塔里木盆地塔河油田碳酸盐岩储层研究
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摘要
塔河油田位于塔里木盆地北部沙雅隆起阿克库勒凸起的中南部,该区为中石化西北分公司的重点油气勘探开发区块。
    塔河油田主要储层为碳酸盐岩缝洞型储层,其发育受沉积、成岩作用、岩性、构造运动、古地貌、古气候、古水文、古岩溶等多种作用的影响;储层类型有裂缝型、裂缝孔洞型、裂缝溶洞型、基质孔隙型等多种;由于塔河油田碳酸盐岩储层在纵横向具有很强的非均质性、埋藏深等特点,其储层预测难度极大,堪称世界级难题。目前,还没有建立一套成熟有效的储层预测技术方法系列。
    储层地球物理预测技术,尽管在过去二十多年里,取得了许多进步,但是开发和生产地球物理依然面临着在非常规条件下,对各种散乱反射数据进行解释、综合和分析的挑战,我们还没有由地震属性预测油藏的一针见血的方法、技术或算法。尤其是针对碳酸盐岩储层,大于4000m就很困难,主要受分辨率限制;除了研究碎屑岩储层所用的方法外,对碳酸盐岩储层更重视横波和多分量方法。
    根据塔河油田碳酸盐岩储层的地质特点,以物理模拟和数值模拟地震记录来研究储层的地球物理响应模式,通过地震运动学和动力学参数研究,建立一套针对碳酸盐岩储层预测及含油气预测的方法系列,不仅对加快塔河油田的油气勘探进程,整体评价油田的油气成藏特征,深化储集体分布和油气成藏规律的认识,提高钻探命中率,扩大油田储量、产量规模等具有现实意义,而且对超深层碳
    
    
    酸盐岩储层预测技术领域的进展具有创新和推动作用。
    鉴于碳酸盐岩储层本身固有的复杂性,我们采用物理模拟和数值模拟这两种手段,研究储层的地球物理响应模式,收到了优势互补相互印证的效果。
    按照超声波模型试验中模型介质与实际介质的几何参数与物理参数满足相似比原则,选择了有机玻璃模拟碳酸盐岩,而在其相应部位穿孔模拟溶洞、划垂直条纹模拟裂缝,改变它们的数目则表示不同的孔洞孔隙度和裂缝密度,设计了二维物理模型。在这些模型上进行了数据采集、常规处理,并对地震数据进行了多种动力学、运动学属性参数的提取分析,有如下特征:
    1均方根振幅、平均反射强度、反射强度斜率、弯曲长度、半能量时间的斜率和反射非均匀性等6种属性剖面对孔洞和裂缝都有较大的敏感性,尤以平均反射强度和平均反射率最为显著。在缝洞发育带上方均有明显的异常,呈钟型光滑曲线型凸起,其幅值随孔洞的孔隙度增大有增大的趋势,但随着垂直裂缝密度的增大而降低,鉴于此,这六种属性难以单独划分孔洞和裂缝。
    2平均瞬时相位属性在孔洞区上方有相对于无孔洞区较平直的高幅值,而在孔洞加裂缝区上方,虽有凸起的更高幅值,但形态变为非平直了,因此这个属性有利于识别裂缝的存在。
    3谱峰值频率属性剖面在孔洞和孔洞加裂缝区上方都存在一个幅值较高的平台,但在孔洞加裂缝区所对应的平台中部却出现凹陷带,指示裂缝的存在及其密度增大降低了信号频率。
    4有效带宽属性和半能量时间属性剖面上,在裂缝区及孔洞加裂缝区上方均出现一幅值较高的平台,这两个属性也难以区分孔洞和裂缝是否单独存在,但随着孔洞与裂缝的密度增大,属性的幅值相对降低,指示有效带宽相应变窄。
    同时,在采集模型、模型比例,激发频率,模型盖层等方面还需要改进。
    在数值模拟中设计了两层模型,上层模拟了各向同性的石炭系碎屑岩盖层,下层模拟了下奥陶统碳酸盐岩地层,在分界面至其下200m厚度范围内为具有水平对称轴的裂缝方位各向异性介质加上
    
    
    不均匀分布的溶洞。采用交错网格阶有限差分方法进行了正演计算,同样对模拟地震数据进行了属性分析研究,具有如下特征:
    1当碳酸盐岩地层中有溶洞型储层时,其规模为10*10m时,共炮点记录上或叠加剖面上都能显示绕射波同相轴,它是洞顶、底绕射波的复合波,当洞的高度为地震波的调谐厚度时,振幅值最大,随着洞高度减小而振幅减小,单炮记录上绕射波的顶点为孔洞的位置。
    2当风化面以下有多个孔洞不均匀分布时,单炮共炮点记录上及CDP叠加剖面上,孔洞带表现为多个绕射波交织的凌乱和断续的同相轴。
    3无裂缝不同密度孔洞情况的叠加剖面特征与有裂缝时的特征没有差别,说明裂缝密度对缝洞介质叠加剖面波场没有显著影响(这里对单方位裂隙而言,不包括不同方位的比较)。
    在地震数据分析中,无论是数值模拟还是物理模拟,振幅类特征对孔洞发育带反映都很明显。
    根据物理模型、数学模型和实际地震剖面特征的综合分析,总结了地震波在缝洞系统中的传播特征,开发应用了以振幅分析、相干分析、主曲率分析和频率差异分析等属性提取技术为先导,以地震、测井联合反演技术为基础,并辅以三维可视化技术,建立了一套先进的储层预测技术。
    1.振幅提取技术
     选择时窗,提取均方根振幅、绝对振幅、最大振幅、最小振幅、正振幅、负振幅、振幅变化率等振幅类的地震属性参数。
    2.相干体技术
    利用地震信息计算各道之间的相关性,突出不相关的异常现象,研究区地震资料品质较好,目的层地层产状缓、岩性变化不大,故影响相似性的主要地质因素为岩溶裂缝和断裂。
    3.三维可视化技术
    三维可视化是利用线、道、面、体等多方位浏览扫
1.Significance and status quo of research
    Tahe oil field, the key oil and gas exploration and development area of North West Branch, Sinopec Corporation, is located in the mid-south part of Arkekula salience of Shaya uplift in the northern Tarim basin. By the end of Dec.2003, the total reserves submitted for three classes is 0.85bin tons of oil equivalent, which controls 1093km2 of area.
    The statistical results by world oil exploration shows that the proved reserves in carbonate accounts for half of the total proved reserves, so carbonate is the important exploration research object.
    Although geophysical reservoir bed prediction technology has obtained much progress in the past 20 years, geophysics for development and production was being face with the challenges of interpretation to various chaos reflection data and integrate analysis under the irregular conditions. We have not the effective method, technique or algorithm, especially aiming at carbonate reservoir. The book on carbonate seismography written by I.Palag andK.J.Marfurt(1997) only introduces few examples about carbonate diagenesis characterized with seismic methods. It is of opinion that seismic methods can deal with reservoirs at the depth of about 1000m with acceptable effect and is very difficult when reservoir depth larger than 4000m due to resolution limitation. Besides the mothods used for clastic reservoir research, methods of shear wave and multi-component are considered with more importance.
    
    The main reservoir beds of Tahe oil field are of carbonate fracture-vuged type reservoir bed, which is controlled by multi-process of sedimentation, diagenesis, lithology, tectonic movement, palaeotopography, palaeoclimate, palaeohydrology and palaeokarst. The types of reservoir beds are of fractured type, fracture pore-vuged type, fracture karst-vuged type, matrix pored type. Due to the characteristics of strong heterogeneity and deep buried depth vertically and laterally of Tahe oil field reservoir, we have not established mature and effective reservoir prediction technical method series.
    The buried depth of carbonate reservoir is deeper than 5000m in Tahe oil field, which is taken for difficulty at world level. So with the selection of this topic as doctor degree dissertation, we establish a set of methods aiming at carbonate reservoir prediction in Tahe oil field, description and integrate evaluation on oil-gas-bearing, which not only can it quicken the exploration course, evaluate reservoir-forming features integrated, deepen the understanding of the reservoir body distribution and rule of reservoir formation, improve the success rate of drilling and increase reserve and output, but also can contribute the solutions to the international engineering front problem.
    
    2.research method and technical course
    The method of combination of theory and practice was being taken, but we take the practical effect as the importance.
    On the basis of integrated seismic interpretation,the joint 3D seismic data fined processing work should be worked out first. Considering the 3D data acquired by different acquisition equipment and different layout system in different stages, at first, we conducted joint data processing for normalization to improve original data quality.
    Aiming at geological task that is to carry out and evaluate structure and to put forward drilling exploration target, on the basis of integrate analysis of drilling, logging, core and seismic data, we conducted the work of reservoir prediction, reservoir description and oil gas
    
    
    prediction and also established the geological and geophysical model of reservoir by making use of advanced technical methods, including ultrasonic physical modeling, wave equation numerical simulation, coherence analysis, seismic attribute extraction, multi-parameter cross cluster analysis, impedance inversion and 3D visualization.
    3.Reseach content and innovation views
    (1) Research on seismic response forward modeling for carbonate fracture-vuged type reservoir beds
    During a long period, fo
引文
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