填埋场渗滤液产生、运移及水位雍高机理和控制
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摘要
我国多数填埋场存在渗滤液产量大,堆体水位高的问题,高渗滤液水位可能引发堆体失稳、环境污染加剧和填埋气爆炸等次生灾害。本研究以垃圾基本水力特性测试和总结为基础,围绕渗滤液产生机理和产量预测、渗滤液在垃圾堆体中运移和水位壅高以及堆体渗滤液控制措施运行效果模拟等问题开展。现场取样测试了不同龄期填埋垃圾的含水率、田间持水量和持水曲线；利用现场抽水试验和室内渗透试验,测试了填埋垃圾的饱和渗透系数；基于填埋垃圾产液机理的和水量平衡分析,提出了渗滤液产量理论计算公式和简化计算公式；利用饱和-非饱和数值模拟手段,分析了渗滤液在填埋场中的运移规律和水位壅高机理；提出了渗滤液“立体”导排的概念,并利用数值模拟分析了两种常用“立体”导排设施的运行效果；研究成果应用于两座大型填埋场,效果良好。主要研究内容和研究成果包括：
(1)总结国内外填埋垃圾初始含水率测试资料,西方国家平均27%,中国平均52%；中国垃圾初始含水率高的主要原因为有机质含量高；垃圾填埋后,随着有机质受压缩和降解作用逐步减少,垃圾中的水分逐步析出产生渗滤液。
(2)现场取得不同填埋龄期的垃圾,采用自制大尺寸“田间持水量室内测试仪”,测试了不同龄期的田间持水量。结果表明：田间持水量与填埋垃圾龄期和应力条件有关；应力越高,田间持水量越小；相同应力条件下,龄期越大,田间持水量越低。总结汇总了国内外持水曲线测试资料。
(3)在苏州七子山填埋场开展现场抽水试验,测试不同埋深垃圾的饱和渗透系数,结果表明饱和渗透系数取值范围2.62×104cm/s-5.76×10-4cm/s,且随填埋深度增加,饱和渗透系数呈减小的趋势。现场试验结果可以使用深度的幂函数进行拟合。汇总国外现场测试数据可见,由于组分复杂、降解和压实情况各异,现场测试出的垃圾饱和渗透系数分布较广,从1×10-5cm/s至1×10-1cm/s,但同一组试验中垃圾饱和渗透系数均表现出随埋深增加而减小的规律。苏州七子山现场测试数据处于国内外测试数据的中间区域。
(4)从苏州七子山填埋场、成都长安填埋场取样,进行了室内渗透测试,结果表明：垃圾饱和渗透系数随有效应力增加而减小,随着试验应力由从20kPa增加到250kPa,饱和渗透系数由接近10-4cm/s量级减小到10-6cm/s量级；与国外数据相比,苏州和成都室内测试数据相对较低。
(5)基于对填埋垃圾降解压缩过程中持水和产水机理的认识,利用水量平衡原理,提出了填埋场渗滤液产量的理论计算式；以典型山谷型填埋场为原型,建立了水量平衡模型,研究了填埋垃圾初始含水率变化对渗滤液总产量和来源组成的影响；结果表明：填埋垃圾初始含水率越高,则计算得到的日均渗滤液产量越大,垃圾自身渗滤液产量所占渗滤液总产量的比例越高；我国大部分地区填埋垃圾的初始含水率达到50%-60%,填埋后垃圾自身产生的水量,是渗滤液产量的主要部分；如果在进行渗滤液产量计算时,不考虑这部分渗滤液量,将明显低估实际运行时填埋场渗滤液产量。
(6)我国现行渗滤液处理规范中规定的渗滤液产量计算方法,也是目前设计中普遍采用的“浸出系数法”,仅考虑了因降雨入渗产生的水量,忽略了垃圾自身产生(或吸收)的水量,计算误差较大。在本文提出的渗滤液产量理论计算公式基础上简化,得到渗滤液产量修正计算公式,利用广州兴丰、上海老港实测数据进行验证,可取得较为保守的计算结果,符合设计偏安全、偏保守的原则,可在实际工程中采用。
(7)利用实测和总结参数,参考典型山谷型填埋场建立Seep/W数值模型,分析了填埋垃圾初始含水率、降雨量、填埋场雨污分流效果、垃圾渗透系数随填埋深度和龄期变化、垃圾饱和渗透系数的各向异性以及导排层淤堵对填埋场水位壅高的影响,结果表明：填埋垃圾初始含水率越高,雨污分流效果越差,渗滤液导排层淤堵和垃圾渗透系数越低,堆体水位壅高越明显。当填埋垃圾饱和渗透系数降低,或考虑垃圾渗透系数取值各向异性、竖向垃圾饱和渗透系数取值降低时,堆体内易形成滞水,此时水位壅高形式变得更加复杂。
(8)基于Seep/W数值模拟和现场监测结果,揭示出填埋堆体典型的渗滤液存在形式。若场底渗滤液导排层通畅,而底层填埋垃圾饱和渗透系数较低,渗滤液导排层水和垃圾堆体主水层有可能脱开,填埋场内存在渗滤液导排层水、垃圾堆体主水层和垃圾堆体滞水层三种存在形式,此时导排层内渗滤液水头往往较低。当渗滤液导排层淤堵时,导排层中水壅高,与堆体主水层连通,从场底渗滤液导排层至一定高度堆体完全饱和,填埋场内仅存在垃圾堆体主水层和垃圾堆体滞水层两种存在形式,此时导排层内渗滤液水头往往较高。
(9)针对中国填埋场渗滤液产量大,堆体水位高的问题,为实现水位有效控制,提出了由库底渗滤液导排层、堆体内渗滤液抽排竖井和水平导排盲沟组成的填埋场渗滤液“立体”导排系统；利用Seep/W数值模拟分析了渗滤液抽排竖井的运行性状,结果表明：抽排竖井深度越深,排水效果越好；长期运行的抽排竖井,井管和井周边垃圾的淤堵将显著减小抽排竖井排水流量；分层填埋垃圾渗透各向异性不会对抽排竖井排水效果造成显著影响；应用于渗滤液产量大的场地时,可密布较浅的抽排竖井；应用于渗滤液产量小的区域时,可采用间距较大,深度较深的布设方法。
(10)分析了水平导排盲沟的运行效果,结果表明：水平导排盲沟可有效降低模拟单元内的渗滤液水位和压力水头；分层填埋垃圾渗透各向异性不会对水平导排盲沟运行效果造成显著影响；不建议在水平导排盲沟下设置中间覆盖层。
Large leachate production and high leachate mounds are common in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills of China, which can cause severe problems including instability of waste body, pollutant transport and landfill gas explosion. Based on systematic tests of hydraulic properties of landfilled wastes, the research works in this paper focused on the study and simulation of leachate generation, transport and mounds in municipal solid waste landfill as well as their control measures. The main research works and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Based on available testing results, the average initial moisture content of landfilled wastes in western countries was found to be about 27%. However, large amount of organic matters in fresh wastes contributes to the much higher initial moisture content in Chinese MSWs with an average value of about 52%. After landfilling, leachate is gradually generated during the compression and biodegradation processes of wastes.
(2) Field capacity tests were carried out on drilled MSW samples with different ages. It showed that field capacity is related to the age and stress level of landfilled wastes. Field capacity decreases with the increase of stress level and waste age. Soil waste characteristic curve (SWCC) of the drilled MSW samples was summarized.
(3) On-site pumping test in Suzhou Qizishan Landfill were carried out to study the saturated permeabilities of MSWs in different depths. It was found that saturated permeabilities of MSWs ranges from 2.62×10-4cm/s to 5.76×10-4cm/s. The value tends to decrease with an increase of depth which can be simulated by the power function. Due to the complexity of waste composition, biodegradation and compression, saturated permeabilities from on-site tests reported by foreign studies have a very large range from 1×10-5cm/s to 1×10-1cm/s. Saturated permeabilities of wastes in Suzhou Qizishan Landfill are at the middle level of that large range.
(4) Laboratory hydraulic tests were taken on the drilled MSW samples from Suzhou Qizishan Landfill and Chendu Chang'an Landfill. The results showed that saturated permeabilities decreases with an increase of effective stress. The value decreased from the order of 10-4cm/s under 20kPa to 10-6cm/s under 250kPa. Compared to laboratory testing results reported by foreign studies, Chinese MSWs showed a relatively lower value.
(5) Based on the study of field capacity and leachate generation mechanism during biodegradation and compression processes, a leachate generation calculation model was proposed. The effect of initial moisture content on the leachate production of a valley landfill was studied by this model. With an increase of initial moisture content, it was found that leachate production increases. At the same time, leachate generated from the initial moisture content make up a larger part of the total leachate production. As initial moisture content of landfilled MSWs in most Chinese landfills can even reach 60%, the predicted leachate production will be much underestimated if the contribution from the initial moisture content is neglected.
(6) Based on the above study of leachate generation process, a modified model was proposed for the leachate generation rate calculation based on the model in the standard of leachate treatment. The monitored leachate production data were simulated through the modified model. A secure tendency of the simulated results indicated that the model is fit for the design of leachate treatment in Chinese landfills.
(7) Based on the tested values of hydraulic parameters and numerical model for the valley landfill, the influence of initial moisture content, precipitation, separating system of rainwater and sewage, waste permeability and clogging of leachate drainage system on leachate mounds processes were studied. It showed that the separating function tends to be worse with an increase of initial moisture content, after which leachate mound has more possibility to be formed due to the decrease of waste body permeability and the clogging of leachate drainage system.
(8) Based on numerical study and on-site monitoring results, existence forms of the water in landfilled waste were studied. It was found that, if leachate drainage system is in good function and permeability of wastes at the bottom of the landfill is relatively low, leachate in leachate drainage system might be separated from the main leachate layer in the above waste body. Under this condition, three main forms of saturated water exist in a landfill including leachate in drainage layer, main leachate layer in waste body and partially blocked leachate mound, and the leachate head in the drainage layer may be low. If the leachate drainage system is clogged, leachate in the drainage system can be elevated until connecting the water in waste body. In this case, there are only two forms of saturated water region in a landfill which is main leachate layer and partially blocked leachate mound, and the leachate head in the drainage layer may be high.
(9) Stereospecific drainage system composed of bottom leachate drainage layer, vertical drainage well and horizontal drainage trench in waste body was proposed to for the leachate control of Chinese landfills with very large leachate production. The effect of vertical drainage well in practical use was numerically studied. It showed that drainage effect is better with deeper vertical drainage wells. Wastes around the vertical drainage wells become less permeable during long-term leachate drainage process. However, the anisotropic property of permeability in layered wastes showed little influence on the drainage results of vertical drainage wells. For the practical application in a landfill, shallowly but densely (i.e. small spacing) installed vertical drainage wells can be applied in the part with large leachate production. Conversely, sparse (i.e. large spacing) but deeply installed vertical drainage wells can be used for the part with relatively lower leachate production.
(10) The effect of horizontal drainage trench on leachate control was numerically studied. The simulating results showed that horizontal drainage trenches can decrease the main leachate level and reduce hydraulic head in waste body effectively. The anisotropic property of permeability in layered wastes showed little influence on the drainage results of horizontal drainage trenches. Intermediate liner system should not be installed beneath the horizontal drainage trenches.
(1)总结国内外填埋垃圾初始含水率测试资料,西方国家平均27%,中国平均52%；中国垃圾初始含水率高的主要原因为有机质含量高；垃圾填埋后,随着有机质受压缩和降解作用逐步减少,垃圾中的水分逐步析出产生渗滤液。
(2)现场取得不同填埋龄期的垃圾,采用自制大尺寸“田间持水量室内测试仪”,测试了不同龄期的田间持水量。结果表明：田间持水量与填埋垃圾龄期和应力条件有关；应力越高,田间持水量越小；相同应力条件下,龄期越大,田间持水量越低。总结汇总了国内外持水曲线测试资料。
(3)在苏州七子山填埋场开展现场抽水试验,测试不同埋深垃圾的饱和渗透系数,结果表明饱和渗透系数取值范围2.62×104cm/s-5.76×10-4cm/s,且随填埋深度增加,饱和渗透系数呈减小的趋势。现场试验结果可以使用深度的幂函数进行拟合。汇总国外现场测试数据可见,由于组分复杂、降解和压实情况各异,现场测试出的垃圾饱和渗透系数分布较广,从1×10-5cm/s至1×10-1cm/s,但同一组试验中垃圾饱和渗透系数均表现出随埋深增加而减小的规律。苏州七子山现场测试数据处于国内外测试数据的中间区域。
(4)从苏州七子山填埋场、成都长安填埋场取样,进行了室内渗透测试,结果表明：垃圾饱和渗透系数随有效应力增加而减小,随着试验应力由从20kPa增加到250kPa,饱和渗透系数由接近10-4cm/s量级减小到10-6cm/s量级；与国外数据相比,苏州和成都室内测试数据相对较低。
(5)基于对填埋垃圾降解压缩过程中持水和产水机理的认识,利用水量平衡原理,提出了填埋场渗滤液产量的理论计算式；以典型山谷型填埋场为原型,建立了水量平衡模型,研究了填埋垃圾初始含水率变化对渗滤液总产量和来源组成的影响；结果表明：填埋垃圾初始含水率越高,则计算得到的日均渗滤液产量越大,垃圾自身渗滤液产量所占渗滤液总产量的比例越高；我国大部分地区填埋垃圾的初始含水率达到50%-60%,填埋后垃圾自身产生的水量,是渗滤液产量的主要部分；如果在进行渗滤液产量计算时,不考虑这部分渗滤液量,将明显低估实际运行时填埋场渗滤液产量。
(6)我国现行渗滤液处理规范中规定的渗滤液产量计算方法,也是目前设计中普遍采用的“浸出系数法”,仅考虑了因降雨入渗产生的水量,忽略了垃圾自身产生(或吸收)的水量,计算误差较大。在本文提出的渗滤液产量理论计算公式基础上简化,得到渗滤液产量修正计算公式,利用广州兴丰、上海老港实测数据进行验证,可取得较为保守的计算结果,符合设计偏安全、偏保守的原则,可在实际工程中采用。
(7)利用实测和总结参数,参考典型山谷型填埋场建立Seep/W数值模型,分析了填埋垃圾初始含水率、降雨量、填埋场雨污分流效果、垃圾渗透系数随填埋深度和龄期变化、垃圾饱和渗透系数的各向异性以及导排层淤堵对填埋场水位壅高的影响,结果表明：填埋垃圾初始含水率越高,雨污分流效果越差,渗滤液导排层淤堵和垃圾渗透系数越低,堆体水位壅高越明显。当填埋垃圾饱和渗透系数降低,或考虑垃圾渗透系数取值各向异性、竖向垃圾饱和渗透系数取值降低时,堆体内易形成滞水,此时水位壅高形式变得更加复杂。
(8)基于Seep/W数值模拟和现场监测结果,揭示出填埋堆体典型的渗滤液存在形式。若场底渗滤液导排层通畅,而底层填埋垃圾饱和渗透系数较低,渗滤液导排层水和垃圾堆体主水层有可能脱开,填埋场内存在渗滤液导排层水、垃圾堆体主水层和垃圾堆体滞水层三种存在形式,此时导排层内渗滤液水头往往较低。当渗滤液导排层淤堵时,导排层中水壅高,与堆体主水层连通,从场底渗滤液导排层至一定高度堆体完全饱和,填埋场内仅存在垃圾堆体主水层和垃圾堆体滞水层两种存在形式,此时导排层内渗滤液水头往往较高。
(9)针对中国填埋场渗滤液产量大,堆体水位高的问题,为实现水位有效控制,提出了由库底渗滤液导排层、堆体内渗滤液抽排竖井和水平导排盲沟组成的填埋场渗滤液“立体”导排系统；利用Seep/W数值模拟分析了渗滤液抽排竖井的运行性状,结果表明：抽排竖井深度越深,排水效果越好；长期运行的抽排竖井,井管和井周边垃圾的淤堵将显著减小抽排竖井排水流量；分层填埋垃圾渗透各向异性不会对抽排竖井排水效果造成显著影响；应用于渗滤液产量大的场地时,可密布较浅的抽排竖井；应用于渗滤液产量小的区域时,可采用间距较大,深度较深的布设方法。
(10)分析了水平导排盲沟的运行效果,结果表明：水平导排盲沟可有效降低模拟单元内的渗滤液水位和压力水头；分层填埋垃圾渗透各向异性不会对水平导排盲沟运行效果造成显著影响；不建议在水平导排盲沟下设置中间覆盖层。
Large leachate production and high leachate mounds are common in municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills of China, which can cause severe problems including instability of waste body, pollutant transport and landfill gas explosion. Based on systematic tests of hydraulic properties of landfilled wastes, the research works in this paper focused on the study and simulation of leachate generation, transport and mounds in municipal solid waste landfill as well as their control measures. The main research works and conclusions are as follows:
(1) Based on available testing results, the average initial moisture content of landfilled wastes in western countries was found to be about 27%. However, large amount of organic matters in fresh wastes contributes to the much higher initial moisture content in Chinese MSWs with an average value of about 52%. After landfilling, leachate is gradually generated during the compression and biodegradation processes of wastes.
(2) Field capacity tests were carried out on drilled MSW samples with different ages. It showed that field capacity is related to the age and stress level of landfilled wastes. Field capacity decreases with the increase of stress level and waste age. Soil waste characteristic curve (SWCC) of the drilled MSW samples was summarized.
(3) On-site pumping test in Suzhou Qizishan Landfill were carried out to study the saturated permeabilities of MSWs in different depths. It was found that saturated permeabilities of MSWs ranges from 2.62×10-4cm/s to 5.76×10-4cm/s. The value tends to decrease with an increase of depth which can be simulated by the power function. Due to the complexity of waste composition, biodegradation and compression, saturated permeabilities from on-site tests reported by foreign studies have a very large range from 1×10-5cm/s to 1×10-1cm/s. Saturated permeabilities of wastes in Suzhou Qizishan Landfill are at the middle level of that large range.
(4) Laboratory hydraulic tests were taken on the drilled MSW samples from Suzhou Qizishan Landfill and Chendu Chang'an Landfill. The results showed that saturated permeabilities decreases with an increase of effective stress. The value decreased from the order of 10-4cm/s under 20kPa to 10-6cm/s under 250kPa. Compared to laboratory testing results reported by foreign studies, Chinese MSWs showed a relatively lower value.
(5) Based on the study of field capacity and leachate generation mechanism during biodegradation and compression processes, a leachate generation calculation model was proposed. The effect of initial moisture content on the leachate production of a valley landfill was studied by this model. With an increase of initial moisture content, it was found that leachate production increases. At the same time, leachate generated from the initial moisture content make up a larger part of the total leachate production. As initial moisture content of landfilled MSWs in most Chinese landfills can even reach 60%, the predicted leachate production will be much underestimated if the contribution from the initial moisture content is neglected.
(6) Based on the above study of leachate generation process, a modified model was proposed for the leachate generation rate calculation based on the model in the standard of leachate treatment. The monitored leachate production data were simulated through the modified model. A secure tendency of the simulated results indicated that the model is fit for the design of leachate treatment in Chinese landfills.
(7) Based on the tested values of hydraulic parameters and numerical model for the valley landfill, the influence of initial moisture content, precipitation, separating system of rainwater and sewage, waste permeability and clogging of leachate drainage system on leachate mounds processes were studied. It showed that the separating function tends to be worse with an increase of initial moisture content, after which leachate mound has more possibility to be formed due to the decrease of waste body permeability and the clogging of leachate drainage system.
(8) Based on numerical study and on-site monitoring results, existence forms of the water in landfilled waste were studied. It was found that, if leachate drainage system is in good function and permeability of wastes at the bottom of the landfill is relatively low, leachate in leachate drainage system might be separated from the main leachate layer in the above waste body. Under this condition, three main forms of saturated water exist in a landfill including leachate in drainage layer, main leachate layer in waste body and partially blocked leachate mound, and the leachate head in the drainage layer may be low. If the leachate drainage system is clogged, leachate in the drainage system can be elevated until connecting the water in waste body. In this case, there are only two forms of saturated water region in a landfill which is main leachate layer and partially blocked leachate mound, and the leachate head in the drainage layer may be high.
(9) Stereospecific drainage system composed of bottom leachate drainage layer, vertical drainage well and horizontal drainage trench in waste body was proposed to for the leachate control of Chinese landfills with very large leachate production. The effect of vertical drainage well in practical use was numerically studied. It showed that drainage effect is better with deeper vertical drainage wells. Wastes around the vertical drainage wells become less permeable during long-term leachate drainage process. However, the anisotropic property of permeability in layered wastes showed little influence on the drainage results of vertical drainage wells. For the practical application in a landfill, shallowly but densely (i.e. small spacing) installed vertical drainage wells can be applied in the part with large leachate production. Conversely, sparse (i.e. large spacing) but deeply installed vertical drainage wells can be used for the part with relatively lower leachate production.
(10) The effect of horizontal drainage trench on leachate control was numerically studied. The simulating results showed that horizontal drainage trenches can decrease the main leachate level and reduce hydraulic head in waste body effectively. The anisotropic property of permeability in layered wastes showed little influence on the drainage results of horizontal drainage trenches. Intermediate liner system should not be installed beneath the horizontal drainage trenches.
引文
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