低碳经济时代中美气候与能源合作研究
|
摘要
气候变化已经成为全球关注的热点问题。自工业革命以来,人类社会对化石能源的大量使用导致温室气体排放量急剧增加,引起了全球变暖。全球变暖引发了许多极端自然事件的发生,如洪水、旱灾、海平面上升和生物多样性的减少,这些都正在改变着地球生态系统,威胁到人类的生存和发展。发展低碳经济和新能源可以减缓全球变暖。中国和美国,作为世界上最大的能源消耗国和最大的温室气体排放国,已经成为世界关注的焦点,两国面临着巨大的温室气体减排压力。为此,中美两国必须在应对气候变化与能源安全领域加强合作,一方面可以减少温室气体大量排放对全球气候的变化不利影响,并为全球气候协议的达成作出贡献；另一方面也有利于两国经济的发展和能源的安全稳定,使未来的中美关系建立在更稳固的基础上,以应对两国在二十一世纪面临的其它战略性挑战。
全文共六章。
第一章为绪论,首先介绍了本文的写作背景及选题的意义,然后对本文涉及的国内外研究现状进行了分析,进而阐述了本文的写作思路、研究方法、文章结构及主要创新点。
第二章主要论述了低碳经济时代中美气候与能源合作所涉及的主要理论和原则。气候变化问题作为全球关注的重要问题,各国必须采取措施减少温室气体排放。温室气体排放具有公共物品属性,从而涉及到“公地悲剧”问题。本文用气候模型分析了气候变化的“公地悲剧”问题。要克服温室气体排放“公地悲剧”,就需要各国合作,使温室气体排放的外部性实现内部化,从而减少其过度使用的问题。中美气候与能源合作交织着双方的利益和纠纷的博弈。本文在基本博弈模型的基础上,对中美气候与能源合作中温室气体减排所涉及的资金或技术支持问题和美国拟征收碳关税问题进行了博弈分析,得出美国应向中国等发展中国家提供技术和资金支持,从而使中国更有意愿参与而且能够参与全球温室气体减排。对于美国拟征收的碳关税,中美博弈结果取决于美国征收碳关税对中国经济的影响程度及双方的谈判能力。由于各国经济发展阶段不同,碳排放也存在很大差异,碳排放的库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)很好地对美国和中国的经济发展阶段与碳排放关系进行了说明,即中国和美国分别处于碳排放EKC的不同阶段,双方的碳减排承诺也应有所区别。美国因跨越了EKC人均排放峰值,因此美国应在碳排放总量和人均碳排放量方面进行减排,中国只跨越了碳排放强度峰值,但还未达到人均排放峰值,目前还不能承担碳排放的总量减排,但应在碳排放相对量(即单位GDP碳排放)方面承诺减排。在中美气候与能源合作中,双方应坚持可持续发展原则,“共同但有区别的责任”原则和碳排放的公平分担原则。
第三章主要论述了中美气候与能源合作的现状。气候变化对世界及中美都造成了严重的不利影响,面对这种不利影响,中美两国必须发展低碳经济。为了应对气候变化和能源安全的挑战,中美两国已经制定了发展低碳经济计划、法规等,为中美气候与能源合作提供了基础。为此,中美两国在气候和能源领域开展了一系列的双边和多边合作,尤其从2009年以来,中美两国进行了密集的气候外交,为两国气候与能源深化合作奠定了坚实的基础。
第四章主要论述了中美双方在能源和气候变化领域存在的分歧和矛盾,重点分析了中美双方在气候变化领域存在的分歧。中美双方对对方的不信任长期存在,表现在气候变化领域,双方主要在中国应在碳排放的绝对量还是相对量减排方面、在应对气候变化的技术资金支持方面及其与“三可”(可测量、可报告、可核实)挂钩方面、在对“共同但有区别的责任”原则理解方面以及在美国拟征收碳关税等方面的存在许多分歧。
第五章进一步实证分析了基于分歧的中国对美等国家出口产品隐含碳排放。随着应对气候变化问题在全球的升温,学术界近年来对隐含碳排放的关注也越来越多。本文在现有理论的基础上,运用投入产出分析工具,实证分析了中国对美国出口产品的隐含碳排放。从而得出,中国作为“世界工厂”,随着对外贸易的迅速发展,中国在大量出口产品的同时也出口了许多隐含碳排放。导致中国在商品贸易方面处于顺差,但在碳排放方面则处于逆差。这些隐含碳消耗了中国的大量能源、排放了大量CO2,而这些能源和CO2却全部附着在出口产品和相应的服务上,并最终销售到美国等国外市场,即由美国等外国消费者消费了大量目前统计在中国的能源和碳排放。因此,在开发经济条件下,以前基于生产的碳排放的统计体系应该在新时期作出适当的调整。
第六章主要对中国参与中美气候与能源合作中碳排放量快速上升的原因进行了分析,并提出了中国参与中美气候变化和能源合作应采取的措施。低碳经济时代,中美气候与能源合作是大势所趋,中美应进一步加强气候与能源合作。
论文通过对当前的热点问题低碳经济时代中美气候与能源合作的新进展和存在的分歧进行了系统性分析,可以看出发展低碳经济可以达到应对气候变化和实现能源安全的双重目的。中美两国作为化石能源生产和消费大国,对全球气候变暖负有巨大责任,两国开展气候与能源合作不仅必要,而且可以实现双方的互利互补。当然,我们也应看到,发展低碳经济涉及各国之间和国家内部各种利益关系的调整,这就决定了中美两国气候与能源合作的过程必然充满矛盾、分歧和冲突,在整个合作过程中各方激烈博弈在所难免。当双方产生意见分歧、存在矛盾时,需要双方加强沟通和理解,彼此照顾对方的核心利益,求大同存小异,从维护中美经贸关系发展的大局出发,按照《联合国气候变化框架公约》“共同但有区别的责任”原则,努力通过协商使矛盾得到解决,而不应动辄搞贸易报复或采取贸易保护主义。在经济全球化不断向前发展、中美经贸关系已发展成为当今世界最为重要也最为复杂的双边关系的条件下,中美两国和则两利多赢,斗则两败俱伤。
Climate change has become a hot issue of the world. Since the industrial revolution, human using lots of fossil fuels led to a sharp increase of emissions of greenhouse gases and caused warming of the globe. Global warming caused a lot of extreme natural events such as floods, droughts, sea level rise and the reduction of biodiversity, which are changing the global ecological system and threatening life and development of people. Development of low carbon economy and new energy can mitigate global warming. China and the United States, as the world's largest consumers of energy and the largest emitters of greenhouse gases, have become the focus of the world. The two countries also face enormous pressure on greenhouse gas mitigation. On one hand, the two countries need to cooperate to reduce climate change and to ensure energy security, on the other hand, the climate change and energy of the cooperation Sino-U.S. can reduce the nective effects of global climate change by a lots of emission of greenhouse gas and reach agreement of global climate change. This will contribute economic development and energy security and stability of China and the United States and build the solid relation of Sino-US and to deal with the strategic challenges of the two countries in the twenty-first century. The dissertation composes of six chapters.
The Chapter 1 introduces the research background and the research significance, the domestic and overseas research progress in this area, the research content, the research method and the research innovation.
The Chapter 2 discusses the major theories and principles of Sino-U.S. climate change and energy cooperation in the era of low carbon economy. As a global important issue, climate change relates to reducing of greenhouse gas emission which connects the public goods. Greenhouse gas has properties of public goods which involves the "the tragedy of the commons" problem. This article analyzes climate change "tragedy of the commons" by use of models of greenhouse gas emission, and then conclude that if countries should cooperate to overcome the "tragedy of the commons", greenhouse gas emissions need to internalize the externality theory economics so that the public goods propertie of greenhouse gas emissions achieves the internalization which thereby reduces the over-use public goods properties of greenhouse gas emissions. Cooperation in Sino-U.S. climate change and energy is intertwined with the interests and disputes of game of both parties. On the basis of game theory models, the dissertation leads the game analysis of the funds and technical support and the carbon tariff which the Uinted Stated will impose which involved in the Sino-US energy cooperation and climate change. The conclusion of game analysis is that the United States should be support technical and financial to the development countries such as China so that these countries will participate to reduce the global greenhouse gas emissions. Sino-US game about the United States plans to impose carbon tariffs depends on the effect of carbon tariffs on the development China's economy and the bargaining ability of both sides. As Countries at different stages of economic development result in vary of carbon emissions considerably, Kuznets curve of carbon emissions well explains the relation between economic development stage and carbon emissions of the United States and China. Because China and the United States were at different stages of EKC carbon emissions, commitments carbon emission reduction of both sides should be different. Being crossed the per-capita carbon emissions of EKC, the United States should reduce total and per capita carbon emissions. Only being crossed carbon emissions intensity stage, China can not afford to reduce the amount of carbon emissions, but may reduce the relative amount namely per GDP carbon emissions. The cooperation of climate change and energy between China and the United States should adhere to principles of sustainable development, of "common but differentiated responsibilities" and of equitable sharing of carbon emissions.
The Chapter 3 discusses the situation of Sino-US cooperation on climate and energy. The climate change has caused serious adverse effects in the world and in the United States and in China. Facing these adverse effects, both countries of China and the United States need to develop low carbon economy in order to overcome the challenges of climate change and energy security. Both countries have developed plans and regulations, etc. of low-carbon economy which provide the foundation for the Sino-U.S. climate change and energy cooperation. Therefore, China and the United States developed a series of bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the fields of climate change and energy. Especially in 2009, intensive diplomatic climate and energy has been conducted between the two countries which laid the foundation for deepening cooperation of climate change and energy.
The Chapter 4 analyzes the differences and conflicts on climate change and energy cooperation in Sino-U.S. especially on climate change. China and the United State have the distrust of each other in the long time. The two countries mainly have many differences and conflicts on absolution or relative amount of reducing carbon emissions of China's, on the technology and financial support and which link to the measurable, reportable and verifiable, on the" common but differentiated responsibilities " priciples and on the United States intending to impose carbon tariffs, etc.
The Chapter 5 further empirical analyzes the CO2 embodiment in exports of China to the United States and other countries based on the differences. With climate change being a global important issue, embodied carbon emissions is more and more paying close attention in academia in recent years. In this dissertation, we focus on using input-output and empirical analyze the embodied carbon in export of China to America.The conclusion is that China, as one of "world factory", with the rapid development of foreign trade in recent years, has a large number of export products, as well as exporting a lot of embodied carbon emissions which led in surplus of the merchandise trade, but deficit in embodied carbon emissions. These embodied carbon consumed a lot of energy and emitted large amount of CO2 of China which are all attached to the export pruducts and corresponding services, but eventually sold to the Uinted States and other foreign countries. The consumers in America and in other developed countries use a lot of energy and carbon emissions which are currently counted into the statistics of China. Therefore, in the open economy, the statistical system of embodied carbon based on producting should be adjusted in new period.
The Chapter 6 analyses the reasons of carbon emissions rising rapid on China's participation the Sino-US cooperation on climate change and energy then puts forward measures to be taken by China. In the end, in era of low carbon economy, the Sino-U.S. cooperation in climate change and energy is the trend so that the climate change and energy cooperation between China and the United States should be further strengthened.
The dissertation has a systematic analysis on current hot issues of the climate change and energy cooperation and the differences between China and the United States in era of low carbon economy. We can see that low carbon economy can achieve a dual purpose on climate change and energy security. China and the U.S., as large countries of fossil energy consumers and producers, have a huge responsibility to deal with climate change and energy cooperation in order to reduce global warming. The cooperation of the two countries in climate and energy is not only necessary but can achieve mutually beneficial complement to each other. Of course, we should also see that development of low-carbon economy involves in national interests within the various adjustments between the two countries, which determines the two countries in process of cooperation of climate and energy will inevitably full of contradictions, differences and conflicts. When the two countries have disagreements and conflicts, they need to strengthen communication and understanding with each other to take care of each other's core interests and seek common ground to protect the overall situation from Sino-US economic and trade relations in accordance with the "common but differentiated principle" of "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" to reduce differences and contradictions. The two countries should not easily engage in trade retaliation and resort trade protectionism. With the development of economic globalization, economic and trade relations in Sino-US have developed into the world's most important and most complex bilateral relations which the two countries benefits both win, fighting both sides will suffer.
全文共六章。
第一章为绪论,首先介绍了本文的写作背景及选题的意义,然后对本文涉及的国内外研究现状进行了分析,进而阐述了本文的写作思路、研究方法、文章结构及主要创新点。
第二章主要论述了低碳经济时代中美气候与能源合作所涉及的主要理论和原则。气候变化问题作为全球关注的重要问题,各国必须采取措施减少温室气体排放。温室气体排放具有公共物品属性,从而涉及到“公地悲剧”问题。本文用气候模型分析了气候变化的“公地悲剧”问题。要克服温室气体排放“公地悲剧”,就需要各国合作,使温室气体排放的外部性实现内部化,从而减少其过度使用的问题。中美气候与能源合作交织着双方的利益和纠纷的博弈。本文在基本博弈模型的基础上,对中美气候与能源合作中温室气体减排所涉及的资金或技术支持问题和美国拟征收碳关税问题进行了博弈分析,得出美国应向中国等发展中国家提供技术和资金支持,从而使中国更有意愿参与而且能够参与全球温室气体减排。对于美国拟征收的碳关税,中美博弈结果取决于美国征收碳关税对中国经济的影响程度及双方的谈判能力。由于各国经济发展阶段不同,碳排放也存在很大差异,碳排放的库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)很好地对美国和中国的经济发展阶段与碳排放关系进行了说明,即中国和美国分别处于碳排放EKC的不同阶段,双方的碳减排承诺也应有所区别。美国因跨越了EKC人均排放峰值,因此美国应在碳排放总量和人均碳排放量方面进行减排,中国只跨越了碳排放强度峰值,但还未达到人均排放峰值,目前还不能承担碳排放的总量减排,但应在碳排放相对量(即单位GDP碳排放)方面承诺减排。在中美气候与能源合作中,双方应坚持可持续发展原则,“共同但有区别的责任”原则和碳排放的公平分担原则。
第三章主要论述了中美气候与能源合作的现状。气候变化对世界及中美都造成了严重的不利影响,面对这种不利影响,中美两国必须发展低碳经济。为了应对气候变化和能源安全的挑战,中美两国已经制定了发展低碳经济计划、法规等,为中美气候与能源合作提供了基础。为此,中美两国在气候和能源领域开展了一系列的双边和多边合作,尤其从2009年以来,中美两国进行了密集的气候外交,为两国气候与能源深化合作奠定了坚实的基础。
第四章主要论述了中美双方在能源和气候变化领域存在的分歧和矛盾,重点分析了中美双方在气候变化领域存在的分歧。中美双方对对方的不信任长期存在,表现在气候变化领域,双方主要在中国应在碳排放的绝对量还是相对量减排方面、在应对气候变化的技术资金支持方面及其与“三可”(可测量、可报告、可核实)挂钩方面、在对“共同但有区别的责任”原则理解方面以及在美国拟征收碳关税等方面的存在许多分歧。
第五章进一步实证分析了基于分歧的中国对美等国家出口产品隐含碳排放。随着应对气候变化问题在全球的升温,学术界近年来对隐含碳排放的关注也越来越多。本文在现有理论的基础上,运用投入产出分析工具,实证分析了中国对美国出口产品的隐含碳排放。从而得出,中国作为“世界工厂”,随着对外贸易的迅速发展,中国在大量出口产品的同时也出口了许多隐含碳排放。导致中国在商品贸易方面处于顺差,但在碳排放方面则处于逆差。这些隐含碳消耗了中国的大量能源、排放了大量CO2,而这些能源和CO2却全部附着在出口产品和相应的服务上,并最终销售到美国等国外市场,即由美国等外国消费者消费了大量目前统计在中国的能源和碳排放。因此,在开发经济条件下,以前基于生产的碳排放的统计体系应该在新时期作出适当的调整。
第六章主要对中国参与中美气候与能源合作中碳排放量快速上升的原因进行了分析,并提出了中国参与中美气候变化和能源合作应采取的措施。低碳经济时代,中美气候与能源合作是大势所趋,中美应进一步加强气候与能源合作。
论文通过对当前的热点问题低碳经济时代中美气候与能源合作的新进展和存在的分歧进行了系统性分析,可以看出发展低碳经济可以达到应对气候变化和实现能源安全的双重目的。中美两国作为化石能源生产和消费大国,对全球气候变暖负有巨大责任,两国开展气候与能源合作不仅必要,而且可以实现双方的互利互补。当然,我们也应看到,发展低碳经济涉及各国之间和国家内部各种利益关系的调整,这就决定了中美两国气候与能源合作的过程必然充满矛盾、分歧和冲突,在整个合作过程中各方激烈博弈在所难免。当双方产生意见分歧、存在矛盾时,需要双方加强沟通和理解,彼此照顾对方的核心利益,求大同存小异,从维护中美经贸关系发展的大局出发,按照《联合国气候变化框架公约》“共同但有区别的责任”原则,努力通过协商使矛盾得到解决,而不应动辄搞贸易报复或采取贸易保护主义。在经济全球化不断向前发展、中美经贸关系已发展成为当今世界最为重要也最为复杂的双边关系的条件下,中美两国和则两利多赢,斗则两败俱伤。
Climate change has become a hot issue of the world. Since the industrial revolution, human using lots of fossil fuels led to a sharp increase of emissions of greenhouse gases and caused warming of the globe. Global warming caused a lot of extreme natural events such as floods, droughts, sea level rise and the reduction of biodiversity, which are changing the global ecological system and threatening life and development of people. Development of low carbon economy and new energy can mitigate global warming. China and the United States, as the world's largest consumers of energy and the largest emitters of greenhouse gases, have become the focus of the world. The two countries also face enormous pressure on greenhouse gas mitigation. On one hand, the two countries need to cooperate to reduce climate change and to ensure energy security, on the other hand, the climate change and energy of the cooperation Sino-U.S. can reduce the nective effects of global climate change by a lots of emission of greenhouse gas and reach agreement of global climate change. This will contribute economic development and energy security and stability of China and the United States and build the solid relation of Sino-US and to deal with the strategic challenges of the two countries in the twenty-first century. The dissertation composes of six chapters.
The Chapter 1 introduces the research background and the research significance, the domestic and overseas research progress in this area, the research content, the research method and the research innovation.
The Chapter 2 discusses the major theories and principles of Sino-U.S. climate change and energy cooperation in the era of low carbon economy. As a global important issue, climate change relates to reducing of greenhouse gas emission which connects the public goods. Greenhouse gas has properties of public goods which involves the "the tragedy of the commons" problem. This article analyzes climate change "tragedy of the commons" by use of models of greenhouse gas emission, and then conclude that if countries should cooperate to overcome the "tragedy of the commons", greenhouse gas emissions need to internalize the externality theory economics so that the public goods propertie of greenhouse gas emissions achieves the internalization which thereby reduces the over-use public goods properties of greenhouse gas emissions. Cooperation in Sino-U.S. climate change and energy is intertwined with the interests and disputes of game of both parties. On the basis of game theory models, the dissertation leads the game analysis of the funds and technical support and the carbon tariff which the Uinted Stated will impose which involved in the Sino-US energy cooperation and climate change. The conclusion of game analysis is that the United States should be support technical and financial to the development countries such as China so that these countries will participate to reduce the global greenhouse gas emissions. Sino-US game about the United States plans to impose carbon tariffs depends on the effect of carbon tariffs on the development China's economy and the bargaining ability of both sides. As Countries at different stages of economic development result in vary of carbon emissions considerably, Kuznets curve of carbon emissions well explains the relation between economic development stage and carbon emissions of the United States and China. Because China and the United States were at different stages of EKC carbon emissions, commitments carbon emission reduction of both sides should be different. Being crossed the per-capita carbon emissions of EKC, the United States should reduce total and per capita carbon emissions. Only being crossed carbon emissions intensity stage, China can not afford to reduce the amount of carbon emissions, but may reduce the relative amount namely per GDP carbon emissions. The cooperation of climate change and energy between China and the United States should adhere to principles of sustainable development, of "common but differentiated responsibilities" and of equitable sharing of carbon emissions.
The Chapter 3 discusses the situation of Sino-US cooperation on climate and energy. The climate change has caused serious adverse effects in the world and in the United States and in China. Facing these adverse effects, both countries of China and the United States need to develop low carbon economy in order to overcome the challenges of climate change and energy security. Both countries have developed plans and regulations, etc. of low-carbon economy which provide the foundation for the Sino-U.S. climate change and energy cooperation. Therefore, China and the United States developed a series of bilateral and multilateral cooperation in the fields of climate change and energy. Especially in 2009, intensive diplomatic climate and energy has been conducted between the two countries which laid the foundation for deepening cooperation of climate change and energy.
The Chapter 4 analyzes the differences and conflicts on climate change and energy cooperation in Sino-U.S. especially on climate change. China and the United State have the distrust of each other in the long time. The two countries mainly have many differences and conflicts on absolution or relative amount of reducing carbon emissions of China's, on the technology and financial support and which link to the measurable, reportable and verifiable, on the" common but differentiated responsibilities " priciples and on the United States intending to impose carbon tariffs, etc.
The Chapter 5 further empirical analyzes the CO2 embodiment in exports of China to the United States and other countries based on the differences. With climate change being a global important issue, embodied carbon emissions is more and more paying close attention in academia in recent years. In this dissertation, we focus on using input-output and empirical analyze the embodied carbon in export of China to America.The conclusion is that China, as one of "world factory", with the rapid development of foreign trade in recent years, has a large number of export products, as well as exporting a lot of embodied carbon emissions which led in surplus of the merchandise trade, but deficit in embodied carbon emissions. These embodied carbon consumed a lot of energy and emitted large amount of CO2 of China which are all attached to the export pruducts and corresponding services, but eventually sold to the Uinted States and other foreign countries. The consumers in America and in other developed countries use a lot of energy and carbon emissions which are currently counted into the statistics of China. Therefore, in the open economy, the statistical system of embodied carbon based on producting should be adjusted in new period.
The Chapter 6 analyses the reasons of carbon emissions rising rapid on China's participation the Sino-US cooperation on climate change and energy then puts forward measures to be taken by China. In the end, in era of low carbon economy, the Sino-U.S. cooperation in climate change and energy is the trend so that the climate change and energy cooperation between China and the United States should be further strengthened.
The dissertation has a systematic analysis on current hot issues of the climate change and energy cooperation and the differences between China and the United States in era of low carbon economy. We can see that low carbon economy can achieve a dual purpose on climate change and energy security. China and the U.S., as large countries of fossil energy consumers and producers, have a huge responsibility to deal with climate change and energy cooperation in order to reduce global warming. The cooperation of the two countries in climate and energy is not only necessary but can achieve mutually beneficial complement to each other. Of course, we should also see that development of low-carbon economy involves in national interests within the various adjustments between the two countries, which determines the two countries in process of cooperation of climate and energy will inevitably full of contradictions, differences and conflicts. When the two countries have disagreements and conflicts, they need to strengthen communication and understanding with each other to take care of each other's core interests and seek common ground to protect the overall situation from Sino-US economic and trade relations in accordance with the "common but differentiated principle" of "United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change" to reduce differences and contradictions. The two countries should not easily engage in trade retaliation and resort trade protectionism. With the development of economic globalization, economic and trade relations in Sino-US have developed into the world's most important and most complex bilateral relations which the two countries benefits both win, fighting both sides will suffer.
引文
[1]保罗·萨缪尔森,威廉·诺德豪斯著,萧琛译,经济学,[M],人民邮电出版社,2004年版
[2]边永民,贸易措施在减排温室气体制度安排中的作用,[J],南京大学学报,2009(1)
[3]曹静,走低碳发展之路：中国碳税政策的设计及CGE模型分析,[J],金融研究,2009(12)
[4]陈刚,京都议定书与国际气候合作,[M],新华出版社,2008年版
[5]陈红敏,包含工业过程产业部门隐含碳研究,[J],中国人口·资源与环境,2008(3)
[6]陈诗一,能源消耗、二氧化碳排放与中国工业的可持续发展,[J],经济研究,2009(4)
[7]陈迎,国际环境制度的发展与改革,[J],世界经济与政治,2004(4)
[8]陈迎潘家华谢来辉,中国外贸进出口商品的内涵能源及其政策含义,[J],经济研究,2008(7)
[9]陈凯先,等,气候变化严重威胁人类健康,[J],科学对社会的影响,2008(1)
[10]崔大鹏,国际气候合作的政治经济学分析,[M],商务出版社,2003年版
[11]崔成,美国气候变化政策对未来中美能源合作的潜在影响,[J],国际石油经济,2009(7)
[12]段红霞,气候变化经济学和气候政策,[J],经济学家,2009(8)
[13]段红霞,低碳经济发展的驱动机制探析,[J],当代经济研究,2010(2)
[14]段红霞,国际低碳发展的趋势和中国气候政策的选择,[J],国际问题研究,2010(1)
[15]董勤,巴厘岛会议后的美国气候外交策略,[J],法制与社会,2009(1)
[16]董勤,美国气候变化政策分析,[J],现代国际关系,2007(11)
[17]社评,中美“共治世界”新诠释,[N],联合早报,2009年12月18日
[18]付加峰、高庆先,中国国际贸易中的内涵CO2排放及其空间特征,[J], 资源开发与市场,2009(7)
[19]付允、马永欢、刘怡君、牛文元,低碳经济的发展模式研究,[J],中国人口·资源与环境,2008(3)
[20]甘恢运,美国对气候问题的态度分析——基于趋利避害原则的视角,[J],民风,2008(11)
[21]高鹏飞,陈文颖,碳税与碳排放,[J],清华大学学报(自然科学版),2002(10)
[22]龚伟,奥巴马政府气候变化与能源政策评析,[J],中共杭州市委党校学报,2009(2)
[23]国家发展与改革委员会：中国应对气候变化的政策好行动——2009年度报告,2009年11月
[24]郭印、王敏杰,国际低碳经济发展现状及趋势,[J],生态经济,2009(11)
[25]胡芳,环保和能源专家何平博士谈美国新能源战略及中国的对策,[N],经济参考报,2009年04月17日
[26]黄卫平、宋晓恒,应对气候变化挑战的全球合作框架思考——写在哥本哈根会议开幕之际,[J],经济理论与经济管理,2010(1)
[27]黄卫华、曹荣湘,气候变化：发展与减排的困局——国外气候变化研究述评,[J],经济社会体制比较,2010(1)
[28]何建坤、苏明山,应对全球气候变化下的碳生产率分析,[J],生态环境与保护,2010(2)
[29]胡锦涛,胡锦涛主席在联合国气候变化峰会上的讲话,2009年9月23日
[30]胡亮、潘厉,国际贸易、外国直接投资、经济增长对环境质量的影响——基于环境库茨涅茨曲线研究的回顾与展望,[J],国际贸易问题,2007(10)
[31]侯文蕙,20世纪90年代的美国环境保护运动和环境保护主义,[J],世界历史,2000(6)
[32]华强森,中美为什么应在清洁能源领域建立伙伴关系,[J],麦肯锡季刊,2009 (10), http://www.cesd-sass.org/climate/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=2340
[33]吉尔平·罗伯特著,杨宇光译,国际关系的政治经济学, [M],经济科学出版社,1989年版
[34]江家驷,中美气候变化合作在金融危机中创造双赢,[J],绿叶,2009(5)
[35]康芒斯·约翰著,于树生译,制度经济学, [M],商务印书馆,1994年版
[36]康晓,利益认知与国际规范的国内化——以中国对国际气候合作规范的内化为例,[J],世界经济与政治,2010(1)
[37]李丽萍,任勇,田秀春,国际贸易视角下的中国碳排放责任分析,[J],环境保护,2008(3B)
[38]李海东,从边缘到中心：美国气候变化政策的演变,[J],美国研究,2009(2)
[39]李向阳,全球气候变化规则与世界经济的发展趋势,[J],国际经济评论,2010(1)
[40]李强,后京都时代美国参与国际气候合作原因的理性解读,[J],理论导刊,2009(3)
[41]李威,论中国在气候谈判中有关资金技术的博弈策略,[J],绿叶,2009(10)
[42]林云华,国际气候合作与排放权交易制度研究,[M],中国经济出版社,2007年版
[43]林伯强、姚昕、刘希颖,节能和碳排放约束下的中国能源结构战略调整,[J],中国社会科学,2010(1)
[44]刘强、庄幸、姜克隽、韩文科,中国出口贸易中的载能量及碳排放量分析,[J],中国工业经济,2008(8)
[45]刘小川、王曾涛,二氧化碳减排政策比较以及我国的优化选择,[J],生态环境与保护,2010(2)
[46]罗堃,我国污染密集型工业品贸易的环境效应研究,[J],国际贸易问题,2007(10)
[47]马涛,中国对外贸易中的生态要素流分析-从生态经济学视角看贸易与环境问题,[M],复旦大学出版社,2007年版
[48]马建英,中国气候威胁论的深层悖论——以内涵能源概念的导入为例,[J],世界经济与政治论坛,2009(3)
[49]牛海霞、罗希晨,我国加工贸易污染排放实证分析,[J],国际贸易问题,2009(2)
[50]欧训民、张希良、王若水,低碳环境友好技术国际转移博弈论研究,[J],中国人口·资源与环境,2009(3)
[5l]潘家华,持续发展途径的经济学分析,[M],中国人民大学出版社,1997年版
[52]潘家华,减缓气候变化的经济与政治影响极其地区差异,[J],世界经济与政治,2003(6)
[53]潘家华、陈迎,碳预算方案：一个公平、可持续的国际气候制度框架,[J],中国社会科学,2009(5)
[54]齐绍洲、李楷,发展中国家经济增长与能源消费强度收敛的实证分析,[J],世界经济研究,2010(2)
[55]齐晔、李惠民、徐明,中国进出口贸易中的隐含碳估算,[J],中国人口·资源与环境,2008(18)
[56]钱德瑞,解开死结：美中合作应对气候变化,[J],政策简报,2008(4)
[57]钱易、唐孝严,环境保护与可持续发展,[M],高等教育出版社,2000年版
[58]曲建升、张志强、曾静静,气候变化科学研究的国际发展态势分析,[J],科学观察,2008(3)
[59]邵峰,国际气候谈判中的国家利益和中国的方略,[J],国际问题研究,2005(4)
[60]世界经济论坛加快智能电网投资,国研网,http://www.drcnet.com.cn/ DRCNET Channel.Web/,2009-9-28
[61]沈平,哥本哈根气候峰会的“中美因素”,[D],星岛环球网2009年12月7日,http://www.stnn.cc
[62]FT社评,直接领导人必须为气候变化达成协议,[N],英国金融时报,2009年12月17日
[63]孙晓胜、孟宁,近三年单位GDP能耗累计下降10.1%,[N],中国证券报,2009年5月23日
[64]宋杰,气候环境贸易议题纠结哥本哈根谈判艰巨,[N],信报财经新闻,2009年10月13日
[65]滕海键,简论20世纪80年代初里根政府的“反环境”政策,[J],西南 大学学报(社会科学版),2007(11)
[66]滕海键,试论20世纪60-70年代的美国环境保护运动,[J],内蒙古大学学报(人文社会科学版),2006(7)
[67]全球变化与经济发展项目课题组,美国温室气体减排方案及其影响,[J],世界经济与政治,2002(8)
[68]王前军,国际环境合作问题分析,[M],中国环境科学出版社,2007年版,
[69]王家诚,中国能源效率与节能战略措施,[J],中国战略观察,2006(12)
[70]魏本勇、方修琦、王媛、杨会民、张迪,基于投入产出分析的中国国际贸易碳排放研究,[J],北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009(4)
[71]温家宝,在第十届全国人民代表大会第五次会议上的《政府工作报告》,2007年3月5日
[72]温家宝,推进应对气候变化进程,[N],人民日报,2009年12月19日
[73]文佳筠,单边碳关税与知识产权：全球气候合作的两大障碍,[J],绿叶,2009(10)
[74]吴巧生、金炬,突破能源约束的国际比较及对中国的启示,[J],世界经济导刊,2008(7)
[75]吴磊,能源安全与中美关系：竞争·冲突·合作,[M],中国社会科学出版社,2009年版
[76]武汉百湖之友清洁发展环境组织(NGO)护湖少侠总干事, 《低碳中国(2010-2050)清洁发展战略报告》(第一部)——“幸福中国”之“低碳软着陆”,[D],中国电力新闻网,http://www.china5e.com/show.php?contentid=78826
[77]肖炼,中美“利益攸关”的能源合作,[J],国际贸易,2008(2)
[78]肖炼,中美能源合作前景及对策——改善能源安全和保护环境,[M],世界知识出版社,2008年版
[79]夏立平,美国国际能源战略与中美能源合作,[J],当代亚太,2005(1)
[80]习近平,携手推进亚洲绿色发展和可持续发展,新华网http://news. Xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-04/10/c_1225999.htm
[8l]解振华,应对气候变化工作情况报告,2009年8月24日
[82]亚洲协会美中关系中心、皮尤全球气候变化中心,中美能源与气候变化合作路线图,[J],2009年1月
[83]闫云凤、杨来科,中美贸易与气候变化——基于投入产出法的分析,[J],世界经济研究,2009(7)
[84]闫云凤、杨来科,金融危机与我国低碳贸易的发展, [J],上海财经大学学报,2010(1)
[85]杨潇、李扬帆、尹荣尧、孙翔、朱晓东,“十二五”环境规划中应对气候变化问题的思考,[J],中国人口·资源与环境,2010(2)
[86]杨洁勉,世界气候外交和中国的应对,[M],时事出版社,2009年版
[87]姚仲枝,中国贸易结构的变动：2001-2008,[J],国际经济评论,2008(6)
[88]于宏源,整合气候和经济危机的全球治理：气候谈判新发展研究,[J],世界经济研究,2009(7)
[89]俞海山,环境成本内在化的贸易效应分析——兼论近年我国出口关税调整政策,[J],财贸经济,2009(1)
[90]俞正梁,当代国际关系导论,[M],复旦大学出版社,1996年版
[91]张春华,低碳经济：气候变化背景下的发展之路,[J],WTO经济导刊,2009(2)
[92]张健,中美合作应对气候变化的前景,[J],绿叶,2009(8)
[93]张捷,依靠法理赢得碳排放博弈主动权,[J],绿叶,2009(12)
[94]张利军,中美关于应对气候变化的协商与合作,[M],世界知识出版社,2008年版
[95]张海滨,环境与国际关系全球环境问题的理性思考,[M],上海人民出版社,2008年版
[96]张海滨,中美应对气候变化合作：现状与未来,[J],绿叶,2007(12)
[97]张海滨,气候变化正在塑造21世纪的国际政治,[J],绿叶,2009(6)
[98]张海滨,美国关于气候变化对国家安全影响的研究述评,[J],气候变化研究进展,2009(5)
[99]张新颖,我国能源价格政策之分析与展望,[J],海外贸易,2008(1)
[100]张志洲,中国国际话语权的困局与出路,[J],绿叶,2009(5)
[101]赵晓丽、洪东悦,中国对外贸易对能源消费的影响：基于结构因素分解法的分析,[J],财贸经济,2009(9)
[102]张琳、何炼成、王凯,能源消费与中国经济增长的动态关系研究,[J], 开发研究,2009(3)
[103]张维迎,博弈论与信息经济学,[M],三联书店和上海人民出版社,1996年版
[104]赵行姝,美国气候政策转向的政治经济学解释,[J],当代亚太,2008(6)
[105]郑玉琳,多边贸易体制下的贸易与环境,[M],中国社会科学出版社,2008年版
[106]周琪,奥巴马政府的气候变化政府动向,[J],世界经济评论,2009(3-4)
[107]政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第四次评估报告,气候变化2007综合报告,[M],政府间气候变化专门委员会出版,2008年
[108]中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组,中国可持续发展战略报告——探索中国特色的低碳道路,[M],科学出版社,2009年版
[109]中国国家统计局,2008年中国国民经济和社会发展统计公报,2008年3月
[110]中国国家统计局,2009年中国国民经济和社会发展统计公报,2009年3月
[111]中国国家发展和改革委员会编制：《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,2007年6月,http://www.xinhuanet.com/
[112]中国国家发展和改革委员会, 《落实巴厘路线图——中国政府关于哥本哈根气候变化会议的立场》,2009年5月20日,ttp://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbqt/2009qt/t20090521_280387.htm
[113]朱周良,我国对外贸易结构变化不利于节能降耗,[N],上海证券报,2007年11月8日
[114]朱周良,达成协议预期空前高涨倒逼富国切实履行义务,[N],上海证券报,2009年12月08日
[115]左玉辉,环境经济学,[M],高等教育出版社,2003年版
[116]Aaron Cosbey (2008),"Border Carbon Adjustment", [J], International Institute for Sustainable development",August 2008
[117]Ahmad N.,Wyckoff A., "Carbon Dioxide Emissions Embidied in International Trade of Goods", [D],OECE STI Working Paper,2003,(15)
[118]Alistair Fnulph, "Environment Policy Instruments and Imperfectly Competitive International Trade", [J], Environmental and Resource Economics, June,1996
[119]Anqing Shi. "The Impact of Population Pressure on Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions,1975-1996:Evidence from Pooled Crosscountry Data", [J], Ecological Economics 44,2003,pp29-42.
[121]An Feng and Amanda Sauer, "Comparison of Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy and GHG Emission Standards Around the World," The Pew Center on Global Climate Change, December 2004. http://www. pewclimate. org/global-warming-indepth/all_reports/fuel_economy.
[122]Anteweilier W.,Copeland B.R. Taylor M.S., "Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?"[J]
[123]Bin Shui, Robert C. Harriss, "The role of CO2 embodiment in US-China trade. Energy Policy", [J],2006 (34):4063-4069.
[124]BP.2009. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2009. http://www.bp.com.
[125]Brian R. Copeland and M. Scott Taylor, "International Trade and the Encironment:A Franework for Analysis", [D], NBER Working Paper, No. 8540,October,2001
[126]Copeland B.R.,Taylor M.S., "Trade and Transboundary Pollution",[J], American Economic Review,1995,(4),716-737
[127]Doran.K,"United States Climate Policy:Using Market-based Strategies to Achieve Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions", [J], Enwironmental and Energy Law and Policy Journal,3,2008, pp31-83
[128]D.Bodansky, S. Chou and C.Jorge-Tresolini, "International Climate Efforts beyond 2012,"[J], Pew Center in Global Climate Change, Dec.2004, http//www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/2012%20new.pdf Accessed on July 2,2009.
[129]Electric Power Annual and Energy Information ministration "Planned Nameplate Capacity Additions from New Generators, by Energy Source",
U.S. Department of Energy,October 22,2007, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p4.html.
[130]Erik B.Bluemel, "Regional Regulatory Initiatives Addressing GHG Leakage" in the USA.2008.
[131]Energy Information Administration, "International Energy Outlook 2007," Chapter 5, U.S. Department of Energy, May 2007, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html.
[132]Flynt Leverett and Jeffrey Bader,"Managing China-U.S.Energy Competition in the Middle East",The Washington Quarterly,2006,29:1 pp.187-201.
[133]Frankhauser,Samuel,Richard,et al. "Extensions and Alteratives to Climate Change Impact Valuation:On the Critique of IPCC Working Group Ⅲ's Impact Estimate",Environment and Development Economics,1998(3):59-81
[134]Halvorssen,A.M, "UNFCCC,The Kyoto Protocal,and the WTO-brewing Conflicts are They Mutually Supportive?"Dencer Journal of International Law and Policy,36,pp.369-378,2008
[135]House of representatives of the U.S.,"American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009"
[136]Hoel,Michael,"International Enwironmental Conventions:The Case of Uniform Reductions of Emissions",Encironmental and Resource Economies,1992(2): 141-159
[137]IEA,CO2 Emission from Fuel Combustion, Paris:OECD Publishing,2008
[138]Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), "4th Assessment Report, Working Group I, Summary for Policy Makers," 2007. Parts per million is the ratio of the number of greenhouse gas molecules to the total number of molecules of dry air.
[139]Jiang Lin, Nan Zhou, Mark Levine, and David Fridley, "Taking Out 1 Billion Tons of CO2:The Magic of China's 11th Five Year Plan?", Energy Policy, no.36,2008.
[140]J. Andrew Hoerner, Frank Muller(1996) "Carbon taxes for climate protection in a competitive world", A paper prepared for the Swiss Federal Office for Foreign Economic Affairs
[141]Janssen M, De Vries,"The Battle of Perpectives:A Multi-agent Model with Adaptive Response to Climate Change"[J].Ecology Economies,26:43-45,1998,.
[142]Manne, Alan-S.,Richard·Richels, "Buying Greenhouse Insurance:The Economic Cost of CO2 Emission Limits",Cambridge,M.A.:The MIT Press,1992,24-30
[143]Nakano S.,Okamura A.,Sakurai N., Suzuki M., Tijo Y., Yamano N., "The Measurement of CO2 Embodiments in International Trade:Evidence from the Harmonised Input-Output and Bilateral Trade Database", [D], OECE STI Working Paper,2009(3)
[144]Nicholas, "The Economics of Climate Change:The Stern Review",Cambrige University Press,2007
[145]Peters, G., Weber, C. "China's Growing CO2 Emissions:A Race between Increasing Consumption and Efficiency Gains", [J],Environmental Science &Technology,2007 (17) 5939-5944,
[146]Pan Jiahua, "Fufilling Basic Development Needs with Low Emission-China's Challenges and Opportunities for a Building a Post-2012 Climate Regime, " Taishi Sugiyama., Governing Climate:The Struggle for a Global Framework beyond Kyoto, International Institute for Sustainable Development(IISD),2005
[147]Robert O. Keohane, "After Hegement:Cooperation and dissordd in the World Political Economy",[J], Princeton University Press,51-52,1984
[148]Schaeffer,"The embodiment of carbon associated with Brazilian imports and exports",[J], Energy Conversion and Management,1996 (37):9552960.
[149]Shrum T., "Greenhouse Gas Emissions:Policy and Economics",Energy Plicy,2007
[150]Stern Yearley, "Sociology and Climate Change after Kyoto,What Roles for Social Science in Unerstanding Climate Change?",Current Sociology,57(3),389-405
[151]Wang T., Wason J., "Who Owns China's Carton Emissions?",Tyndall Center for Climate Change Research, Sussex,UK.2007
[152]William R. Cline,1992,"The Economics of Global Warming", the United State of America,01 00 99 654,ISBN 0-88132-132-X (paper)
[153]Wyckoff, A. W, Roop, J. M., "The embodiment of carbon inimports of manufactured p roducts". Energy Policy,1994(22):1872194.
[154]Xianbing Liu, Masanobu Ishikawa, Can Wang, Yanli Dong, Wenling Liu,,Analyses of CO2 Emissions Embodied in Japan-China Trade, 2009,http://www.docin.com/p-46353145.html
[155]Xu Shisen, "Green Coal-based Power Generation for Tomorrow's Power," Thermal Power Research Institute, presentation to the APEC Energy Working Group: Expert Group on Clean Fossil Energy, Lampang, Thailand, February 24,2006.
[156]Xianbing Liu, Masanobu Ishikawa, Can Wang, Yanli Dong, Wenling Liu, "Analyses of CO2 Emissions Embodied in Japan-China Trade", 2008,http://www.docin.com/p-46353145.html
[157]Yuezhou Cai,Raymond Riezman,John Whalley, "International Trade and the Feasibility of Global Climate Change Agreements",[J],2009 (1)
[158]You Li, C. N. Hewitt,"The effect of trade between China and the UK on national and global carbon dioxide emissions", [J],Energy Policy,2008 (36): 190721914
①中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组,中国可持续发展战略报告——探索中国特色的低碳道路,科学出版社,2009年版,第4页
①保罗·萨缪尔森,威廉·诺德豪斯著,萧琛译,经济学,[M],人民邮电出版社,2004年版
① Robert O. Keohane(1984),After Hegement:Cooperation and dissordd in the World Political Economy, Princeton University Press,51-52
②俞正梁,当代国际关系导论,[M],复旦大学出版社,1996年,117页。
①左玉辉,环境经济学,[M],高等教育出版社2003年版,第91页
②这里的搭便车指不治理环境污染的国家会免费享受治理环境污染国家的好处。
①张维迎,博弈论与信息经济学,[M],三联书店和上海人民出版社,1996年,第18页。
②张维迎,博弈论与信息经济学,[M],三联书店和上海人民出版社,1996年,第66页
③共同规避的困境指指双方通过接受或同意一系列规则或惯例来协调双方的策略,以避免双方都不愿意看到的后果。
① Grossman and Krueger. "Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement", NBER Working Paper No.914, November 1991.
①中国社会科学院可持续发展战略研究组，2009中国可持续发展战略报告——探索中国特色的低碳道路，[M]，科学出版社，2009，第37-53页
①钱易,唐孝严,环境保护与可持续发展,[M],高等教育出版社,2000年,第137页
②环境对人口的承载能力或称人口环境容量,是指一定的生态环境条件下地球对人口的最大抚养能力或负荷能力。通常所说的承载能力是指一定生活水平和环境质量状况下地球所能供养的最高人数,其随生活水准的不同而异。
③钱易,唐孝严,环境保护与可持续发展,[M],高等教育出版社,2000年,第34页
①钱易,唐孝严,境保护与可持续发展,[M],高等教育出版社,2000年,第162页
①潘家华,陈迎,碳预算方案：一个公平、可持续的国际气候制度框架,[J],中国社会科学2009(5)
②亚洲协会美中关系中心,皮尤全球气候变化中心,中美能源与气候合作路线图,[N],2009年1月
①潘家华,碳排放与发展权益,该文刊登在《世界气候外交和中国的应对》一书中,杨洁勉主编,[M],时事出版社,2009年版,第250页
①政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第四次评估报告,气候变化2007综合报告,[M]政府间气候变化专门委员会出版,2008年版
②摘自 解振华 关于应对气候变化工作情况的报告[N]2009年8月24日
①国家发展与改革委员会：中国应对气候变化的政策好行动——2009年度报告,[N],2009年11月
②新华网记者李荣,中国钢铁业淘汰落后产能将突出环保标准,2009年9月17日
①国家发展与改革委员会：中国应对气候变化的政策好行动——2009年度报告,2009年11月
①国家发展与改革委员会：中国应对气候变化的政策好行动——2009年度报告,2009年11月
①中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组,2009年中国可持续发展战略报告-探索中国特色的低碳道路,[M],科学出版社,北京,2009,92页
②段红霞,国际低碳发展的趋势和中国气候政策的选择,[J],国际问题研究,2010年1期,66页
①EconomicReport of the President, united states government printing office, washington, 2010
①中国应对气候变化国家方案,2007
②熊争艳,美国承诺向中国捐款推动清洁能源和航空业发展,[N],新华网,2010年4月16日,http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-04/16/c_1238325.htm
①李增新,中美签署世界上最大的太阳能发电项目,[EB/OL],财经网,http://www.caijing.com.cn/2009-09-09/110243614.html
②查道炯,中美能源合作：挑战与机遇并存,[J],国际石油经济,2005(11)
①胡锦涛在联合国气候变化峰会上的讲话：《携手应对气候变化挑战》,[N],人们日报,2009年9月23日
①杨易,亚太地区“二轨”外交：对气候变化的讨论,刊登在杨洁勉主编的《世界气候外交和中国的应对》,[M],时事出版社,2009年,144-147页
①张海滨,中美应对气候变化合作：挑战与机遇,[J],国际经济评论2007(11-12)
②张海滨,中美应对气候变化合作：挑战与机遇,[J],国际经济评论2007(11-12)
①于培伟,美国：两种战略迎接“后石油时代”到来,[N],中国经济时报,2006年8月14日
②刘顺,反恐旗下图谋非洲能源,[N],瞭望新闻周刊,2008年3月26日
①吴磊,能源安全与中美关系:竞争·冲突·合作,[M],中国社会科学出版社,2009年,第112页
①方曙兵,中美应对气候变化挑战：弥合分歧,拓展合作,[J],世界经济与政治论坛,2009年第5期
②Editorial, America's Summer of Discontent," New York Times, August 11,2005, p. A22.
③USCC Hearing, "China's Energy Needs and Strategies", October 30,2003
④肖炼,中美能源合作前景及对策-改善能源安全和保护环境,[M],世界知识出版社,2008年,第136-163页
① Jehraim P. Gundzik, Self-made threat to U.S.oil and security, Asia Times Online, Noverber 3,2005
② Cynthia Tucker, "If China's tipsy on oil, the U.S. must be drunk", The Atlanta Journal, April 23,2006
③Adrian Lajous, "Production Management,Security of Demand and Market Stability",MESS, Vol xlvii,No.39, September 27,2004
① Dacid E.Sanger, "China's Rising Need for Oil is High on U.S. Agenda", New York Times, April 19,2006
①吴磊,能源安全与中美关系：竞争·冲突·合作,[M],中国社会科学出版社,2009年,第112页
② Erica Downs, The Brooking Foreign Policy Studies, Energy Security Series, China,December 12006
①习近平,携手推进亚洲绿色发展和可持续发展,新华网http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-04/10/c_1225999.htm
①张海滨,中美应对气候变化合作：现状与未来,[J],绿叶2007(12),第52页
①韩德培,环境保护法教程,法律出版社,[M],北京,2007,第407页。
①习近平,携手推进亚洲绿色发展和可持续发展,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-04／10/c_1225999.htm
①中国应对气候变化国家方案,2007,新华网
②同上。
③周海鸥,低碳经济在中国发展前景广阔,[N],上海证券报,2009年09月26日
①朱周良,达成协议预期空前高涨倒逼富国切实履行义务,[N],上海证券报2009年12月8日
②杜平,中美“共治世界”新诠释,[N],联合早报,2009年12月18日
③沈平,哥本哈根气候峰会的“中美因素”,[N],星岛环球网200912-07 http://www.stnn.cc
④张捷,依照法理赢得碳排放博弈主动权,[J],绿叶,2009(12)
①OECD, "The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation",2009
①朱周良,达成协议预期空前高涨倒逼富国切实履行义务, 《上海证券报》2009年12月08日
①国家发改委,落实巴厘路线图——中国政府关于哥本哈根气候变化会议的立场,2009年5月20日,http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbqt/2009qt/t20090521_280387.htm
①中国社会科学院,《应对气候变化报告(2009)——通向哥本哈根》,[M],社会科学文献出版社,2009年10月出版,第123-147页
①新浪网,美国两位华裔部长今起首次同时访华,2009年07月14日,http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-07-14/054118215142.shtml
②中国国家商务部,国别贸易投资环境报告2010——美国,2010年4月15日
①李艳君,世界低碳经济发展趋势和影响,[J],国际经济合作,2010年第2期
②碳泄露是指一个国家碳排放的减少被其他国家碳排放增加所抵消的行为。
①OECD, Tackling the Climate Changes and Growing the Economy:Key Messages and recommendations from recent OECD work,2009
② Mattoo,A. et al,Reconciling Climate Change and Trade Policy. Policy Research Working Paper,No.5123
① Joost Pauwelyn. U.S. Federal Climate Policy and Competitiveness concerns:The Limits and Options of International Trade Law. NI WP 07-02, April 2007.
①陈新平 周劲松,碳关税若干问题研究,[J],宏观经济管理,2009年第12期
① Kenneth and David Sandalow (2009), "Overcoming Obstacles to U. S.-China Cooperation on Climate Change, " John L. Thornton China Center Monograph Series. No.1, January,2009
① Xianbing Liu, Masanobu Ishikawa, Can Wang, Yanli Dong, Wenling Liu,, Analyses of CO2 Emissions Embodied in Japan-China Trade, http://www. docin. com/p-46353145. html
② Ben Shui 和 Robert C.Harriss, "The role of C02 Embodiment in US-China Trade",Energy Policy, 2006,34,4063-4068
① You Li, C.N. Hewit, "The Effect of Trade between China and the UK on National and Global Carbon Emission",Energy Policy,2008,36;1907-1914
①陈迎等,中国外贸进出口商品中的内涵能源及其政策含义,[J],经济研究,2008(7)：21
①张捷,依靠法理赢得碳排放博弈主动权,[J],绿叶,2009(12)
① Howard Geller and Sophie Attali, "The Experience with Energy Efficiency Policiesand Programmes in IEA Countries:Learning from the Critics," International Energy Agency,2005.
①BP能源统计2009
②国研网专访亚洲能源论坛副主席,中共中央党校教授、教授康绍邦：坚持科学发展实现发展与环境双赢,2009年9月
①鲍云樵,发展低碳经济应对全球气候变暖,[J],中外能源,2010(1)
②陆晓明,节约之路不动摇,[R],眺望新闻周刊,2007年3月26日
① Xu Shisen, "Green Coal-based Power Generation for Tomorrow's Power," Thermal Power Research Institute, presentation to the APEC Energy Working Group:Expert Group on Clean Fossil Energy, Lampang, Thailand, February 24,2006.
①孙晓胜 孟宁,近三年单位GDP能耗累计下降10.1%,[N],中国证券报,2009年5月23日
[2]边永民,贸易措施在减排温室气体制度安排中的作用,[J],南京大学学报,2009(1)
[3]曹静,走低碳发展之路：中国碳税政策的设计及CGE模型分析,[J],金融研究,2009(12)
[4]陈刚,京都议定书与国际气候合作,[M],新华出版社,2008年版
[5]陈红敏,包含工业过程产业部门隐含碳研究,[J],中国人口·资源与环境,2008(3)
[6]陈诗一,能源消耗、二氧化碳排放与中国工业的可持续发展,[J],经济研究,2009(4)
[7]陈迎,国际环境制度的发展与改革,[J],世界经济与政治,2004(4)
[8]陈迎潘家华谢来辉,中国外贸进出口商品的内涵能源及其政策含义,[J],经济研究,2008(7)
[9]陈凯先,等,气候变化严重威胁人类健康,[J],科学对社会的影响,2008(1)
[10]崔大鹏,国际气候合作的政治经济学分析,[M],商务出版社,2003年版
[11]崔成,美国气候变化政策对未来中美能源合作的潜在影响,[J],国际石油经济,2009(7)
[12]段红霞,气候变化经济学和气候政策,[J],经济学家,2009(8)
[13]段红霞,低碳经济发展的驱动机制探析,[J],当代经济研究,2010(2)
[14]段红霞,国际低碳发展的趋势和中国气候政策的选择,[J],国际问题研究,2010(1)
[15]董勤,巴厘岛会议后的美国气候外交策略,[J],法制与社会,2009(1)
[16]董勤,美国气候变化政策分析,[J],现代国际关系,2007(11)
[17]社评,中美“共治世界”新诠释,[N],联合早报,2009年12月18日
[18]付加峰、高庆先,中国国际贸易中的内涵CO2排放及其空间特征,[J], 资源开发与市场,2009(7)
[19]付允、马永欢、刘怡君、牛文元,低碳经济的发展模式研究,[J],中国人口·资源与环境,2008(3)
[20]甘恢运,美国对气候问题的态度分析——基于趋利避害原则的视角,[J],民风,2008(11)
[21]高鹏飞,陈文颖,碳税与碳排放,[J],清华大学学报(自然科学版),2002(10)
[22]龚伟,奥巴马政府气候变化与能源政策评析,[J],中共杭州市委党校学报,2009(2)
[23]国家发展与改革委员会：中国应对气候变化的政策好行动——2009年度报告,2009年11月
[24]郭印、王敏杰,国际低碳经济发展现状及趋势,[J],生态经济,2009(11)
[25]胡芳,环保和能源专家何平博士谈美国新能源战略及中国的对策,[N],经济参考报,2009年04月17日
[26]黄卫平、宋晓恒,应对气候变化挑战的全球合作框架思考——写在哥本哈根会议开幕之际,[J],经济理论与经济管理,2010(1)
[27]黄卫华、曹荣湘,气候变化：发展与减排的困局——国外气候变化研究述评,[J],经济社会体制比较,2010(1)
[28]何建坤、苏明山,应对全球气候变化下的碳生产率分析,[J],生态环境与保护,2010(2)
[29]胡锦涛,胡锦涛主席在联合国气候变化峰会上的讲话,2009年9月23日
[30]胡亮、潘厉,国际贸易、外国直接投资、经济增长对环境质量的影响——基于环境库茨涅茨曲线研究的回顾与展望,[J],国际贸易问题,2007(10)
[31]侯文蕙,20世纪90年代的美国环境保护运动和环境保护主义,[J],世界历史,2000(6)
[32]华强森,中美为什么应在清洁能源领域建立伙伴关系,[J],麦肯锡季刊,2009 (10), http://www.cesd-sass.org/climate/ShowArticle.asp?ArticleID=2340
[33]吉尔平·罗伯特著,杨宇光译,国际关系的政治经济学, [M],经济科学出版社,1989年版
[34]江家驷,中美气候变化合作在金融危机中创造双赢,[J],绿叶,2009(5)
[35]康芒斯·约翰著,于树生译,制度经济学, [M],商务印书馆,1994年版
[36]康晓,利益认知与国际规范的国内化——以中国对国际气候合作规范的内化为例,[J],世界经济与政治,2010(1)
[37]李丽萍,任勇,田秀春,国际贸易视角下的中国碳排放责任分析,[J],环境保护,2008(3B)
[38]李海东,从边缘到中心：美国气候变化政策的演变,[J],美国研究,2009(2)
[39]李向阳,全球气候变化规则与世界经济的发展趋势,[J],国际经济评论,2010(1)
[40]李强,后京都时代美国参与国际气候合作原因的理性解读,[J],理论导刊,2009(3)
[41]李威,论中国在气候谈判中有关资金技术的博弈策略,[J],绿叶,2009(10)
[42]林云华,国际气候合作与排放权交易制度研究,[M],中国经济出版社,2007年版
[43]林伯强、姚昕、刘希颖,节能和碳排放约束下的中国能源结构战略调整,[J],中国社会科学,2010(1)
[44]刘强、庄幸、姜克隽、韩文科,中国出口贸易中的载能量及碳排放量分析,[J],中国工业经济,2008(8)
[45]刘小川、王曾涛,二氧化碳减排政策比较以及我国的优化选择,[J],生态环境与保护,2010(2)
[46]罗堃,我国污染密集型工业品贸易的环境效应研究,[J],国际贸易问题,2007(10)
[47]马涛,中国对外贸易中的生态要素流分析-从生态经济学视角看贸易与环境问题,[M],复旦大学出版社,2007年版
[48]马建英,中国气候威胁论的深层悖论——以内涵能源概念的导入为例,[J],世界经济与政治论坛,2009(3)
[49]牛海霞、罗希晨,我国加工贸易污染排放实证分析,[J],国际贸易问题,2009(2)
[50]欧训民、张希良、王若水,低碳环境友好技术国际转移博弈论研究,[J],中国人口·资源与环境,2009(3)
[5l]潘家华,持续发展途径的经济学分析,[M],中国人民大学出版社,1997年版
[52]潘家华,减缓气候变化的经济与政治影响极其地区差异,[J],世界经济与政治,2003(6)
[53]潘家华、陈迎,碳预算方案：一个公平、可持续的国际气候制度框架,[J],中国社会科学,2009(5)
[54]齐绍洲、李楷,发展中国家经济增长与能源消费强度收敛的实证分析,[J],世界经济研究,2010(2)
[55]齐晔、李惠民、徐明,中国进出口贸易中的隐含碳估算,[J],中国人口·资源与环境,2008(18)
[56]钱德瑞,解开死结：美中合作应对气候变化,[J],政策简报,2008(4)
[57]钱易、唐孝严,环境保护与可持续发展,[M],高等教育出版社,2000年版
[58]曲建升、张志强、曾静静,气候变化科学研究的国际发展态势分析,[J],科学观察,2008(3)
[59]邵峰,国际气候谈判中的国家利益和中国的方略,[J],国际问题研究,2005(4)
[60]世界经济论坛加快智能电网投资,国研网,http://www.drcnet.com.cn/ DRCNET Channel.Web/,2009-9-28
[61]沈平,哥本哈根气候峰会的“中美因素”,[D],星岛环球网2009年12月7日,http://www.stnn.cc
[62]FT社评,直接领导人必须为气候变化达成协议,[N],英国金融时报,2009年12月17日
[63]孙晓胜、孟宁,近三年单位GDP能耗累计下降10.1%,[N],中国证券报,2009年5月23日
[64]宋杰,气候环境贸易议题纠结哥本哈根谈判艰巨,[N],信报财经新闻,2009年10月13日
[65]滕海键,简论20世纪80年代初里根政府的“反环境”政策,[J],西南 大学学报(社会科学版),2007(11)
[66]滕海键,试论20世纪60-70年代的美国环境保护运动,[J],内蒙古大学学报(人文社会科学版),2006(7)
[67]全球变化与经济发展项目课题组,美国温室气体减排方案及其影响,[J],世界经济与政治,2002(8)
[68]王前军,国际环境合作问题分析,[M],中国环境科学出版社,2007年版,
[69]王家诚,中国能源效率与节能战略措施,[J],中国战略观察,2006(12)
[70]魏本勇、方修琦、王媛、杨会民、张迪,基于投入产出分析的中国国际贸易碳排放研究,[J],北京师范大学学报(自然科学版),2009(4)
[71]温家宝,在第十届全国人民代表大会第五次会议上的《政府工作报告》,2007年3月5日
[72]温家宝,推进应对气候变化进程,[N],人民日报,2009年12月19日
[73]文佳筠,单边碳关税与知识产权：全球气候合作的两大障碍,[J],绿叶,2009(10)
[74]吴巧生、金炬,突破能源约束的国际比较及对中国的启示,[J],世界经济导刊,2008(7)
[75]吴磊,能源安全与中美关系：竞争·冲突·合作,[M],中国社会科学出版社,2009年版
[76]武汉百湖之友清洁发展环境组织(NGO)护湖少侠总干事, 《低碳中国(2010-2050)清洁发展战略报告》(第一部)——“幸福中国”之“低碳软着陆”,[D],中国电力新闻网,http://www.china5e.com/show.php?contentid=78826
[77]肖炼,中美“利益攸关”的能源合作,[J],国际贸易,2008(2)
[78]肖炼,中美能源合作前景及对策——改善能源安全和保护环境,[M],世界知识出版社,2008年版
[79]夏立平,美国国际能源战略与中美能源合作,[J],当代亚太,2005(1)
[80]习近平,携手推进亚洲绿色发展和可持续发展,新华网http://news. Xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-04/10/c_1225999.htm
[8l]解振华,应对气候变化工作情况报告,2009年8月24日
[82]亚洲协会美中关系中心、皮尤全球气候变化中心,中美能源与气候变化合作路线图,[J],2009年1月
[83]闫云凤、杨来科,中美贸易与气候变化——基于投入产出法的分析,[J],世界经济研究,2009(7)
[84]闫云凤、杨来科,金融危机与我国低碳贸易的发展, [J],上海财经大学学报,2010(1)
[85]杨潇、李扬帆、尹荣尧、孙翔、朱晓东,“十二五”环境规划中应对气候变化问题的思考,[J],中国人口·资源与环境,2010(2)
[86]杨洁勉,世界气候外交和中国的应对,[M],时事出版社,2009年版
[87]姚仲枝,中国贸易结构的变动：2001-2008,[J],国际经济评论,2008(6)
[88]于宏源,整合气候和经济危机的全球治理：气候谈判新发展研究,[J],世界经济研究,2009(7)
[89]俞海山,环境成本内在化的贸易效应分析——兼论近年我国出口关税调整政策,[J],财贸经济,2009(1)
[90]俞正梁,当代国际关系导论,[M],复旦大学出版社,1996年版
[91]张春华,低碳经济：气候变化背景下的发展之路,[J],WTO经济导刊,2009(2)
[92]张健,中美合作应对气候变化的前景,[J],绿叶,2009(8)
[93]张捷,依靠法理赢得碳排放博弈主动权,[J],绿叶,2009(12)
[94]张利军,中美关于应对气候变化的协商与合作,[M],世界知识出版社,2008年版
[95]张海滨,环境与国际关系全球环境问题的理性思考,[M],上海人民出版社,2008年版
[96]张海滨,中美应对气候变化合作：现状与未来,[J],绿叶,2007(12)
[97]张海滨,气候变化正在塑造21世纪的国际政治,[J],绿叶,2009(6)
[98]张海滨,美国关于气候变化对国家安全影响的研究述评,[J],气候变化研究进展,2009(5)
[99]张新颖,我国能源价格政策之分析与展望,[J],海外贸易,2008(1)
[100]张志洲,中国国际话语权的困局与出路,[J],绿叶,2009(5)
[101]赵晓丽、洪东悦,中国对外贸易对能源消费的影响：基于结构因素分解法的分析,[J],财贸经济,2009(9)
[102]张琳、何炼成、王凯,能源消费与中国经济增长的动态关系研究,[J], 开发研究,2009(3)
[103]张维迎,博弈论与信息经济学,[M],三联书店和上海人民出版社,1996年版
[104]赵行姝,美国气候政策转向的政治经济学解释,[J],当代亚太,2008(6)
[105]郑玉琳,多边贸易体制下的贸易与环境,[M],中国社会科学出版社,2008年版
[106]周琪,奥巴马政府的气候变化政府动向,[J],世界经济评论,2009(3-4)
[107]政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第四次评估报告,气候变化2007综合报告,[M],政府间气候变化专门委员会出版,2008年
[108]中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组,中国可持续发展战略报告——探索中国特色的低碳道路,[M],科学出版社,2009年版
[109]中国国家统计局,2008年中国国民经济和社会发展统计公报,2008年3月
[110]中国国家统计局,2009年中国国民经济和社会发展统计公报,2009年3月
[111]中国国家发展和改革委员会编制：《中国应对气候变化国家方案》,2007年6月,http://www.xinhuanet.com/
[112]中国国家发展和改革委员会, 《落实巴厘路线图——中国政府关于哥本哈根气候变化会议的立场》,2009年5月20日,ttp://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbqt/2009qt/t20090521_280387.htm
[113]朱周良,我国对外贸易结构变化不利于节能降耗,[N],上海证券报,2007年11月8日
[114]朱周良,达成协议预期空前高涨倒逼富国切实履行义务,[N],上海证券报,2009年12月08日
[115]左玉辉,环境经济学,[M],高等教育出版社,2003年版
[116]Aaron Cosbey (2008),"Border Carbon Adjustment", [J], International Institute for Sustainable development",August 2008
[117]Ahmad N.,Wyckoff A., "Carbon Dioxide Emissions Embidied in International Trade of Goods", [D],OECE STI Working Paper,2003,(15)
[118]Alistair Fnulph, "Environment Policy Instruments and Imperfectly Competitive International Trade", [J], Environmental and Resource Economics, June,1996
[119]Anqing Shi. "The Impact of Population Pressure on Global Carbon Dioxide Emissions,1975-1996:Evidence from Pooled Crosscountry Data", [J], Ecological Economics 44,2003,pp29-42.
[121]An Feng and Amanda Sauer, "Comparison of Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy and GHG Emission Standards Around the World," The Pew Center on Global Climate Change, December 2004. http://www. pewclimate. org/global-warming-indepth/all_reports/fuel_economy.
[122]Anteweilier W.,Copeland B.R. Taylor M.S., "Is Free Trade Good for the Environment?"[J]
[123]Bin Shui, Robert C. Harriss, "The role of CO2 embodiment in US-China trade. Energy Policy", [J],2006 (34):4063-4069.
[124]BP.2009. BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2009. http://www.bp.com.
[125]Brian R. Copeland and M. Scott Taylor, "International Trade and the Encironment:A Franework for Analysis", [D], NBER Working Paper, No. 8540,October,2001
[126]Copeland B.R.,Taylor M.S., "Trade and Transboundary Pollution",[J], American Economic Review,1995,(4),716-737
[127]Doran.K,"United States Climate Policy:Using Market-based Strategies to Achieve Greenhouse Gas Emission Reductions", [J], Enwironmental and Energy Law and Policy Journal,3,2008, pp31-83
[128]D.Bodansky, S. Chou and C.Jorge-Tresolini, "International Climate Efforts beyond 2012,"[J], Pew Center in Global Climate Change, Dec.2004, http//www.pewclimate.org/docUploads/2012%20new.pdf Accessed on July 2,2009.
[129]Electric Power Annual and Energy Information ministration "Planned Nameplate Capacity Additions from New Generators, by Energy Source",
U.S. Department of Energy,October 22,2007, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/electricity/epa/epat2p4.html.
[130]Erik B.Bluemel, "Regional Regulatory Initiatives Addressing GHG Leakage" in the USA.2008.
[131]Energy Information Administration, "International Energy Outlook 2007," Chapter 5, U.S. Department of Energy, May 2007, http://www.eia.doe.gov/oiaf/ieo/index.html.
[132]Flynt Leverett and Jeffrey Bader,"Managing China-U.S.Energy Competition in the Middle East",The Washington Quarterly,2006,29:1 pp.187-201.
[133]Frankhauser,Samuel,Richard,et al. "Extensions and Alteratives to Climate Change Impact Valuation:On the Critique of IPCC Working Group Ⅲ's Impact Estimate",Environment and Development Economics,1998(3):59-81
[134]Halvorssen,A.M, "UNFCCC,The Kyoto Protocal,and the WTO-brewing Conflicts are They Mutually Supportive?"Dencer Journal of International Law and Policy,36,pp.369-378,2008
[135]House of representatives of the U.S.,"American Clean Energy and Security Act of 2009"
[136]Hoel,Michael,"International Enwironmental Conventions:The Case of Uniform Reductions of Emissions",Encironmental and Resource Economies,1992(2): 141-159
[137]IEA,CO2 Emission from Fuel Combustion, Paris:OECD Publishing,2008
[138]Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), "4th Assessment Report, Working Group I, Summary for Policy Makers," 2007. Parts per million is the ratio of the number of greenhouse gas molecules to the total number of molecules of dry air.
[139]Jiang Lin, Nan Zhou, Mark Levine, and David Fridley, "Taking Out 1 Billion Tons of CO2:The Magic of China's 11th Five Year Plan?", Energy Policy, no.36,2008.
[140]J. Andrew Hoerner, Frank Muller(1996) "Carbon taxes for climate protection in a competitive world", A paper prepared for the Swiss Federal Office for Foreign Economic Affairs
[141]Janssen M, De Vries,"The Battle of Perpectives:A Multi-agent Model with Adaptive Response to Climate Change"[J].Ecology Economies,26:43-45,1998,.
[142]Manne, Alan-S.,Richard·Richels, "Buying Greenhouse Insurance:The Economic Cost of CO2 Emission Limits",Cambridge,M.A.:The MIT Press,1992,24-30
[143]Nakano S.,Okamura A.,Sakurai N., Suzuki M., Tijo Y., Yamano N., "The Measurement of CO2 Embodiments in International Trade:Evidence from the Harmonised Input-Output and Bilateral Trade Database", [D], OECE STI Working Paper,2009(3)
[144]Nicholas, "The Economics of Climate Change:The Stern Review",Cambrige University Press,2007
[145]Peters, G., Weber, C. "China's Growing CO2 Emissions:A Race between Increasing Consumption and Efficiency Gains", [J],Environmental Science &Technology,2007 (17) 5939-5944,
[146]Pan Jiahua, "Fufilling Basic Development Needs with Low Emission-China's Challenges and Opportunities for a Building a Post-2012 Climate Regime, " Taishi Sugiyama., Governing Climate:The Struggle for a Global Framework beyond Kyoto, International Institute for Sustainable Development(IISD),2005
[147]Robert O. Keohane, "After Hegement:Cooperation and dissordd in the World Political Economy",[J], Princeton University Press,51-52,1984
[148]Schaeffer,"The embodiment of carbon associated with Brazilian imports and exports",[J], Energy Conversion and Management,1996 (37):9552960.
[149]Shrum T., "Greenhouse Gas Emissions:Policy and Economics",Energy Plicy,2007
[150]Stern Yearley, "Sociology and Climate Change after Kyoto,What Roles for Social Science in Unerstanding Climate Change?",Current Sociology,57(3),389-405
[151]Wang T., Wason J., "Who Owns China's Carton Emissions?",Tyndall Center for Climate Change Research, Sussex,UK.2007
[152]William R. Cline,1992,"The Economics of Global Warming", the United State of America,01 00 99 654,ISBN 0-88132-132-X (paper)
[153]Wyckoff, A. W, Roop, J. M., "The embodiment of carbon inimports of manufactured p roducts". Energy Policy,1994(22):1872194.
[154]Xianbing Liu, Masanobu Ishikawa, Can Wang, Yanli Dong, Wenling Liu,,Analyses of CO2 Emissions Embodied in Japan-China Trade, 2009,http://www.docin.com/p-46353145.html
[155]Xu Shisen, "Green Coal-based Power Generation for Tomorrow's Power," Thermal Power Research Institute, presentation to the APEC Energy Working Group: Expert Group on Clean Fossil Energy, Lampang, Thailand, February 24,2006.
[156]Xianbing Liu, Masanobu Ishikawa, Can Wang, Yanli Dong, Wenling Liu, "Analyses of CO2 Emissions Embodied in Japan-China Trade", 2008,http://www.docin.com/p-46353145.html
[157]Yuezhou Cai,Raymond Riezman,John Whalley, "International Trade and the Feasibility of Global Climate Change Agreements",[J],2009 (1)
[158]You Li, C. N. Hewitt,"The effect of trade between China and the UK on national and global carbon dioxide emissions", [J],Energy Policy,2008 (36): 190721914
①中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组,中国可持续发展战略报告——探索中国特色的低碳道路,科学出版社,2009年版,第4页
①保罗·萨缪尔森,威廉·诺德豪斯著,萧琛译,经济学,[M],人民邮电出版社,2004年版
① Robert O. Keohane(1984),After Hegement:Cooperation and dissordd in the World Political Economy, Princeton University Press,51-52
②俞正梁,当代国际关系导论,[M],复旦大学出版社,1996年,117页。
①左玉辉,环境经济学,[M],高等教育出版社2003年版,第91页
②这里的搭便车指不治理环境污染的国家会免费享受治理环境污染国家的好处。
①张维迎,博弈论与信息经济学,[M],三联书店和上海人民出版社,1996年,第18页。
②张维迎,博弈论与信息经济学,[M],三联书店和上海人民出版社,1996年,第66页
③共同规避的困境指指双方通过接受或同意一系列规则或惯例来协调双方的策略,以避免双方都不愿意看到的后果。
① Grossman and Krueger. "Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement", NBER Working Paper No.914, November 1991.
①中国社会科学院可持续发展战略研究组，2009中国可持续发展战略报告——探索中国特色的低碳道路，[M]，科学出版社，2009，第37-53页
①钱易,唐孝严,环境保护与可持续发展,[M],高等教育出版社,2000年,第137页
②环境对人口的承载能力或称人口环境容量,是指一定的生态环境条件下地球对人口的最大抚养能力或负荷能力。通常所说的承载能力是指一定生活水平和环境质量状况下地球所能供养的最高人数,其随生活水准的不同而异。
③钱易,唐孝严,环境保护与可持续发展,[M],高等教育出版社,2000年,第34页
①钱易,唐孝严,境保护与可持续发展,[M],高等教育出版社,2000年,第162页
①潘家华,陈迎,碳预算方案：一个公平、可持续的国际气候制度框架,[J],中国社会科学2009(5)
②亚洲协会美中关系中心,皮尤全球气候变化中心,中美能源与气候合作路线图,[N],2009年1月
①潘家华,碳排放与发展权益,该文刊登在《世界气候外交和中国的应对》一书中,杨洁勉主编,[M],时事出版社,2009年版,第250页
①政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC)第四次评估报告,气候变化2007综合报告,[M]政府间气候变化专门委员会出版,2008年版
②摘自 解振华 关于应对气候变化工作情况的报告[N]2009年8月24日
①国家发展与改革委员会：中国应对气候变化的政策好行动——2009年度报告,[N],2009年11月
②新华网记者李荣,中国钢铁业淘汰落后产能将突出环保标准,2009年9月17日
①国家发展与改革委员会：中国应对气候变化的政策好行动——2009年度报告,2009年11月
①国家发展与改革委员会：中国应对气候变化的政策好行动——2009年度报告,2009年11月
①中国科学院可持续发展战略研究组,2009年中国可持续发展战略报告-探索中国特色的低碳道路,[M],科学出版社,北京,2009,92页
②段红霞,国际低碳发展的趋势和中国气候政策的选择,[J],国际问题研究,2010年1期,66页
①EconomicReport of the President, united states government printing office, washington, 2010
①中国应对气候变化国家方案,2007
②熊争艳,美国承诺向中国捐款推动清洁能源和航空业发展,[N],新华网,2010年4月16日,http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-04/16/c_1238325.htm
①李增新,中美签署世界上最大的太阳能发电项目,[EB/OL],财经网,http://www.caijing.com.cn/2009-09-09/110243614.html
②查道炯,中美能源合作：挑战与机遇并存,[J],国际石油经济,2005(11)
①胡锦涛在联合国气候变化峰会上的讲话：《携手应对气候变化挑战》,[N],人们日报,2009年9月23日
①杨易,亚太地区“二轨”外交：对气候变化的讨论,刊登在杨洁勉主编的《世界气候外交和中国的应对》,[M],时事出版社,2009年,144-147页
①张海滨,中美应对气候变化合作：挑战与机遇,[J],国际经济评论2007(11-12)
②张海滨,中美应对气候变化合作：挑战与机遇,[J],国际经济评论2007(11-12)
①于培伟,美国：两种战略迎接“后石油时代”到来,[N],中国经济时报,2006年8月14日
②刘顺,反恐旗下图谋非洲能源,[N],瞭望新闻周刊,2008年3月26日
①吴磊,能源安全与中美关系:竞争·冲突·合作,[M],中国社会科学出版社,2009年,第112页
①方曙兵,中美应对气候变化挑战：弥合分歧,拓展合作,[J],世界经济与政治论坛,2009年第5期
②Editorial, America's Summer of Discontent," New York Times, August 11,2005, p. A22.
③USCC Hearing, "China's Energy Needs and Strategies", October 30,2003
④肖炼,中美能源合作前景及对策-改善能源安全和保护环境,[M],世界知识出版社,2008年,第136-163页
① Jehraim P. Gundzik, Self-made threat to U.S.oil and security, Asia Times Online, Noverber 3,2005
② Cynthia Tucker, "If China's tipsy on oil, the U.S. must be drunk", The Atlanta Journal, April 23,2006
③Adrian Lajous, "Production Management,Security of Demand and Market Stability",MESS, Vol xlvii,No.39, September 27,2004
① Dacid E.Sanger, "China's Rising Need for Oil is High on U.S. Agenda", New York Times, April 19,2006
①吴磊,能源安全与中美关系：竞争·冲突·合作,[M],中国社会科学出版社,2009年,第112页
② Erica Downs, The Brooking Foreign Policy Studies, Energy Security Series, China,December 12006
①习近平,携手推进亚洲绿色发展和可持续发展,新华网http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-04/10/c_1225999.htm
①张海滨,中美应对气候变化合作：现状与未来,[J],绿叶2007(12),第52页
①韩德培,环境保护法教程,法律出版社,[M],北京,2007,第407页。
①习近平,携手推进亚洲绿色发展和可持续发展,新华网,http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2010-04／10/c_1225999.htm
①中国应对气候变化国家方案,2007,新华网
②同上。
③周海鸥,低碳经济在中国发展前景广阔,[N],上海证券报,2009年09月26日
①朱周良,达成协议预期空前高涨倒逼富国切实履行义务,[N],上海证券报2009年12月8日
②杜平,中美“共治世界”新诠释,[N],联合早报,2009年12月18日
③沈平,哥本哈根气候峰会的“中美因素”,[N],星岛环球网200912-07 http://www.stnn.cc
④张捷,依照法理赢得碳排放博弈主动权,[J],绿叶,2009(12)
①OECD, "The Economics of Climate Change Mitigation",2009
①朱周良,达成协议预期空前高涨倒逼富国切实履行义务, 《上海证券报》2009年12月08日
①国家发改委,落实巴厘路线图——中国政府关于哥本哈根气候变化会议的立场,2009年5月20日,http://www.sdpc.gov.cn/zcfb/zcfbqt/2009qt/t20090521_280387.htm
①中国社会科学院,《应对气候变化报告(2009)——通向哥本哈根》,[M],社会科学文献出版社,2009年10月出版,第123-147页
①新浪网,美国两位华裔部长今起首次同时访华,2009年07月14日,http://news.sina.com.cn/c/2009-07-14/054118215142.shtml
②中国国家商务部,国别贸易投资环境报告2010——美国,2010年4月15日
①李艳君,世界低碳经济发展趋势和影响,[J],国际经济合作,2010年第2期
②碳泄露是指一个国家碳排放的减少被其他国家碳排放增加所抵消的行为。
①OECD, Tackling the Climate Changes and Growing the Economy:Key Messages and recommendations from recent OECD work,2009
② Mattoo,A. et al,Reconciling Climate Change and Trade Policy. Policy Research Working Paper,No.5123
① Joost Pauwelyn. U.S. Federal Climate Policy and Competitiveness concerns:The Limits and Options of International Trade Law. NI WP 07-02, April 2007.
①陈新平 周劲松,碳关税若干问题研究,[J],宏观经济管理,2009年第12期
① Kenneth and David Sandalow (2009), "Overcoming Obstacles to U. S.-China Cooperation on Climate Change, " John L. Thornton China Center Monograph Series. No.1, January,2009
① Xianbing Liu, Masanobu Ishikawa, Can Wang, Yanli Dong, Wenling Liu,, Analyses of CO2 Emissions Embodied in Japan-China Trade, http://www. docin. com/p-46353145. html
② Ben Shui 和 Robert C.Harriss, "The role of C02 Embodiment in US-China Trade",Energy Policy, 2006,34,4063-4068
① You Li, C.N. Hewit, "The Effect of Trade between China and the UK on National and Global Carbon Emission",Energy Policy,2008,36;1907-1914
①陈迎等,中国外贸进出口商品中的内涵能源及其政策含义,[J],经济研究,2008(7)：21
①张捷,依靠法理赢得碳排放博弈主动权,[J],绿叶,2009(12)
① Howard Geller and Sophie Attali, "The Experience with Energy Efficiency Policiesand Programmes in IEA Countries:Learning from the Critics," International Energy Agency,2005.
①BP能源统计2009
②国研网专访亚洲能源论坛副主席,中共中央党校教授、教授康绍邦：坚持科学发展实现发展与环境双赢,2009年9月
①鲍云樵,发展低碳经济应对全球气候变暖,[J],中外能源,2010(1)
②陆晓明,节约之路不动摇,[R],眺望新闻周刊,2007年3月26日
① Xu Shisen, "Green Coal-based Power Generation for Tomorrow's Power," Thermal Power Research Institute, presentation to the APEC Energy Working Group:Expert Group on Clean Fossil Energy, Lampang, Thailand, February 24,2006.
①孙晓胜 孟宁,近三年单位GDP能耗累计下降10.1%,[N],中国证券报,2009年5月23日