云南哈巴雪山自然保护区生物多样性及保护研究
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摘要
作为生态系统服务以及可持续发展的基础,生物多样性对维持和提高人类的福利具有重要作用。然而,随着人类生活空间的不断扩张,已经造成,并正在加速生物多样性的丧失,导致许多生态系统的服务能力降低,对全球的可持续发展机会造成了深远的负面影响。建立自然保护区开展就地保护是生物多样性及濒危物种保护最有效的手段,而充分认识保护区生物多样性的特征和价值,是保护区管理的理论基础。
云南哈巴雪山自然保护区地处长江上游的滇西北地区,是“西南纵向岭谷区”和“三江并流”世界自然遗产地的重要组成部分,生态区位十分重要。本研究以哈巴雪山自然保护区为研究对象,从动、植物物种、群落类型(生态系统)和景观类型多样性3个层次研究保护区生物多样性的现状,分析了生物多样性的特征及其沿环境梯度的空间分异规律,在对保护区生物多样性价值及保护区管理现状进行评价的基础上,探讨了保护区的功能区划以及生物多样性保护管理和可持续利用的途径。
通过研究得出的主要结果如下:
(1)哈巴雪山自然保护区森林生态系统保存完整,拥有维管植物123科431属1082种,哺乳动物31科72属102种,鸟类32科186种和两栖、爬行动物动物12科18属27种。保护区分布有国家重点保护动植物44种,被列入CITES附录动植物种类50种;另外,在相对狭小的范围内,拥有14个保护区特有种,以及数量较多的滇西北和西南纵向岭谷区特有种,充分显示了保护区生物多样性的独特性和保护价值。研究表明,由于海拔因素和面积因素共同影响,不同生态系统类型间物种的丰富度有较大的差异。维管植物、哺乳动物物种的丰富度与生态系统类型面积成正相关,而鸟类和两栖爬行类动物丰富度与生态系统类型面积的相关性不显著;保护区维管植物丰富度与哺乳动物和鸟类丰富度存在较好的相关性,而与两栖爬行类丰富度的相关性不强。研究结果还显示,珍稀濒危、特有物种比例最高的是高山生态系统,充分表明其独特性和保护的重要价值。
(2)应用等级聚类分析等数量化方法,结合现地调查结果,保护区植被可划分为7个植被型13个植被亚型28个群系。保护区群落类型丰富,沿海拔梯度保护区形成了完整、典型的植被垂直带景观。从河谷到山顶,保护区保存有从亚热带干暖河谷植被到寒带流石滩疏生植被的主要植被类型。群落的物种多样性指数沿海拔梯度呈现出较为复杂的规律,总体而言,哈巴雪山的植物多样性沿海拔的分布格局受“中间地带效应”影响较为明显,α多样性指数和β多样性指数总体呈单峰格局,但中海拔地段峰谷交替出现,起伏较大。反映出保护区小生境类型多样性以及群落类型交错分布、相互替代的特征。
(3)研究采用自上而下的景观生态分类方法,按照景观生态划分的原则和分类系统,将保护区划分1个景观类、9个景观系、18个景观型。各种森林景观是保护区主体景观类型,在很大程度上决定着保护区景观的性质,属保护区景观结构的基质。景观格局分析表明,保护区南坡地势陡峻,海拔差异较大,景观类型复杂、完整,包括了从河谷灌丛到现代冰川的所有景观类型,但景观相对破碎;北坡相对平缓,以大面积连片的森林植被景观为主。但无论南北坡,景观类型垂直格局均呈现交错分布的特点。分析表明,保护区内的云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)林、长苞冷杉(Abies georgei)林、高山草甸和现代冰川等景观类型是保护区内斑块连续性和均质性最好的景观类型。而低海拔区域的村落、矿区景观、农地等是斑块破碎度最高的类型。区内分离度最大的景观类型是高山湖泊景观,其次是村落、矿区景观,而分离度最小的是云南松林和长苞冷杉林景观。景观结构和格局分析,对于确定保护区的优先区域,合理功能区区划等具有重要的指导意义。
(4)将自然保护区生物多样性的经济价值分为直接价值(包括直接实物价值和直接非实物价值)、生态功能间接价值(主要是生态系统服务价值)和非使用价值(包括选择价值、遗产价值和存在价值)几大类进行评估的结果显示,哈巴雪山自然保护区生物多样性的经济总价值约为17.4497亿元。其中,直接使用价值2553万元,间接使用价值17.1833亿元,非使用价值111万元,间接使用价值远远高于直接使用价值,充分体现了保护区生物多样性的公共物品特征和外部经济性特征。研究对现有森林的碳存量价值进行评估,并以森林生态系统地上部分每年的碳存量的价值代替立木价值,避免一些重复计算的项目;在物种和遗传保育价值的估算范围方面,将估算的范围扩大到保护区所有的自然生态系统类型,而不仅只局限于森林生态系统。
(5)对保护区管理现状进行评估结果表明:保护区法律地位明确、有一定的管理经费保障,为保障保护区的资源安全创造了良好的条件,目前保护区生物多样性及生态、文化价值保持较为完整。但是,保护区存在范围及功能区划不合理、基础设施建设滞后、管理人员数量和素质不足以及内及周边社区对保护区资源的依赖较为严重等问题,影响保护区管理的有效性。针对保护区管理中存在的问题,本研究提出通过对保护区范围进行局部调整、合理功能区划分、加强保护区管理部门在巡护、科研监测和宣传展示等方面基础设施建设,并充实管理人员、鼓励社区参与保护区管理等措施促进保护区的建设与管理。
As the basis for all ecosystem services, and the foundation for truly sustainable development, biodiversity plays fundamental roles in maintaining and enhancing the well-being of the worlds. The expansion of human living space, however, has caused and is accelerating the losses of biodiversity, which lead to the reduction of ecosystem service and has imposed far-reaching influence on the global sustainable development. It is generally accepted that in situ conservation by establishing nature reserve was the most effective way for conserving of biodiversity and endangered species, and fully understanding on the characteristic and the value of biodiversity is rationale for effective management of the nature reserve.
Habaxueshan nature reserve located in the northwest Yunnan in middle-upper reaches of the Changjiang River, and the ecological location of the nature reserve is important for it is a significance component part of the“Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region of Southwest China”and the World Heritage“Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas”which known for biodiversity richness. The current status and the spatial variability of biodiversity along the environmental gradients in the nature reserve were studied in this paper at three levels (species, ecosystem and landscape). And the reasonable functional zoning as well as the management and sustainable use of nature reserve’s biodiversity were proposed based on the analysis of the value of biodiversity and Its conservation status.
Main results of this study are as follow:
(1)The forest ecosystems in the nature reserve has been well protected and It has rich species diversity which includes: 1082 vascular plant species of 431 genera, 123 families; 102 mammal of 72 genera, 31families; 186 birds of 32 families and 27 species of amphibians and reptiles of 18 genera, 12 families. 44 of abovementioned species were included in the national list of protected animals and plants, and 50 species were included in the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) AppendicesⅠa ndⅠ. The nature reserve also bring out its uniqueness and significance of biodiversity to the best advantage for Its 14 nature reserve endemic species and relative rich of endemic species of the northwest Yunnan and that of the“Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region of Southwest China”. The relative aboundance of species varied greatly between different ecosystems for the interaction of elevational and areas elements, vascular plant, mammals are positively correlated to ecosystems areas while the birds,amphibians and reptiles show no significant correlation. The study also found the positive correlation between the richness of mammal, bird and vascular plant, while the richness of amphibians and reptiles, which mainly distributed in low altitudinal areas show no significant correlation with the richness of vascular plant. The study also showed that the percentage of rare and endangered species as well as endemic species are relative higher in high elevational ecosystems, and that implied the value of alpine ecosystems in biodiversity conservation.
(2)The vegetation of the nature reserve could be grouped into 28 formations of 13 vegetation sub-types , 7 vegetation types by combining the results of field survey and quantitative methods. The nature reserve preserved various vegetation types from the hot-warm valley shrub to alpine talus vegetation which formed a typical examples of vertical vegetation distribution pattern along the altitudinal gradient. The altitudinal patterns species richness as well as the diversity indexes of plant communities were mainly influenced by the“Mid-Domain Effect”and presents a single hump-shaped pattern in general, while the indexes shows fluctuation in mid-elevation zone. The altitudinal pattern of plant diversity in nature reserve present complicate feature which indicated that the diversity of micro-habitat, and the complecation also manifested by the alternative distribution and substitution effect of plant communities in the nature reserve.
(3)The richness of landscapes in the nature reserve were rather high and could be classified into 18 landscape types, 9 landscape classes of 1 landscape category. And the dominant landscape in the nature reserve is various forests which play a decisive roles on the landscape feature to a great extent, and can be regarded as the matrix of the landscape structure in the nature reserve. Analysis of landscape pattern showed that the landscape in south slope, which covers all types from valley shrub to live glacier, were more complicated and fragmented than that of the north slope which dominant by relative intact forest patch. However, the landscapes pattern in both north and south slopes present same alternative distribution features. The analysis also showed that the continuity and homogeneity of Pinus yunnanensis and Abies georgei forest landscapes as well as the alpine meadow and live glacier landscapes patchs are higher than other types in the nature reserve. And most of the landscape types in valley areas, such as agricultural, mining and local villages landscapes present higher fragmentation. The analysis of landscape dispersion in the nature reserve indicated that the most dispersed landscape is alpine lakes landscapes, and the dispersion of mining and local villages also relatively higher, while the Pinus yunnanensis and Abies georgei forest landscapes presents minimum dispersion.
(4)The economic value of biodiversity in the nature reserve can be divided into three main areas according to classification systems proposed by Xue-Dayun in 1999: direct use value (DUV,include direct material value and direct non-material value), indirect use value (IUV,ecosystem services value mainly ) and Non-use value (NUV, include: option value, bequest value and existence value). And the evaluation showed that the DUV, IUV and NUV of biodiversity in the nature reserve are 25.53 , 1718.33 and 1.11 millions respectively. The percentage of IUV is much higher than that of DUV, and that indicate the public goods feature of biodiversity and external economic of biodiversity value. Additionally, a few improvement concerning the contents and methods for biodiversity evaluation in nature reserve were suggested in this study. We evaluated the value of carbon stock and annually carbon sequestration instead of the timber value to avoid some duplications in evaluation items, and the biodiversity value concerning species and genetic resources conservation were evaluated not only for forest but for all ecosytems in nature reserve.
(5) The management status of the nature reserve was evaluated using the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) developed by WCPA. And the results indicated that Habaxueshan nature reserve has clear legal status, and necessary budget for routine management of the biological resources.And the biodiversity, ecological and cultural value of the nature reserve has being protected intactly. Main threats and limitations that influence the effictive management of the nature reserve include unreasonable boundary and functional zooning; insufficient infrastructure and equipment need for management; lack of qualified staffs to manage the protected area and law enforcement; and communities inside or adjacent to nature reserve were highly relied on the nature resources etc.. Main strategies for improving the management of the nature reserve were proposed in this study in accordance with threats and limitations.
云南哈巴雪山自然保护区地处长江上游的滇西北地区,是“西南纵向岭谷区”和“三江并流”世界自然遗产地的重要组成部分,生态区位十分重要。本研究以哈巴雪山自然保护区为研究对象,从动、植物物种、群落类型(生态系统)和景观类型多样性3个层次研究保护区生物多样性的现状,分析了生物多样性的特征及其沿环境梯度的空间分异规律,在对保护区生物多样性价值及保护区管理现状进行评价的基础上,探讨了保护区的功能区划以及生物多样性保护管理和可持续利用的途径。
通过研究得出的主要结果如下:
(1)哈巴雪山自然保护区森林生态系统保存完整,拥有维管植物123科431属1082种,哺乳动物31科72属102种,鸟类32科186种和两栖、爬行动物动物12科18属27种。保护区分布有国家重点保护动植物44种,被列入CITES附录动植物种类50种;另外,在相对狭小的范围内,拥有14个保护区特有种,以及数量较多的滇西北和西南纵向岭谷区特有种,充分显示了保护区生物多样性的独特性和保护价值。研究表明,由于海拔因素和面积因素共同影响,不同生态系统类型间物种的丰富度有较大的差异。维管植物、哺乳动物物种的丰富度与生态系统类型面积成正相关,而鸟类和两栖爬行类动物丰富度与生态系统类型面积的相关性不显著;保护区维管植物丰富度与哺乳动物和鸟类丰富度存在较好的相关性,而与两栖爬行类丰富度的相关性不强。研究结果还显示,珍稀濒危、特有物种比例最高的是高山生态系统,充分表明其独特性和保护的重要价值。
(2)应用等级聚类分析等数量化方法,结合现地调查结果,保护区植被可划分为7个植被型13个植被亚型28个群系。保护区群落类型丰富,沿海拔梯度保护区形成了完整、典型的植被垂直带景观。从河谷到山顶,保护区保存有从亚热带干暖河谷植被到寒带流石滩疏生植被的主要植被类型。群落的物种多样性指数沿海拔梯度呈现出较为复杂的规律,总体而言,哈巴雪山的植物多样性沿海拔的分布格局受“中间地带效应”影响较为明显,α多样性指数和β多样性指数总体呈单峰格局,但中海拔地段峰谷交替出现,起伏较大。反映出保护区小生境类型多样性以及群落类型交错分布、相互替代的特征。
(3)研究采用自上而下的景观生态分类方法,按照景观生态划分的原则和分类系统,将保护区划分1个景观类、9个景观系、18个景观型。各种森林景观是保护区主体景观类型,在很大程度上决定着保护区景观的性质,属保护区景观结构的基质。景观格局分析表明,保护区南坡地势陡峻,海拔差异较大,景观类型复杂、完整,包括了从河谷灌丛到现代冰川的所有景观类型,但景观相对破碎;北坡相对平缓,以大面积连片的森林植被景观为主。但无论南北坡,景观类型垂直格局均呈现交错分布的特点。分析表明,保护区内的云南松(Pinus yunnanensis)林、长苞冷杉(Abies georgei)林、高山草甸和现代冰川等景观类型是保护区内斑块连续性和均质性最好的景观类型。而低海拔区域的村落、矿区景观、农地等是斑块破碎度最高的类型。区内分离度最大的景观类型是高山湖泊景观,其次是村落、矿区景观,而分离度最小的是云南松林和长苞冷杉林景观。景观结构和格局分析,对于确定保护区的优先区域,合理功能区区划等具有重要的指导意义。
(4)将自然保护区生物多样性的经济价值分为直接价值(包括直接实物价值和直接非实物价值)、生态功能间接价值(主要是生态系统服务价值)和非使用价值(包括选择价值、遗产价值和存在价值)几大类进行评估的结果显示,哈巴雪山自然保护区生物多样性的经济总价值约为17.4497亿元。其中,直接使用价值2553万元,间接使用价值17.1833亿元,非使用价值111万元,间接使用价值远远高于直接使用价值,充分体现了保护区生物多样性的公共物品特征和外部经济性特征。研究对现有森林的碳存量价值进行评估,并以森林生态系统地上部分每年的碳存量的价值代替立木价值,避免一些重复计算的项目;在物种和遗传保育价值的估算范围方面,将估算的范围扩大到保护区所有的自然生态系统类型,而不仅只局限于森林生态系统。
(5)对保护区管理现状进行评估结果表明:保护区法律地位明确、有一定的管理经费保障,为保障保护区的资源安全创造了良好的条件,目前保护区生物多样性及生态、文化价值保持较为完整。但是,保护区存在范围及功能区划不合理、基础设施建设滞后、管理人员数量和素质不足以及内及周边社区对保护区资源的依赖较为严重等问题,影响保护区管理的有效性。针对保护区管理中存在的问题,本研究提出通过对保护区范围进行局部调整、合理功能区划分、加强保护区管理部门在巡护、科研监测和宣传展示等方面基础设施建设,并充实管理人员、鼓励社区参与保护区管理等措施促进保护区的建设与管理。
As the basis for all ecosystem services, and the foundation for truly sustainable development, biodiversity plays fundamental roles in maintaining and enhancing the well-being of the worlds. The expansion of human living space, however, has caused and is accelerating the losses of biodiversity, which lead to the reduction of ecosystem service and has imposed far-reaching influence on the global sustainable development. It is generally accepted that in situ conservation by establishing nature reserve was the most effective way for conserving of biodiversity and endangered species, and fully understanding on the characteristic and the value of biodiversity is rationale for effective management of the nature reserve.
Habaxueshan nature reserve located in the northwest Yunnan in middle-upper reaches of the Changjiang River, and the ecological location of the nature reserve is important for it is a significance component part of the“Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region of Southwest China”and the World Heritage“Three Parallel Rivers of Yunnan Protected Areas”which known for biodiversity richness. The current status and the spatial variability of biodiversity along the environmental gradients in the nature reserve were studied in this paper at three levels (species, ecosystem and landscape). And the reasonable functional zoning as well as the management and sustainable use of nature reserve’s biodiversity were proposed based on the analysis of the value of biodiversity and Its conservation status.
Main results of this study are as follow:
(1)The forest ecosystems in the nature reserve has been well protected and It has rich species diversity which includes: 1082 vascular plant species of 431 genera, 123 families; 102 mammal of 72 genera, 31families; 186 birds of 32 families and 27 species of amphibians and reptiles of 18 genera, 12 families. 44 of abovementioned species were included in the national list of protected animals and plants, and 50 species were included in the CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) AppendicesⅠa ndⅠ. The nature reserve also bring out its uniqueness and significance of biodiversity to the best advantage for Its 14 nature reserve endemic species and relative rich of endemic species of the northwest Yunnan and that of the“Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region of Southwest China”. The relative aboundance of species varied greatly between different ecosystems for the interaction of elevational and areas elements, vascular plant, mammals are positively correlated to ecosystems areas while the birds,amphibians and reptiles show no significant correlation. The study also found the positive correlation between the richness of mammal, bird and vascular plant, while the richness of amphibians and reptiles, which mainly distributed in low altitudinal areas show no significant correlation with the richness of vascular plant. The study also showed that the percentage of rare and endangered species as well as endemic species are relative higher in high elevational ecosystems, and that implied the value of alpine ecosystems in biodiversity conservation.
(2)The vegetation of the nature reserve could be grouped into 28 formations of 13 vegetation sub-types , 7 vegetation types by combining the results of field survey and quantitative methods. The nature reserve preserved various vegetation types from the hot-warm valley shrub to alpine talus vegetation which formed a typical examples of vertical vegetation distribution pattern along the altitudinal gradient. The altitudinal patterns species richness as well as the diversity indexes of plant communities were mainly influenced by the“Mid-Domain Effect”and presents a single hump-shaped pattern in general, while the indexes shows fluctuation in mid-elevation zone. The altitudinal pattern of plant diversity in nature reserve present complicate feature which indicated that the diversity of micro-habitat, and the complecation also manifested by the alternative distribution and substitution effect of plant communities in the nature reserve.
(3)The richness of landscapes in the nature reserve were rather high and could be classified into 18 landscape types, 9 landscape classes of 1 landscape category. And the dominant landscape in the nature reserve is various forests which play a decisive roles on the landscape feature to a great extent, and can be regarded as the matrix of the landscape structure in the nature reserve. Analysis of landscape pattern showed that the landscape in south slope, which covers all types from valley shrub to live glacier, were more complicated and fragmented than that of the north slope which dominant by relative intact forest patch. However, the landscapes pattern in both north and south slopes present same alternative distribution features. The analysis also showed that the continuity and homogeneity of Pinus yunnanensis and Abies georgei forest landscapes as well as the alpine meadow and live glacier landscapes patchs are higher than other types in the nature reserve. And most of the landscape types in valley areas, such as agricultural, mining and local villages landscapes present higher fragmentation. The analysis of landscape dispersion in the nature reserve indicated that the most dispersed landscape is alpine lakes landscapes, and the dispersion of mining and local villages also relatively higher, while the Pinus yunnanensis and Abies georgei forest landscapes presents minimum dispersion.
(4)The economic value of biodiversity in the nature reserve can be divided into three main areas according to classification systems proposed by Xue-Dayun in 1999: direct use value (DUV,include direct material value and direct non-material value), indirect use value (IUV,ecosystem services value mainly ) and Non-use value (NUV, include: option value, bequest value and existence value). And the evaluation showed that the DUV, IUV and NUV of biodiversity in the nature reserve are 25.53 , 1718.33 and 1.11 millions respectively. The percentage of IUV is much higher than that of DUV, and that indicate the public goods feature of biodiversity and external economic of biodiversity value. Additionally, a few improvement concerning the contents and methods for biodiversity evaluation in nature reserve were suggested in this study. We evaluated the value of carbon stock and annually carbon sequestration instead of the timber value to avoid some duplications in evaluation items, and the biodiversity value concerning species and genetic resources conservation were evaluated not only for forest but for all ecosytems in nature reserve.
(5) The management status of the nature reserve was evaluated using the Management Effectiveness Tracking Tool (METT) developed by WCPA. And the results indicated that Habaxueshan nature reserve has clear legal status, and necessary budget for routine management of the biological resources.And the biodiversity, ecological and cultural value of the nature reserve has being protected intactly. Main threats and limitations that influence the effictive management of the nature reserve include unreasonable boundary and functional zooning; insufficient infrastructure and equipment need for management; lack of qualified staffs to manage the protected area and law enforcement; and communities inside or adjacent to nature reserve were highly relied on the nature resources etc.. Main strategies for improving the management of the nature reserve were proposed in this study in accordance with threats and limitations.
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