,25(1):36~39
[79]许凯华,刘畅,王娅,滕伟,多网融合下的车辆智能调度系统设计与实现,电子测量技术,2007.4,30(4):48~51
[80]朱庆保,全局未知环境下多机器人运动蚂蚁导航算法,软件学报, 2006.9,17(9):1890~1898
[81]王仁超,刘金飞,李仕奇等,基于蚂蚁和粒子群算法的土石方调运优化方法研究,水利学报,2006.11,37(11):1393~1397
[82]Y.H.Song, C.S.Chou, Y.Min. Large-scale economic dispatch by artificial antcolony search algorithms. Electric Machines and Power Systems,1999,27(2):679~690
[83]Y.H.Song, C.S.Chou, T.J.Stonham. Combined heat and power economic dispatchby improved ant colony search algorithm. Electric Power Systems Research,1999,52(3): 115~121
[84]S.J.Huang. Enhancement of hydroelectric generation scheduling using ant colonysystem based optimization approaches. IEEE Trans. on Power Systems, 2001,16(3):296~301
[85]练继建,马超,张卓,基于改进蚂蚁算法的梯级水电站短期优化调度,天津大学学报,2006.3,39(3):264~268
[86]徐刚,马光文,梁武湖等,蚁群算法在水库优化调度中的应用,水科学进展,2005.5,16(3):397~400
[87]Kennedy. J. Eberhart, R. C. Particle swarm optimization, Proc. IEEE Intl,Conf. onNeural Networks,IEEE Service Center,Piscataway,NJ, 1995, IV:1942~1948.
[88]Kennedy, J. The particle swarm: social adaptation of knowledge, Proc. IEEE Intl.Conf.on Evolutionary Computation. Piscataway, NJ, 1997, 303~308
[89]Shi Y., Eberhart, R. C. Parameter selection in particle swarm optimization.Evolutionary Programming VII: Proceedings of theSeventh Annual Conference onEvolutionary Programming. New York, 1998. 591~600
[90]原萍,王光兴,张洋洋,求解通信优化问题的一种微粒群优化方法,东北大学学报,2004.10, 25(10):935~937
[91]汪新星,张明,基于改进微粒群算法的水火电力系统短期发电计划优化,电网技术,2004.12,28(12):17~20.
[92]高鹰,谢胜利,基于模拟退火的粒子群优化算法,计算机工程与应用, 2004(1):47~50.
[93]陈国初,俞金寿,单纯形微粒群优化算法及其应用,系统仿真学报,2006.4,18(4):862~865.
[94]李崇浩,纪昌明,李文武,微粒群算法在水电站厂内经济运行中的应用研究,水利水电技术,2006.1,37(1):88~91
[95]李崇浩,纪昌明,缪益平,基于微粒群算法的梯级水电厂短期优化调度研究,水力发电学报,2006.4,25(2):94~98
[96]陈功贵,杨俊杰,高仕红,基于混合PSO算法的梯级水库优化调度研究,水力发电,2007.10,33(10):86~88
[97]邱林,肖琳,改进微粒群优化算法在水库防洪调度中的应用,人民黄河, 2007.10,29(10):18~21
[98]刘子龙,王船海,李光炽等,复杂边界准三维水流模拟,成都科技大学学报,1996.1,89:12~20
[99]王船海,向小华,通用河网二维水流模拟模式研究,水科学进展,2007.7,18(4):516~522
[100]范北林,黄煜龄,董耀华,河道平面二维泥沙数学模型研究与验证,长江科学院院报,1993.6,10(2):27~33
[101]余新明,谈广鸣,赵连军等,天然分汊河道平面二维水流泥沙数值模拟研究,四川大学学报(工程科学版),2007.1,39(1):33~37
[102]韩龙喜,三峡大坝施工期水环境三维数值预测方法,水科学进展,2002.7,13(4):427~432
[103]庄巍,逄勇,吕俊,河流二维水质模型与地理信息系统的集成研究,水利学报,2007.10(增刊):552~558
[104]顾正华,唐洪武,李云等,水信息学与智能水力学,河海大学学报(自然科学版),2003.9,31(5):518~521
[105]顾正华,唐洪武,高柱等,基于神经网络的空间流场智能模拟,系统仿真学报,2004.7,16(7):1372~1375
[106]Dibke Y B,Olomatine D,Abbott M B,On the encapsulation of numerical-hydraulic models in artificial neural network,Journal of hydraulic research,1999.2,37(2): 147~161
[107]Dibke Y B,Abbott M B,Application of artificial neural networks to thesimulation of two dimension flow, Journal of hydraulic research, 1999.4, 37(4):435~446
[108]杨荣富,丁晶,刘国东,具有水文基础的人工神经网络初探,水利学报,1998.8,29(8):23~27
[109]唐洪武,复杂水流模拟问题及图像测速技术的研究:[博士学位论文],南京;河海大学, 1996
[110]李荣,李义天,基于神经网络理论的河道水情预报模型,水动力学研究与进展,2002.6:135~141
[111]蔡文晓,张建伟,李悦等,神经网络在黄河河道断流防治中的应用研究,人民黄河, 2006.5,28(5):1~4
[112]李祚泳,邓新民,侯宇光,流域年均含沙量的PP回归预测,泥沙研究,1999.2:66~69
[113]彭清娥,刘兴年,曹叔尤,流域年均含沙量的人工神经网络模型,水利学报,2000.11,31(11):79~83
[114]彭清娥,曹叔尤,刘兴年,流域年均含沙量BP模型问题分析,泥沙研究,2000.8:51~54
[115]李义天,李荣,具有河网水沙运动特点的人工神经网络模型,水利学报,2001.11,32(11):62~65
[116]张金良,刘媛媛,练继建,模糊神经网络对汛期三门峡水库泥沙冲淤量的计算,水力发电学报,2004.4,23(2):40~43
[117]练继建,马超,万家寨水利枢纽水沙电多目标联合优化调度及智能快速评估系统研究,天津大学水利系,2006.12
[118]李如忠,水质预测理论模式研究进展与趋势分析,合肥工业大学学报,2006.1,29(1):26~30
[119]李如忠,王超,灰色动态模型群法在河流水质预测中的应用初探,中国农村水利水电,2003.1,33(1):1~3
[120]黄胜伟,董曼玲,自适应变步长BP神经网络在水质评价中的应用,水利学报,2002.10,32(10):119~123
[121]朱长军,曹京京,马颖,径向基函数神经网络在多河段水质模拟中应用,三峡大学学报(自然科学版),2007.4,29(2):102~104
[122]高学平,张晨,张亚,引黄济津河道水质数值模拟与预测,水动力学研究与进展,2007.1,22(1):36~43
[123]李兰,河流水质纵向弥散系数的频域反演,水利学报,1998.8,29(8):67~71
[124]王薇,曾光明,何理,用模拟退火算法估计水质模型参数,水利学报,2004.6,35(6):61~66
[125]王建平,程声通,遗传单纯形混合算法在复杂环境模型参数识别中的应用,水利学报,36(6):674~679
[126]言茂松,当量电价体系及相关制度设计(三)水电上网的当量电价法,电力系统自动化,2003.6,27(11):1~4
[127]丁军威,胡旸,夏清,竞价上网中的水电优化运行,电力系统自动化,2002.2,26(3):19~23
[128]蔡兴国,林士颖,马平,电力市场中梯级水电站优化运行的研究,电网技术,2003.9,27(9):6~9
[129]钟安平,王会容,李伟,市场机制下水电站实施优化调度分层耦合模型,水力发电,2003,29(6):12~15
[130]陈建康,王黎,马光文,分时电价下水电站水库优化调度研究,四川大学学报,2000.11,32(6):1~3
[131]杨东方,马光文,过夏明等,竞价上网环境下梯级水电厂的经济运行问题研究,东北水利水电,2003,21(1):1~3
[132]练继建,马超,市场竞价下梯级水电站短期优化调度研究,水力发电学报,2007.8,26(4):16~21
[133]刘学海,练继建,马超,基于市场竞价的梯级水电站群的实时优化运行研究,水利水电技术,2005.10,36(10):53~57
[134]田夫汉,周春光,田力汉,遗传算法中基因缺失的预防,小型微型计算机系统,2000.9,21(9):947~949
[135]贾嵘,蔡振华,罗兴锜,改进自适应遗传算法及其在水电站最优报价中的应用,水力发电学报,2007.2,26(1):11~15
[136]吴世勇,马光文,李辉,二滩水电站期货电量优化研究,水力发电学报, 2006.4,25(2):99~102
[137]张勇传,水电站经济运行原理.第2版,北京:中国水利水电出版社,1998.
[138]V.Venikov,V.Zhuravlev,T.Filippova, Optimal Operation of power plants andElectric Systems, Mir Publishers Moscow, 1984:45~51
[139]黄强,用模糊动态规划法进行水电站水库优化调度,水力发电学报, 1993.3,40(3):27-36
[140]方辉钦,现代水电厂计算机监控技术与试验,北京:中国电力出版社, 2004.3
[141]O.Nilsson, D.Sjelvgren, Hydro unit Start-up costs and their impact on the ShortTerm Scheduling Strategies of Swedish Power Producers, IEEE Transaction on PowerSystems. 1997, 2(1):38~44
[142]Arce A, Ohishi T,Soares S, Optimal dispatch of generating unit of Itaipuhydroelectric plant, IEEE Transaction on Power Systems, 2002, 17(2):154~158
[143]李洪斌,李承军,周燕屏,一种实用的水电厂机组启停和负荷分配模型,水电自动化与大坝监测, 2003.4, 27(2):1~4
[144]周顺荣,电机学,北京:科学出版社, 2002
[145]康庆重,白利超,夏清等,电力市场中发电厂商的风险决策,中国电机工程学报,2004.8, 24(8):1~6.
[146]徐刚,马光文,计及电价风险的水电站短期优化调度,中国农村水利水电,2006.1, 28(1):91~93.
[147]王良友,赵永良,杨素萍,浅谈水电如何参与竞价上网,华东电力,2004.4,32(4):23~26
[148]周之豪,沈曾源,施熙灿等,水利水能规划,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2001
[149]龙军,电力市场中抽水蓄能电站的生产成本评估与水库的优化利用策略,电网技术,2004.6,28(12):62~65
[150]Ferrero R W, Rivera J F,Application of games with incomplete information forpricing electricity in deregulated power pools,IEEE Trans on Power System,1998,13(1):184~190
[151]马超,梯级水电站短期优化调度与竞价策略研究: [硕士学位论文],天津;天津大学,2005
[152]Wen Fushuan, David A K, Optimal bidding strategies and modeling of imperfectinformation among competitive generators, IEEE Trans on Power System,2001,16(1):15~22
[153]Wen Fushuan, David A K, Optimal co-ordinated bidding strategies in energy andancillary service markets, IEEE Proc-Gener.transm, 2002.5, 149(3):331~338
[154]张玉山,李继清,纪昌明等,市场环境下水电运营方式的探讨,水电自动化与大坝监测,2003.10,27(5):8~10
[155]徐钟济,蒙特卡罗方法,上海:上海科学技术出版社,1985
[156]闵宇翔,三峡电站日调节对航运的影响,水运工程,2005.5,29(5):28~31
[157]孙尔雨,朱庆福,三峡电站调峰对两坝间通航的影响和改善措施,人民长江,1999.12,30(12):8~10
[158]吴晓黎,李承军,张勇传等,三峡电站调峰流量对航运的影响分析,水利水电科技进展,2003.12,23(6):7~9
[159]李崇明,三峡电站日调节对葛洲坝以上河道航运的影响,四川水利, 1994.11,5(1):14~18
[160]傅湘,纪昌明,三峡电站日调节非恒定流对航运的影响分析,武汉水利电力大学学报,2000.12,33(6):6~10
[161]舒荣龙,陈桂馥,杜宗伟,提高三峡-葛洲坝两坝间通航能力试验研究,人民长江2005.7,36(7):31~33
[162]杨文俊,孙尔雨,饶冠生等,三峡水利枢纽工程非恒定流通航运影响研究Ⅱ:三峡—葛洲坝两枢纽区间,水力发电学报, 2006.2, 25(1):50~55
[163]王彻华,刘辉,余明星等,三峡水库蓄水至135m库区水质变化分析与保护建议,水利水电快报,2006.4,27(7):24~27
[164]李锦秀,杜斌,孙以三,水动力条件对富营养化影响规律探讨,水利水电技术,2005.5,36(5):15~18
[165]李锦秀,禹雪中,幸治国,三峡库区支流富营养化模型开发研究,水科学进展,2005.11,16(6):777~783
[166]李锦秀,廖文根,黄真理,三峡工程对库区水流水质影响预测,水利水电技术,2002.10,33(11):22~25
[167]戴润泉,臧小平,邱光胜,三峡水库蓄水前库区水质状况研究,长江流域资源与环境,2004.3,13(2):124~127
[168]黄真理,李玉樑,陈永灿等,三峡水库水质预测和环境容量计算,北京:中国水利水电出版社,2006