横管外降膜流动与蒸发传热研究
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摘要
横管降膜蒸发技术由来已久,其所具有的传热系数高、传热温差小、可低温传热等优点使之被广泛应用在海水淡化、食品加工、制冷工程、石油冶炼和化学工程等诸多领域,尤其被多用于多效蒸发设备中。在海水淡化领域,以横管降膜蒸发为主要技术的低温多效蒸发海水淡化技术在具备了上述优点外,更加之高造水水质、换热管耐结垢、耐腐蚀且可利用电厂低品位余热等诸多优势,已然成为海水淡化厂所使用的主流技术之一。开展对横管降膜蒸发技术的研究,为设计生产更加高效的新一代海水淡化设备和其他领域横管降膜蒸发器提供了重要的技术依据和理论基础。
为了获得准确的横管降膜蒸发传热数据和机理,本文对横管降膜蒸发进行了传热实验研究、流动观测研究和数值模拟计算。本文针对横管降膜蒸发的实验和理论研究的主要内容如下：
(1)本文对横管降膜蒸发传热系数的影响因素进行了实验研究。实验从流动形态和液膜流速入手,讨论了布管方式和喷淋密度对传热过程的影响,通过局部传热系数和平均传热系数的对比,探讨布管方式和喷淋密度在换热管表面的影响区域,同时定义了最优喷淋雷诺数ReC,,以用于深入剖析横管降膜流动的传热过程,探讨传热过程中各因素对传热效果的影响。本文从换热方式的不同入手,讨论了热流密度对传热系数的影响。从物性变化入手,讨论了蒸发温度和实验流体对局部传热系数和平均传热系数的影响,在实验过程中还首次发现并解释了以海水作为实验流体时,传热系数随蒸发温度变化的特殊规律,并以此表明了以非海水流体为基础的横管降膜蒸发实验结论和规律不可轻易套用于海水淡化领域中。
(2)本文对不同布管方式的液膜流动进行了观测、拍摄和对比讨论。通过对液膜流动的观测实验,细致阐述了横管降膜流动流体下落和液膜铺展的物理过程,对流型转换所需的雷诺数和影响因素进行深入探讨,并以此印证传热实验中所呈现出的流动对换热过程的影响。
(3)本文选用Navier-Stokes方程作为流体运动的控制方程,以VOF方法来追踪液膜的自由表面变化,对横管降膜流动进行了三维数值模拟。通过对比发现,本文所构建的三维模型数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合性很好,处理方法基本可行,计算结果相对可靠。而且通过对数值模拟速度分布图和液膜厚度分布图的分析,深入讨论了横管降膜流动过程和液膜铺展规律,更好的解释了传热实验中所展现出来的物理现象,使模拟结果在对实验结论的微观分析中起到了重要的作用。
Horizontal-tube falling film evaporation has long been used for its advantage of high heat transfer coefficient at low temperature and small temperature difference. It has been wide application in desalination, food processing, refrigeration engineering, oil refining, chemical engineering, and many other fields. Incorporated with falling film evaporation as the main technology, low temperature evaporation multi-effect desalination not only owns such advantages above, but also could produce high quality fresh water, have high resistant to fouling, and keep high corrosion-resistant and is becoming one of the mainstream technologies in desalination power plant. Carrying out studies on horizontal tube falling film evaporation technology provides important technical and theoretical basis for designing more effective water desalination equipments or falling film evaporators for other applications.
For obtaining the accurate data and mechanism, experiments of heat transfer study, flow pattern study, and numerical simulation have been carried out for falling film evaporation. The main contents of this paper are as follows:
(1). Experiments are carried out to explore influencing factors for falling film evaporation. The influence of spray density and tube layout on heat transfer coefficient are discussed through flow pattern and water film velocity. Influencing area at different spray density and with different tube layouts are studied by comparisons between local heat transfer coefficient and average heat transfer coefficient, meanwhile, an optimal spray Reynolds number Recr is defined to thoroughly analyze heat transfer process within the falling film and the influences of each factor on heat transfer performance. The impact of heat flux on heat transfer coefficient is discussed based on the modes of heat exchange. Variations of local heat transfer coefficient and average heat transfer coefficient with evaporation temperatures and working fluids are discussed by means of the change of properties of working fluids. A special law of heat transfer coefficient with the evaporation temperature is first discovered and explained with seawater as working fluid in this paper. The result exhibits that heat transfer laws of falling film evaporation with other working fluids might not be applicable for sea water desalination.
(2). For different tube layouts, the falling film are observed, photographed and comparative discussed. Through the observation experiments, the physical process of working fluid falling downwards and film spreading are discussed in detail. The Reynolds number needed and influencing factors for the transition of flow patterns are deeply studied and used to further confirm the influence of flow pattern on heat transfer performance within experiment results.
(3). The Navier-Stokes equation chosen as governing equation, VOF (Volume of Fluid) method selected to trace the change of film on free surface, the three-dimensional numerical simulation was conducted on falling film flow. Through the comparison between the simulation results and that of the experiments, it was found that the results of three dimensional simulations fitted well with that of the experiments which showed the feasibility of and reliability of such numerical simulation. Moreover, through the analysis of flow field diagram numerical simulation and film distribution map, the flowing process and film spreading law are further discussed and better explain the physical law exhibited in experiments. That make the simulation results play an significant role in microscopic analysis of experimental results.
为了获得准确的横管降膜蒸发传热数据和机理,本文对横管降膜蒸发进行了传热实验研究、流动观测研究和数值模拟计算。本文针对横管降膜蒸发的实验和理论研究的主要内容如下：
(1)本文对横管降膜蒸发传热系数的影响因素进行了实验研究。实验从流动形态和液膜流速入手,讨论了布管方式和喷淋密度对传热过程的影响,通过局部传热系数和平均传热系数的对比,探讨布管方式和喷淋密度在换热管表面的影响区域,同时定义了最优喷淋雷诺数ReC,,以用于深入剖析横管降膜流动的传热过程,探讨传热过程中各因素对传热效果的影响。本文从换热方式的不同入手,讨论了热流密度对传热系数的影响。从物性变化入手,讨论了蒸发温度和实验流体对局部传热系数和平均传热系数的影响,在实验过程中还首次发现并解释了以海水作为实验流体时,传热系数随蒸发温度变化的特殊规律,并以此表明了以非海水流体为基础的横管降膜蒸发实验结论和规律不可轻易套用于海水淡化领域中。
(2)本文对不同布管方式的液膜流动进行了观测、拍摄和对比讨论。通过对液膜流动的观测实验,细致阐述了横管降膜流动流体下落和液膜铺展的物理过程,对流型转换所需的雷诺数和影响因素进行深入探讨,并以此印证传热实验中所呈现出的流动对换热过程的影响。
(3)本文选用Navier-Stokes方程作为流体运动的控制方程,以VOF方法来追踪液膜的自由表面变化,对横管降膜流动进行了三维数值模拟。通过对比发现,本文所构建的三维模型数值模拟结果与实验结果吻合性很好,处理方法基本可行,计算结果相对可靠。而且通过对数值模拟速度分布图和液膜厚度分布图的分析,深入讨论了横管降膜流动过程和液膜铺展规律,更好的解释了传热实验中所展现出来的物理现象,使模拟结果在对实验结论的微观分析中起到了重要的作用。
Horizontal-tube falling film evaporation has long been used for its advantage of high heat transfer coefficient at low temperature and small temperature difference. It has been wide application in desalination, food processing, refrigeration engineering, oil refining, chemical engineering, and many other fields. Incorporated with falling film evaporation as the main technology, low temperature evaporation multi-effect desalination not only owns such advantages above, but also could produce high quality fresh water, have high resistant to fouling, and keep high corrosion-resistant and is becoming one of the mainstream technologies in desalination power plant. Carrying out studies on horizontal tube falling film evaporation technology provides important technical and theoretical basis for designing more effective water desalination equipments or falling film evaporators for other applications.
For obtaining the accurate data and mechanism, experiments of heat transfer study, flow pattern study, and numerical simulation have been carried out for falling film evaporation. The main contents of this paper are as follows:
(1). Experiments are carried out to explore influencing factors for falling film evaporation. The influence of spray density and tube layout on heat transfer coefficient are discussed through flow pattern and water film velocity. Influencing area at different spray density and with different tube layouts are studied by comparisons between local heat transfer coefficient and average heat transfer coefficient, meanwhile, an optimal spray Reynolds number Recr is defined to thoroughly analyze heat transfer process within the falling film and the influences of each factor on heat transfer performance. The impact of heat flux on heat transfer coefficient is discussed based on the modes of heat exchange. Variations of local heat transfer coefficient and average heat transfer coefficient with evaporation temperatures and working fluids are discussed by means of the change of properties of working fluids. A special law of heat transfer coefficient with the evaporation temperature is first discovered and explained with seawater as working fluid in this paper. The result exhibits that heat transfer laws of falling film evaporation with other working fluids might not be applicable for sea water desalination.
(2). For different tube layouts, the falling film are observed, photographed and comparative discussed. Through the observation experiments, the physical process of working fluid falling downwards and film spreading are discussed in detail. The Reynolds number needed and influencing factors for the transition of flow patterns are deeply studied and used to further confirm the influence of flow pattern on heat transfer performance within experiment results.
(3). The Navier-Stokes equation chosen as governing equation, VOF (Volume of Fluid) method selected to trace the change of film on free surface, the three-dimensional numerical simulation was conducted on falling film flow. Through the comparison between the simulation results and that of the experiments, it was found that the results of three dimensional simulations fitted well with that of the experiments which showed the feasibility of and reliability of such numerical simulation. Moreover, through the analysis of flow field diagram numerical simulation and film distribution map, the flowing process and film spreading law are further discussed and better explain the physical law exhibited in experiments. That make the simulation results play an significant role in microscopic analysis of experimental results.
引文
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