海底输油软管力学响应研究
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摘要
海底管线是海洋石油开发的重要组成部分,传统上采用钢管外覆混凝土作为海底管线,腐蚀、悬跨管线静力破坏和疲劳破坏是其失效的主要原因。海底输油软管是由不同功能层组成的复合管线,具有优良的耐腐蚀性、挠性、抗疲劳性以及安装简便、可重复利用等优点,在国外正逐步取代传统钢质海底管线。鉴于国外海底输油软管使用现状和我国渤海、南海进口软管的成功使用案例,石油部门希望国内能自主研制生产相关产品以节省进口软管高额开支。我国橡胶行业参考了钢塑输水复合管线专利,研制开发出适用于石油领域的多层螺旋缠绕钢丝增强橡胶输油软管。这种海底输油软管既不同于国外同名软管产品,也不同于国内输水复合管线,是一种全新的复合管线并且尚未使用,国内外相关研究几乎空白。本课题来源于国家自然科学基金重点项目(50439010)—海底管线的损伤机理和健康诊断研究,受中国胜利油田研究设计院委托,以河北欧亚特种胶管有限公司出品的软管为原型试件,对海底输油软管力学响应进行相关理论与试验研究。
(1)海底管线悬空机理及悬跨长度研究
调查资料表明海底管线悬空现象较为普遍,这对海底管线安全运行带来很大隐患。在参阅国内外文献基础上,本文指出导致海底管线悬空的四种机理并进行全面分析。以埕岛海域为例,结合我国海底管线实际在位调查数据,本文对比分析了国内外学者提出的各海底管线悬跨长度、悬跨深度经验公式的适用性。
(2)实际海况中悬跨海底管线外载研究
实际海况中悬跨海底管线主要受到波流水动力作用。在参阅国内外文献基础上,本文总结了波流水动力对悬跨海底管线的荷载作用形式,指出埕岛海域悬跨海底管线外载体系可简化为潮流对海底管线在水平方向上的恒载和竖直方向上的动载、波浪对海底管线在水平方向上的动载。此外,本文以埕岛海域为例,对比线性Airy波理论、五阶Stokes波理论、椭圆余弦波理论所计算的波浪水质点速度、加速度,指出在计算埕岛海域海底管线波浪力时可采用线性Airy波理论。
(3)海底输油软管增强层本构关系研究。
增强层本构关系研究是海底输油软管力学分析的基础。结合软管增强层结构特点,本文对比分析了适用于连续纤维增强层的国内外8种经典预测模型,建议采用我国工程经验公式对材料正轴坐标系下钢丝缠绕增强层单层板面内工程弹性常数进行预测。基于复合材料细观理论,将我国工程经验公式扩展到三维情况:并运用张量理论得到结构柱坐标系下的钢丝缠绕增强层单层板本构方程。
(4)内压作用下海底输油软管力学响应研究
海底输油软管的功能荷载之一为内部介质压力。以往对内压作用下钢丝缠绕复合管线的力学研究通常采用薄壳理论,海底输油软管高内压要求使其在构造上为具有多层增强层的厚壁结构,因此不适合采用薄壳理论。本文将软管作为由多层各向异性增强层和多层各向同性橡胶层组成的层合结构,基于三维各向异性弹性理论提出内压作用下软管力学响应的解析解答。采用本文解析法对内压作用下软管的位移场、应变场和应力场进行计算,并对内压作用下软管原型试件进行静载试验研究,本文解析法计算结果与静载试验数据在变化趋势上一致,在数值上较为接近。
(5)内压、横向荷载联合作用下海底输油软管力学响应研究
实际海况中的悬跨海底输油软管既要承受内部介质压力,还要承受波流水动力横向荷载作用,并且软管挠性特性使其在实际海况中多处于大变形状态。本文采用梁挠曲线初参数方程确定软管在横向荷载作用下的轴向平均应变,并结合无限长小变形软管的三维正交各向异性弹性理论求解过程,提出内压、横向荷载联合作用下软管大变形力学响应的近似解析解答。采用本文解析法对内压、横向荷载联合作用下的软管力学响应进行计算并作以相关分析。海底输油软管的特殊材料和特殊结构使其等效轴向弹性模量不易确定,通过软管原型试件相关静载试验研究,对软管等效轴向弹性模量进行定性分析。
(6)海底输油软管疲劳损伤初探研究
实际海况中的悬跨海底输油软管将受到波流水动力动载作用,从而导致软管在服役期间会出现疲劳失效。结合横向周期荷载作用下的软管原型试件疲劳试验,基于复合材料细观损伤理论对软管进行微观损伤机理分析。海底输油软管具有特殊的应用领域,结合软管原型试件疲劳试验,提出软管端部鼓包、软管端部渗漏、软管自身渗漏三种失效准则。基于Rosen剪切滞后模型、结合Cox连续纤维荷载传递公式,对软管端部鼓包失效形式进行相关理论分析:基于线弹性断裂理论对软管端部渗漏失效形式进行相关理论分析;基于唯象损伤理论对软管自身渗漏失效形式进行相关理论分析。
(7)大变形海底输油软管动力响应初探研究
实际海况中的悬跨海底输油软管常受到波流水动力的动载作用,并且软管挠性特性使其处于大变形状态。本文将悬跨软管作为各向同性Bernoulli-Euler弹性曲梁,基于连续介质力学有限变形理论,并考虑软管内部流体运动情况,提出动载作用下悬跨软管大变形动力响应的泛定方程组并对其进行相关分析。
Submarine pipeline is an important part of marine petroleum development. Traditionally, concrete encapsulated steel pipe is used as submarine pipeline, and corrosion, spanning pipeline static breakdown and fatigue breakdown are the main causes of its failure. As a composite pipeline consisting of different functional layers, with the advantages of excellent corrosion resistance, flexibility, fatigue resistance, easy installation, repeated use, etc., submarine oil pipeline is gradually replacing traditional steel submarine pipeline in foreign countries. In view of the use status of submarine oil pipeline in foreign countries and the successful use of imported flexible pipe in Bohai Sea and South Sea of China, petroleum department hopes to independently develop and produce relevant products, in order to save the high-expenditure of imported flexible pipe. Under the demand of field of petroleum, based on GAN Guo-gong's steel-plastic composite water transmission pipeline patent, Chinese rubber industry has developed multilayer spiral-wound steel wire reinforced rubber flexible pipe that is applicable to the field of petroleum. Such submarine oil pipeline is neither different from the flexible pipe of the same name produced abroad, nor different from domestic composite water transmission pipeline, but is a brand-new composite pipeline; moreover, it hasn't been really used, for there are nearly gaps in domestic and overseas relevant researches. This topic is sourced from submarine pipeline damage mechanism and health diagnosis, the State Key Program (50439010) of National Natural Science Foundation, and is entrusted by Research and Design Institute of China Shengli Oil Field to carry out relevant theoretical and experimental researches on the mechanical response of submarine oil pipeline by taking the flexible pipe manufactured by Hebei Ouya Special Rubber Hose Co., Ltd. as prototype specimen.
(1) Researches on spanning mechanism and spanning length of submarine pipeline
Investigation data shows that the spanning phenomenon of submarine pipeline is rathercommon and brings the hidden trouble for submarine pipeline's safety run. Based on domestic and overseas literatures, this paper presents the 4 main spanning mechanisms of submarine pipeline with the through comprehensive analysis. Combined with the actual location survey data of Chinese submarine pipeline, taking Chengdao sea area as an example, this paper carries out compartive analysis upon the empirical formulae for the spanning length amd spanning depth of submarine pipelines that were proposed by domestic and overseas scholars.
(2) Researches on external load of spanning submarine pipeline under acutal sea condition
Spanning submarine pipeline mainly bears wave-flow hydrodynamic force under acutalsea condition. Based on domestic and foreign literatures, this paper summarizes forms of load of spanning submarine pipeline by wave-flow hydrodynamic force, and presents that the external load system of spanning pipeline in Chengdao sea area can be simplified as horizontal constant tide load and vertical dynamic tide load and horizontal dynamic wave load. Besides, taking Chengdao sea area as an example, through comparative analysis of the velocities and accelerations of wave water particles calculated by using Airy wave theory, five-order Stokes wave theory and cnoidal wave theory, this paper presents that Airy wave theory can be used for calculating the wave forces of submarine pipeline in Chengdao sea area.
(3) Researches on constitutive relation for reinforced layers of submarine oil pipeline.
Researches on constitutive equation of steel wire wound reinforced single-layer is thefoundation for the mechanical analysis of submarine oil pipeline. According to the features of reinforced layers of flexible pipe, this paper contrastively analyzes domestic and overseas 8 classic prediction models that are applicable to continuous fiber reinforced layer. It is recommended that Chinese engineering empirical formula should be used for predicting the engineering elastic constant in steel wire wound reinforced single-layer under ortho-axis coordinate system of material. Based on the microscopic theory of composite material, Chinese engineering empirical formula is expanded to 3D case; based on tensor theory, constitutive equation of steel wire wound reinforced single-layer board under cylindrical coordinate system of structure is obtained.
(4) Researches on mechanical response of submarine oil pipeline under internal pressure
One of functional loads of submarine oil pipeline is internal medium pressure. Previousmechanical researches on steel wire wound composite pipeline under internal pressure generally adopt thin-shell theory. The high internal pressure requirements of submarine oil pipeline make itself a thick-wall structure with multiple reinforced layers, therefore, thin-shell theory is not applicable. This paper adopts flexible pipe as a laminated structure consisting of multiple anisotropic reinforced layers and multiple isotropic rubber layers, and based on 3D anisotropic elastic theory, derives analytic solutions for mechanical response of flexible pipe under internal pressure. The present analytic method is used for computing the displacement, strain and stress of flexible pipe under internal working pressure, and the static loading test and researches upon the flexible pipe prototype specimens under internal pressure is carried out. The calculated values by present method basically coincided with the static loading test results in changing trend, and are close to them in value.
(5) Researches on mechanical response of submarine oil pipeline under combined action of internal pressure and transverse load
Spanning submarine oil pipeline has to bear both internal medium pressure and wave-flow hydrodynamic force transverse load under acutal sea condition, and the flexibility characteristics of flexible pipemake itself mostly be in the state of large deformation under acutal sea condition. This paper adopts initial parameter equation of beam deflection curve to determine the axial mean strain of flexible pipe under transverse load, and combined with the 3D anisotropic elastic solutions for infinite small deformation flexible pipe, derives approximate analytic solutions for the mechaincal response of large deformation flexible pipe under combined action of internal pressure and transverse load. By using the present analytic method, this paper computes the mechanical responses of flexible pipe under combined action of internal pressure and transverse load and carries out relevant analysis. The special material and structure of submarine oil pipeline make it difficult to determine its equivalent axial elastic modulus. Through the static loading test and researches of flexible pipe prototype specimens, the qualitative analysis of the equivalent axial elastic modulus of flexible pipe is carried out.
(6) Preliminary researches on damage fatigue of submarine oil pipeline
The spanning submarine oil pipeline bears dynamic load of wave-flow hydrodynamic force under actual sea, which causes fatigue failure to flexible pipe throughout the service life. Combined with the fatigue test of flexible pipe prototype specimens under transverse cyclic load, and based on the microscopic damage theory of composite material, this paper carries out relevant micro-analysis upon the damage mechanism of flexible pipe. Submarine oil pipeline has special application fields. Combined with the fatigue test of flexible pipe, this paper presents thee failure criteria including flexible pipe bulging near end, flexible pipe leakage near end and flexible pipe body leakage. Based on Rosen shear-lag model, according to Cox continuous fiber load transfer formula, this paper carries out relevant theoretical analysis upon the failure modes of flexible pipe bulging near end; based on linear elastic fracture theory, this paper carries out qualitative theoretical analysis upon the failure modes of flexible pipe leakage near end; based on phenomenological damage theory, this paper carries out relevant theoretical analysis upon the failure modes of flexible pipe body leakage.
(7) Preliminary researches on large deformation dynamic response of submarine pipeline
Submarine oil pipeline generally bears dynamic load under acutal sea condition. Thispaper simplifies spanning flexible pipe as isotropic Bernoulli-Euler elastic curved beam, and based on finite deformation theory of continuous medium mechanics, and in consideration of the effect of internal fluid motion on flexible pipe itself, derives the governing equations of dynamic response of spanning large deformation flexible pipe under dynamic load and carries out relevant analysis.
(1)海底管线悬空机理及悬跨长度研究
调查资料表明海底管线悬空现象较为普遍,这对海底管线安全运行带来很大隐患。在参阅国内外文献基础上,本文指出导致海底管线悬空的四种机理并进行全面分析。以埕岛海域为例,结合我国海底管线实际在位调查数据,本文对比分析了国内外学者提出的各海底管线悬跨长度、悬跨深度经验公式的适用性。
(2)实际海况中悬跨海底管线外载研究
实际海况中悬跨海底管线主要受到波流水动力作用。在参阅国内外文献基础上,本文总结了波流水动力对悬跨海底管线的荷载作用形式,指出埕岛海域悬跨海底管线外载体系可简化为潮流对海底管线在水平方向上的恒载和竖直方向上的动载、波浪对海底管线在水平方向上的动载。此外,本文以埕岛海域为例,对比线性Airy波理论、五阶Stokes波理论、椭圆余弦波理论所计算的波浪水质点速度、加速度,指出在计算埕岛海域海底管线波浪力时可采用线性Airy波理论。
(3)海底输油软管增强层本构关系研究。
增强层本构关系研究是海底输油软管力学分析的基础。结合软管增强层结构特点,本文对比分析了适用于连续纤维增强层的国内外8种经典预测模型,建议采用我国工程经验公式对材料正轴坐标系下钢丝缠绕增强层单层板面内工程弹性常数进行预测。基于复合材料细观理论,将我国工程经验公式扩展到三维情况:并运用张量理论得到结构柱坐标系下的钢丝缠绕增强层单层板本构方程。
(4)内压作用下海底输油软管力学响应研究
海底输油软管的功能荷载之一为内部介质压力。以往对内压作用下钢丝缠绕复合管线的力学研究通常采用薄壳理论,海底输油软管高内压要求使其在构造上为具有多层增强层的厚壁结构,因此不适合采用薄壳理论。本文将软管作为由多层各向异性增强层和多层各向同性橡胶层组成的层合结构,基于三维各向异性弹性理论提出内压作用下软管力学响应的解析解答。采用本文解析法对内压作用下软管的位移场、应变场和应力场进行计算,并对内压作用下软管原型试件进行静载试验研究,本文解析法计算结果与静载试验数据在变化趋势上一致,在数值上较为接近。
(5)内压、横向荷载联合作用下海底输油软管力学响应研究
实际海况中的悬跨海底输油软管既要承受内部介质压力,还要承受波流水动力横向荷载作用,并且软管挠性特性使其在实际海况中多处于大变形状态。本文采用梁挠曲线初参数方程确定软管在横向荷载作用下的轴向平均应变,并结合无限长小变形软管的三维正交各向异性弹性理论求解过程,提出内压、横向荷载联合作用下软管大变形力学响应的近似解析解答。采用本文解析法对内压、横向荷载联合作用下的软管力学响应进行计算并作以相关分析。海底输油软管的特殊材料和特殊结构使其等效轴向弹性模量不易确定,通过软管原型试件相关静载试验研究,对软管等效轴向弹性模量进行定性分析。
(6)海底输油软管疲劳损伤初探研究
实际海况中的悬跨海底输油软管将受到波流水动力动载作用,从而导致软管在服役期间会出现疲劳失效。结合横向周期荷载作用下的软管原型试件疲劳试验,基于复合材料细观损伤理论对软管进行微观损伤机理分析。海底输油软管具有特殊的应用领域,结合软管原型试件疲劳试验,提出软管端部鼓包、软管端部渗漏、软管自身渗漏三种失效准则。基于Rosen剪切滞后模型、结合Cox连续纤维荷载传递公式,对软管端部鼓包失效形式进行相关理论分析:基于线弹性断裂理论对软管端部渗漏失效形式进行相关理论分析;基于唯象损伤理论对软管自身渗漏失效形式进行相关理论分析。
(7)大变形海底输油软管动力响应初探研究
实际海况中的悬跨海底输油软管常受到波流水动力的动载作用,并且软管挠性特性使其处于大变形状态。本文将悬跨软管作为各向同性Bernoulli-Euler弹性曲梁,基于连续介质力学有限变形理论,并考虑软管内部流体运动情况,提出动载作用下悬跨软管大变形动力响应的泛定方程组并对其进行相关分析。
Submarine pipeline is an important part of marine petroleum development. Traditionally, concrete encapsulated steel pipe is used as submarine pipeline, and corrosion, spanning pipeline static breakdown and fatigue breakdown are the main causes of its failure. As a composite pipeline consisting of different functional layers, with the advantages of excellent corrosion resistance, flexibility, fatigue resistance, easy installation, repeated use, etc., submarine oil pipeline is gradually replacing traditional steel submarine pipeline in foreign countries. In view of the use status of submarine oil pipeline in foreign countries and the successful use of imported flexible pipe in Bohai Sea and South Sea of China, petroleum department hopes to independently develop and produce relevant products, in order to save the high-expenditure of imported flexible pipe. Under the demand of field of petroleum, based on GAN Guo-gong's steel-plastic composite water transmission pipeline patent, Chinese rubber industry has developed multilayer spiral-wound steel wire reinforced rubber flexible pipe that is applicable to the field of petroleum. Such submarine oil pipeline is neither different from the flexible pipe of the same name produced abroad, nor different from domestic composite water transmission pipeline, but is a brand-new composite pipeline; moreover, it hasn't been really used, for there are nearly gaps in domestic and overseas relevant researches. This topic is sourced from submarine pipeline damage mechanism and health diagnosis, the State Key Program (50439010) of National Natural Science Foundation, and is entrusted by Research and Design Institute of China Shengli Oil Field to carry out relevant theoretical and experimental researches on the mechanical response of submarine oil pipeline by taking the flexible pipe manufactured by Hebei Ouya Special Rubber Hose Co., Ltd. as prototype specimen.
(1) Researches on spanning mechanism and spanning length of submarine pipeline
Investigation data shows that the spanning phenomenon of submarine pipeline is rathercommon and brings the hidden trouble for submarine pipeline's safety run. Based on domestic and overseas literatures, this paper presents the 4 main spanning mechanisms of submarine pipeline with the through comprehensive analysis. Combined with the actual location survey data of Chinese submarine pipeline, taking Chengdao sea area as an example, this paper carries out compartive analysis upon the empirical formulae for the spanning length amd spanning depth of submarine pipelines that were proposed by domestic and overseas scholars.
(2) Researches on external load of spanning submarine pipeline under acutal sea condition
Spanning submarine pipeline mainly bears wave-flow hydrodynamic force under acutalsea condition. Based on domestic and foreign literatures, this paper summarizes forms of load of spanning submarine pipeline by wave-flow hydrodynamic force, and presents that the external load system of spanning pipeline in Chengdao sea area can be simplified as horizontal constant tide load and vertical dynamic tide load and horizontal dynamic wave load. Besides, taking Chengdao sea area as an example, through comparative analysis of the velocities and accelerations of wave water particles calculated by using Airy wave theory, five-order Stokes wave theory and cnoidal wave theory, this paper presents that Airy wave theory can be used for calculating the wave forces of submarine pipeline in Chengdao sea area.
(3) Researches on constitutive relation for reinforced layers of submarine oil pipeline.
Researches on constitutive equation of steel wire wound reinforced single-layer is thefoundation for the mechanical analysis of submarine oil pipeline. According to the features of reinforced layers of flexible pipe, this paper contrastively analyzes domestic and overseas 8 classic prediction models that are applicable to continuous fiber reinforced layer. It is recommended that Chinese engineering empirical formula should be used for predicting the engineering elastic constant in steel wire wound reinforced single-layer under ortho-axis coordinate system of material. Based on the microscopic theory of composite material, Chinese engineering empirical formula is expanded to 3D case; based on tensor theory, constitutive equation of steel wire wound reinforced single-layer board under cylindrical coordinate system of structure is obtained.
(4) Researches on mechanical response of submarine oil pipeline under internal pressure
One of functional loads of submarine oil pipeline is internal medium pressure. Previousmechanical researches on steel wire wound composite pipeline under internal pressure generally adopt thin-shell theory. The high internal pressure requirements of submarine oil pipeline make itself a thick-wall structure with multiple reinforced layers, therefore, thin-shell theory is not applicable. This paper adopts flexible pipe as a laminated structure consisting of multiple anisotropic reinforced layers and multiple isotropic rubber layers, and based on 3D anisotropic elastic theory, derives analytic solutions for mechanical response of flexible pipe under internal pressure. The present analytic method is used for computing the displacement, strain and stress of flexible pipe under internal working pressure, and the static loading test and researches upon the flexible pipe prototype specimens under internal pressure is carried out. The calculated values by present method basically coincided with the static loading test results in changing trend, and are close to them in value.
(5) Researches on mechanical response of submarine oil pipeline under combined action of internal pressure and transverse load
Spanning submarine oil pipeline has to bear both internal medium pressure and wave-flow hydrodynamic force transverse load under acutal sea condition, and the flexibility characteristics of flexible pipemake itself mostly be in the state of large deformation under acutal sea condition. This paper adopts initial parameter equation of beam deflection curve to determine the axial mean strain of flexible pipe under transverse load, and combined with the 3D anisotropic elastic solutions for infinite small deformation flexible pipe, derives approximate analytic solutions for the mechaincal response of large deformation flexible pipe under combined action of internal pressure and transverse load. By using the present analytic method, this paper computes the mechanical responses of flexible pipe under combined action of internal pressure and transverse load and carries out relevant analysis. The special material and structure of submarine oil pipeline make it difficult to determine its equivalent axial elastic modulus. Through the static loading test and researches of flexible pipe prototype specimens, the qualitative analysis of the equivalent axial elastic modulus of flexible pipe is carried out.
(6) Preliminary researches on damage fatigue of submarine oil pipeline
The spanning submarine oil pipeline bears dynamic load of wave-flow hydrodynamic force under actual sea, which causes fatigue failure to flexible pipe throughout the service life. Combined with the fatigue test of flexible pipe prototype specimens under transverse cyclic load, and based on the microscopic damage theory of composite material, this paper carries out relevant micro-analysis upon the damage mechanism of flexible pipe. Submarine oil pipeline has special application fields. Combined with the fatigue test of flexible pipe, this paper presents thee failure criteria including flexible pipe bulging near end, flexible pipe leakage near end and flexible pipe body leakage. Based on Rosen shear-lag model, according to Cox continuous fiber load transfer formula, this paper carries out relevant theoretical analysis upon the failure modes of flexible pipe bulging near end; based on linear elastic fracture theory, this paper carries out qualitative theoretical analysis upon the failure modes of flexible pipe leakage near end; based on phenomenological damage theory, this paper carries out relevant theoretical analysis upon the failure modes of flexible pipe body leakage.
(7) Preliminary researches on large deformation dynamic response of submarine pipeline
Submarine oil pipeline generally bears dynamic load under acutal sea condition. Thispaper simplifies spanning flexible pipe as isotropic Bernoulli-Euler elastic curved beam, and based on finite deformation theory of continuous medium mechanics, and in consideration of the effect of internal fluid motion on flexible pipe itself, derives the governing equations of dynamic response of spanning large deformation flexible pipe under dynamic load and carries out relevant analysis.
引文
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