X3地区地应力特征研究及应用
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摘要
地应力是油气资源评价、油藏数值模拟、油气井工程设计的重要基础资料之一,是提高采油工程方案设计准确性和可靠性的基础保障。
本研究采用了室内实验和有限元数值模拟相结合的方法确定X3地区的三维地应力分布特征。研究首先采用古地磁定向技术对岩心进行定向,并从保证测量精度和力求实验操作简单、成功率高角度出发,选用了差应变分析法和波速各向异性法测量地应力,两种方法联合应用,相互验证,较为准确地确定出X3地区实测岩心所在位置的地应力大小和方向；其次通过室内实验同步测出地层的动静态参数,建立动静态参数相关模型,实现动静态参数的转化,结合测井资料解释成果,给出X3地区储层力学参数纵向分布剖面,为后续三维地应力场的数值模拟奠定了基础；然后应用有限元三维数值模拟方法反演X3地区地应力场的空间分布,解决地应力测试只能确定地层中某一点或数个点,而不能对地应力场的空间分布进行确定的问题,拓宽了地应力测试成果的应用范围,数值模拟过程充分考虑不同层位之间的相互影响、各层厚度变化、岩层产状变化、断裂产状变化等结构构造,计算结果给出了主力油层顶、底界面在平面上的应力分布及沿垂向上任意剖面的应力变化；最后应用X3地区的地应力特征研究成果,有效地指导了该地区的射孔、压裂及防砂方案优化设计,为油田的全面有效开发提供了技术保障。
Ground stress is one of the important data for oil and gas resource assessment, reservoir simulation and engineering design of oil and gas wells, and moreover, complete and precise information about ground stress is a fundamental guarantee of the reliability and accuracy for production engineering design.
This paper investigated the 3D distribution of ground stress in area X3 by jointly using laboratory experimental study and finite-element numerical simulation. For the first, palaeomagnetic direction-finding technique was adopted to determine the orientation of the core samples. To ensure the precision of measurements, simplify the experimental operation and raise the ratio of success, both methods of differential strain analysis and nonisotropic diagnosis of wave velocity were applied to measure the ground stress. These two methods were used in combination, they verify their results each other, and as a result, the magnitude and direction of the ground stress was settled correctly at every location where core was sampled. For the second, the dynamic and static parameters of formation were measured simultaneously through laboratory experiments. The relationship between them was established, which makes the transform between them possible, from dynamic to static or from static to dynamic.With the achievement of well log interpretation incorporated as another information, the vertical distribution of mechanic parameters of formation was defined, which offers a basis for the subsequent numerical simulation of 3D ground stress field. For the third, finite-element numerical simulation was done to calculate the 3D distribution of ground stress by inversion method. This overcomes the limitation of ground stress measurement, which can only supply one or several points, not the whole body of the formation. Numerical simulation also widened the extent of application of the result of stress measurement. It takes into consideration the mutual influence of different layers over each other and the structural factors such as the heterogeneity of formation thickness and the mode of occurrence of formation and fracture.The simulation presented us with the horizontal stress distribution across the upper interface and the lower interface of the main layer, the vertical distribution of ground stress across any longitudinal profile.As the last work, the research achievement about the characteristics of the ground stress in area X3 is employed to optimize the project design of perforation, fracturing and sand control. It contributes a very efficient technological approach for the triumphant development of the whole oilfield.
本研究采用了室内实验和有限元数值模拟相结合的方法确定X3地区的三维地应力分布特征。研究首先采用古地磁定向技术对岩心进行定向,并从保证测量精度和力求实验操作简单、成功率高角度出发,选用了差应变分析法和波速各向异性法测量地应力,两种方法联合应用,相互验证,较为准确地确定出X3地区实测岩心所在位置的地应力大小和方向；其次通过室内实验同步测出地层的动静态参数,建立动静态参数相关模型,实现动静态参数的转化,结合测井资料解释成果,给出X3地区储层力学参数纵向分布剖面,为后续三维地应力场的数值模拟奠定了基础；然后应用有限元三维数值模拟方法反演X3地区地应力场的空间分布,解决地应力测试只能确定地层中某一点或数个点,而不能对地应力场的空间分布进行确定的问题,拓宽了地应力测试成果的应用范围,数值模拟过程充分考虑不同层位之间的相互影响、各层厚度变化、岩层产状变化、断裂产状变化等结构构造,计算结果给出了主力油层顶、底界面在平面上的应力分布及沿垂向上任意剖面的应力变化；最后应用X3地区的地应力特征研究成果,有效地指导了该地区的射孔、压裂及防砂方案优化设计,为油田的全面有效开发提供了技术保障。
Ground stress is one of the important data for oil and gas resource assessment, reservoir simulation and engineering design of oil and gas wells, and moreover, complete and precise information about ground stress is a fundamental guarantee of the reliability and accuracy for production engineering design.
This paper investigated the 3D distribution of ground stress in area X3 by jointly using laboratory experimental study and finite-element numerical simulation. For the first, palaeomagnetic direction-finding technique was adopted to determine the orientation of the core samples. To ensure the precision of measurements, simplify the experimental operation and raise the ratio of success, both methods of differential strain analysis and nonisotropic diagnosis of wave velocity were applied to measure the ground stress. These two methods were used in combination, they verify their results each other, and as a result, the magnitude and direction of the ground stress was settled correctly at every location where core was sampled. For the second, the dynamic and static parameters of formation were measured simultaneously through laboratory experiments. The relationship between them was established, which makes the transform between them possible, from dynamic to static or from static to dynamic.With the achievement of well log interpretation incorporated as another information, the vertical distribution of mechanic parameters of formation was defined, which offers a basis for the subsequent numerical simulation of 3D ground stress field. For the third, finite-element numerical simulation was done to calculate the 3D distribution of ground stress by inversion method. This overcomes the limitation of ground stress measurement, which can only supply one or several points, not the whole body of the formation. Numerical simulation also widened the extent of application of the result of stress measurement. It takes into consideration the mutual influence of different layers over each other and the structural factors such as the heterogeneity of formation thickness and the mode of occurrence of formation and fracture.The simulation presented us with the horizontal stress distribution across the upper interface and the lower interface of the main layer, the vertical distribution of ground stress across any longitudinal profile.As the last work, the research achievement about the characteristics of the ground stress in area X3 is employed to optimize the project design of perforation, fracturing and sand control. It contributes a very efficient technological approach for the triumphant development of the whole oilfield.
引文
[1]李志明,张金珠.地应力与油气勘探开发,北京：石油工业出版社,1997：1-253
[2]张琪,万仁溥.采油工程方案设计,北京：石油工业出版社,2002：15-28
[3]许忠淮.地应力研究现状与展望[J].学科发展与研究,1990(5)：27-34
[4]E T BROWN, E HOEK. Technical note trends in relationships between measured in-situ stress and depth [J]. J. Rock Mech M in Sci & Geomech, 1978,15:211-215
[5]景锋,梁合成等.地应力测量方法研究综述,华北水利水电学院学报,2008,29(2)：71-75
[6]Haimson B, Fairhurst C. Initiation and extension of hydraulic fractures in rock [J]. Soc. Pet. Eng. J.1967,310-318.
[7]蔡美峰.地应力测量原理与技术[M].北京：科学出版社,2000：1-16
[8]王素玲.低渗透油层水力压裂三维裂缝数值模拟研究：[博士学位论文].大庆,大庆石油学院,2008
[9]彭钧亮.不同地质时期地应力场演化过程研究：[硕士学位论文].东营,中国石油大学,2008
[10]谢富仁.地壳应力观测与研究[J].国际地震动态,1999(2)：1-7
[11]C L junggren, Yanting Chang, T Janson. An overview of rock stress measurement methods [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,2003,40:975-989
[12]K Matsuki, N Kaga. Determination of three dimensional in-situ stress from core dicing based on analysis of principal tensile stress [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,2004, 41:1167-1190
[13]杨斌谊,龚建军等.确定油田钻井岩心原始方位的古地磁学方法探讨,西北 地质,2003,36(4)：80-83
[14]侯守信,田国荣.古地磁岩心定向及其在地应力测量上的应用,地质力学学报,1999,5(1)；90-96
[15]石林,张旭东,金衍等.深层地应力测量新方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(14)：2355-2358
[16]张亚萍,俞然刚,阎向宏.地层岩心弹性力学参数及主应力方向的超声波测定.声学技术,2003,3(1)：157-161
[17]Meifeng CaiCivil, Techniques for in-situ stress measurement at great depth, Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2004,6 (2):1-3
[18]冯英.岩石声发射Kaiser效应测定地应力研究及工程应用,焦作工学院学报,1997,16(4)：12-16
[19]邓金根,黄荣樽,田效山.油田深部地层地应力测定的新方法,石油大学学报(自然科学版),1997,21(1)：32-35
[20]Kuhlman, HabutionSewices, Microfracture Stress Tests, Anelastic Strain Recovery, and Differential Strain Analysis Assist in Bakken Shale Horizontal, SPE 24379,1-10
[21]万仁溥.采油工程手册,北京：石油工业出版社,2000：227-246
[22]单钰铭,刘维国.地层条件下岩石动静力学参数的实验研究[J].成都理工学院学报,2000,27(3)：249-254
[23]张传进,鲍洪志,路保平.测井资料在钻井工程中应用现状及展望[J].天然气工业,2002,22(5)：55-57
[24]邱祥波,李术才,李树忱.三维地应力回归分析方法与工程应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(10)：1613-1617
[25]孙叶,谭成轩.构造应力场研究与实践[J].地质力学学报,2001,7(3)：254-257
[26]蔡美峰,熊顺成,乔兰.地应力场三维有限元拟合研究[J].中国矿业,1997,6(1)：42-45
[27]Y. Z. Wang, L. X. Huang, and Z. J. Li, Model and Calculation of In-Situ Stresses in Anisotropic Formations, SPE 59264,1-5
[28]B. J. Pestman, SPE, Shell International Exploration and Production, Field Application of a Novel Core-based In-Situ Stress Estimation Technique, SPE/78158,1-7
[29]殷有泉.有限单元法及其在地学中的应用[M].北京：地震出版社,1987,3：1-20
[30]王衍森,吴振业.基于有限元模型的三维地应力求解方法[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(4)：426-429
[31]谭成轩,王连捷,孙宝珊等.含油气盆地三维构造应力场数值模拟方法[J].地质力学学报,1997,3(1)：71-81
[32]谭成轩.三维应力场数值模拟在油气运聚分析中的应用[J].新疆石油地质,1999,20(6)：455-458
[33]许才军,晁定波等.有限元分析中断裂区域单元的划分[J].地壳形变与地震,1997；17(3)：34-38
[34]殷有泉,陈虎等.储层应力场的数值模拟[J].地质力学学报,1999；5(1)：50-58
[35]沈海超.地应力测试及剖面建立的方法研究：[硕士学位论文].东营,中国石油大学,2006
[36]邱祥波,李术才等.三维地应力回归分析方法与工程应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(10)：1613-1617
[2]张琪,万仁溥.采油工程方案设计,北京：石油工业出版社,2002：15-28
[3]许忠淮.地应力研究现状与展望[J].学科发展与研究,1990(5)：27-34
[4]E T BROWN, E HOEK. Technical note trends in relationships between measured in-situ stress and depth [J]. J. Rock Mech M in Sci & Geomech, 1978,15:211-215
[5]景锋,梁合成等.地应力测量方法研究综述,华北水利水电学院学报,2008,29(2)：71-75
[6]Haimson B, Fairhurst C. Initiation and extension of hydraulic fractures in rock [J]. Soc. Pet. Eng. J.1967,310-318.
[7]蔡美峰.地应力测量原理与技术[M].北京：科学出版社,2000：1-16
[8]王素玲.低渗透油层水力压裂三维裂缝数值模拟研究：[博士学位论文].大庆,大庆石油学院,2008
[9]彭钧亮.不同地质时期地应力场演化过程研究：[硕士学位论文].东营,中国石油大学,2008
[10]谢富仁.地壳应力观测与研究[J].国际地震动态,1999(2)：1-7
[11]C L junggren, Yanting Chang, T Janson. An overview of rock stress measurement methods [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,2003,40:975-989
[12]K Matsuki, N Kaga. Determination of three dimensional in-situ stress from core dicing based on analysis of principal tensile stress [J]. International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences,2004, 41:1167-1190
[13]杨斌谊,龚建军等.确定油田钻井岩心原始方位的古地磁学方法探讨,西北 地质,2003,36(4)：80-83
[14]侯守信,田国荣.古地磁岩心定向及其在地应力测量上的应用,地质力学学报,1999,5(1)；90-96
[15]石林,张旭东,金衍等.深层地应力测量新方法[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2004,23(14)：2355-2358
[16]张亚萍,俞然刚,阎向宏.地层岩心弹性力学参数及主应力方向的超声波测定.声学技术,2003,3(1)：157-161
[17]Meifeng CaiCivil, Techniques for in-situ stress measurement at great depth, Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, 2004,6 (2):1-3
[18]冯英.岩石声发射Kaiser效应测定地应力研究及工程应用,焦作工学院学报,1997,16(4)：12-16
[19]邓金根,黄荣樽,田效山.油田深部地层地应力测定的新方法,石油大学学报(自然科学版),1997,21(1)：32-35
[20]Kuhlman, HabutionSewices, Microfracture Stress Tests, Anelastic Strain Recovery, and Differential Strain Analysis Assist in Bakken Shale Horizontal, SPE 24379,1-10
[21]万仁溥.采油工程手册,北京：石油工业出版社,2000：227-246
[22]单钰铭,刘维国.地层条件下岩石动静力学参数的实验研究[J].成都理工学院学报,2000,27(3)：249-254
[23]张传进,鲍洪志,路保平.测井资料在钻井工程中应用现状及展望[J].天然气工业,2002,22(5)：55-57
[24]邱祥波,李术才,李树忱.三维地应力回归分析方法与工程应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(10)：1613-1617
[25]孙叶,谭成轩.构造应力场研究与实践[J].地质力学学报,2001,7(3)：254-257
[26]蔡美峰,熊顺成,乔兰.地应力场三维有限元拟合研究[J].中国矿业,1997,6(1)：42-45
[27]Y. Z. Wang, L. X. Huang, and Z. J. Li, Model and Calculation of In-Situ Stresses in Anisotropic Formations, SPE 59264,1-5
[28]B. J. Pestman, SPE, Shell International Exploration and Production, Field Application of a Novel Core-based In-Situ Stress Estimation Technique, SPE/78158,1-7
[29]殷有泉.有限单元法及其在地学中的应用[M].北京：地震出版社,1987,3：1-20
[30]王衍森,吴振业.基于有限元模型的三维地应力求解方法[J].岩土工程学报,2000,22(4)：426-429
[31]谭成轩,王连捷,孙宝珊等.含油气盆地三维构造应力场数值模拟方法[J].地质力学学报,1997,3(1)：71-81
[32]谭成轩.三维应力场数值模拟在油气运聚分析中的应用[J].新疆石油地质,1999,20(6)：455-458
[33]许才军,晁定波等.有限元分析中断裂区域单元的划分[J].地壳形变与地震,1997；17(3)：34-38
[34]殷有泉,陈虎等.储层应力场的数值模拟[J].地质力学学报,1999；5(1)：50-58
[35]沈海超.地应力测试及剖面建立的方法研究：[硕士学位论文].东营,中国石油大学,2006
[36]邱祥波,李术才等.三维地应力回归分析方法与工程应用[J].岩石力学与工程学报,2003,22(10)：1613-1617