舰船尾流的前向光散射特性测试系统研究
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摘要
舰船尾流是舰船运动时在其身后产生的一段含大量气泡的湍流区域,它是舰船运动的特有产物,舰船尾流的各种物理特性对于自导鱼雷的研制具有很高的利用价值。本文的主要工作内容是研制一套尾流光前向散射特性探测系统。这套系统主要应用光电探测技术,检测散射光光学特性参数的变化,从而感知光传输路径上气泡的特性,这样就能判别出鱼雷是否进入或穿出舰船尾流区。作为一套前向光散射基本性质测试实验系统,在设计上综合了多项测试功能。系统具有同时测试不同的深度气泡散射、不同激光波长的散射、不同的光程的散射,以及散射光不同偏振特性测试的能力。在光电系统设计上重点考虑了低噪声和放大电路增益的均衡匹配,以及数据传输系统的实时性和抗干扰性。实验室模拟实验和海上舰船尾流实际测试实验结果表明,该系统综合性能指标达到设计要求,能够满足舰船尾流前向散射特性测试的需要,从而为光尾流自导鱼雷技术研究提供必要的实验测试设备。
该系统可以用于真实海洋环境实验测试,120hr水中浸泡实验结果表明,测试阵架的水密性和耐压性均达到设计要求,阵架光电检测系统工作正常。在电子学系统方面,数据经过远距离传输(200m以上),能够保证实时性、准确性和抗干扰性;系统本底电子学信噪比大于60dB:通过长时间考核,650nm激光器功率稳定性大于95%,532nm激光器功率稳定性大于91%。此外,我们利用这套测试系统进行了模拟尾流测试实验。实验结果在时域和频域两方面均表明,在气泡产生前后,尾流光前向散射特性具有特征性的变化。
Ship bubbles wakes is a streak of foamy and turbulent region behind a moving ship, which is a special production of ship movement. Any kind of physical characteristic of ship wakes is high usable for torpedo research. The main work of the thesis is to design and build up a system for detecting and analyzing the forward light scattered by ship wakes. The laser based photoelectrical detecting technology is used for the ship wakes detection. Through detecting the change of optical parameter of the scattering light, we can know whether the bubbles exists on the laser passing way, which can approve whether torpedo enters or get out of the ship wakes. As an experimental system, the system has many functions, such as measuring at different depth, with different incident light wavelength and different light path length and it also can detect the polarization characteristics of the scattering light. The system has low electric noise and balanced gain of the amplifying circuit. Experimental results demonstrate that the system is able to meet the requirements for actual application in the sea.
The entire opto-electric detection system is hermetically sealed in a 7 meters high stainless steel frame, which is airtight and pressure tested by filling in 2atm air and immersing in water for 120hr. Experiment results also show that the SNR of the electrical system is lower than 60dB and the signal transmission (over 200m) is real time, accurate and interference resistant. The power stability of the 650nm laser is better than 95%, the power stability of the 532nm laser is higher than 91%. Simulated ship wakes detecting experiment is carried out with the system, which shows that the forward scatter light from the wakes bubbles could be clearly detected and recognized from the signal both in the time domain and frequency domain.
该系统可以用于真实海洋环境实验测试,120hr水中浸泡实验结果表明,测试阵架的水密性和耐压性均达到设计要求,阵架光电检测系统工作正常。在电子学系统方面,数据经过远距离传输(200m以上),能够保证实时性、准确性和抗干扰性;系统本底电子学信噪比大于60dB:通过长时间考核,650nm激光器功率稳定性大于95%,532nm激光器功率稳定性大于91%。此外,我们利用这套测试系统进行了模拟尾流测试实验。实验结果在时域和频域两方面均表明,在气泡产生前后,尾流光前向散射特性具有特征性的变化。
Ship bubbles wakes is a streak of foamy and turbulent region behind a moving ship, which is a special production of ship movement. Any kind of physical characteristic of ship wakes is high usable for torpedo research. The main work of the thesis is to design and build up a system for detecting and analyzing the forward light scattered by ship wakes. The laser based photoelectrical detecting technology is used for the ship wakes detection. Through detecting the change of optical parameter of the scattering light, we can know whether the bubbles exists on the laser passing way, which can approve whether torpedo enters or get out of the ship wakes. As an experimental system, the system has many functions, such as measuring at different depth, with different incident light wavelength and different light path length and it also can detect the polarization characteristics of the scattering light. The system has low electric noise and balanced gain of the amplifying circuit. Experimental results demonstrate that the system is able to meet the requirements for actual application in the sea.
The entire opto-electric detection system is hermetically sealed in a 7 meters high stainless steel frame, which is airtight and pressure tested by filling in 2atm air and immersing in water for 120hr. Experiment results also show that the SNR of the electrical system is lower than 60dB and the signal transmission (over 200m) is real time, accurate and interference resistant. The power stability of the 650nm laser is better than 95%, the power stability of the 532nm laser is higher than 91%. Simulated ship wakes detecting experiment is carried out with the system, which shows that the forward scatter light from the wakes bubbles could be clearly detected and recognized from the signal both in the time domain and frequency domain.
引文
[1]曹静,康颖,蒋小勤,徐麦荣.气泡尾流光学特性研究的发展评述.船舰科学技术,2005,6(27):5-8.
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[3]高江,张静远,杨力.舰船气泡尾流特性研究现状.舰船科学技术,2008,4(30):27-32.
[4]冀邦杰,周德善,张建生.基于尾流光效应的制导鱼雷.鱼雷技术,2000,3(8):40-43.
[5]Balser M,Harkless C,M claren W.Bragg-Wave Scattering and the Narrow-wake[J].IEEE Transactions on Geo science and Remote Sensing,1998,36(2).
[6]张晓晖,雷选华,刘启忠等.舰船尾流激光制导方法的研究.激光技术,2005,5(29):454-500.
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[8]杨暄浦,王海燕,白峻.尾流的噪声信号特性及其模拟研究.电声基础,2009,5(33),36-39.
[9]Zhang X,Lewis M,Bissett W P,et al.Optical influence of ship wakes.Appl.Opt.2004,43(15):3122-3132.
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[12]Ezerkii A,Sandler B,Selivanovskii.Echo-ranging observations of gas bubbles near the surface.Soy Phys Acoust,1989,35:483-484.
[13]Miner E W,Griffin O M,Skop R A.Near-surface bubble motions in sea water.NRL-MR-5756,1986.
[14]Stewart M B,Miner E W.Bubble dynamics in a turbulent ship wake.NRL-MR-6055,1987.
[15]Ezerskii A,Sandler B,Selivanovskii.Echo-ranging observation of gas bubbles near the sea surface.Sov Phys Acoust,1989,35:483-484.
[16]Carrica P M,Bonetto F J,Drew D A.The interaction of backgound ocean air bubbles with a surface ship.Int J Numer Meth Fluids,1998,28:571-600.
[17]Carrica P M,Drew D,Bonetto F.A polydisperse model for bubbly two-phase floe around a surface ship.Int J Multiphase Flows,1999,25:257-305.
[18]Davis G E.Scattering of light by an air bubble in water.J.Opt.Soc.Am.1955,45(7):572-581
[19]Maston P L.Critical angle scattering by a bubble,physical-optics approximation and observation.J.Opt.Soc.Am.1979,69(9):1205-1211
[20]Kingsbury D L,Maston P L.Mie scattering near the critical angle of bubbles in water.J.Opt.Soc.Am.1981,71(3):358-363.
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[22]Dean C E,Maston P L.Critical angle light scattering from bubbles:an asymptotic series approximation.Appl.Opt.1991,30(33):4764-4776.
[23]Maston P L,Billeue S C and Dean C E.Scattering of light by a coated bubble in water near the critical and Brewster scattering angles.SPIE,1988,925:308-316.
[24]Langley D S,Maston P L.Glory in optical backscattering from air bubbles.Phys.Rev.Let,1981,47(13):913-916.
[25]Arnott W P and Maston P L.Optical glory of small freely rising gas bubbles in water:observed and conputed cross-polarized backscattering pattens.J.Opt.Soc.Am.A.1988,5(4):496-506.
[26]D.Stramski.Gas Microbubbles:an Assessment of Their Significance to Light Scattering inQuiescent Seas.Proc.SPIE.1994,2258:704-710.
[27]X.Zhang,M.R.Lewis and B.D.Jonhnson.Influence of Bubbles on Scattering of Light in the Ocean.Appl.Opt.1998,37(27):6525-6536.
[28]X.Zhang,M.Lewis.The Volume Scattering Function of Natural Bubble Populations.Limnol.Oceanogr.2002,47(5):1273-1282.
[29]T.J.O' Hern,L.D' Agostino and A.J.Acosta.Comparison of Holographic and Coulter Counter Measurement of Cavitation Nuclei in the Ocean.J.Fluids Eng.Trans.ASME.1988,110(2):200-207.
[30]徐晓燕,王海陆,冀邦杰等.微弱信号检测原理在光尾流探测中的应用.现代电子技术,2008,9,124-126.
[31]邓仲芳,刘继芳,李增荣.利用后向散射光空间谱强度分布探测尾流气泡的实验研究.光子学报,2006,35(8):1216-1220.
[32]马治国,王江安,蒋兴舟等.尾流气泡对脉冲激光时间展宽的研究.激光技术,2008,32(2):198-200.
[33]项建胜,何俊华,陈敏等.基于Mie光散射理论的尾流气泡前向散射光特性研究.光子学报,2007,36(11):2111-2114.
[34]张建生,孙传东,冀邦杰等.水中气泡的运动规律和光学散射特性.鱼雷技术,2000,8(1):22-25.
[35]张建生,吕青,冀邦杰等.实验室模拟尾流的光学研究.光子学报,2001,30(9):1146-1149.
[36]张建生,刘健康,冀邦杰等.真实尾流的光学特性.光子学报,2002,31(9):1284-1288.
[37]张建生,冀邦杰,刘娟等.差动式探测方法研究气泡的光学性质.鱼雷技术,2005,13(2):25-28.
[38]张建生,林书玉,刘鹏等.船舶尾流散射光信号及一维离散小波分析.光子学报,2007,36(11):2106-2110.
[39]Wei Li,Kecheng Yang,Min Xia,et al.Computation for angular diatributiong of scattered light on a coated bubble in water.J.Opt.A:Pure Appl.Opt.,2006,8(9):926-931.
[40]Xia Min,Yang Kecheng,Zhang Xiaohui,et al.Monte Carlo simulation of backscattering signal from bubbles under water.J.Opt.A:Pure Appl.Opt.,2006,8(3):350-354.
[41]饶炯辉,杨克成,张晓晖等.采用脉冲激光探测模拟的舰船气泡尾流.光学与光电技术,2007,5(5):40-42.
[42]Wei Li,Kecheng Yang,Min Xia,et al.Computation of the scattering intensity distribution for natural light scattered by an air bubble in water.J.Opt.A:Pure Appl.Opt.2006,8(1):93-99.
[43]Jun Liang,Kecheng Yang,Min Xia,et al.Monte Carlo simulation for modulated pulse bathymetric light detecting and ranging systems.J.Opt.A:Pure Appl.Opt.,2006,8(5):415-422.
[44]夏珉,杨克成,郑毅等.水体光学参数对水中气泡场激光雷达探测影响的研究.激光杂志,2008,29(1):72-73.
[45]张毓芬,田稷,王成龙.舰船尾流消光特性分析.光电子技术与信息,2003,16(4):40-42.
[46]苏丽萍,任德明,曲彦臣等.舰船尾流散射特性的研究.激光杂志,2007,28(1):70-71
[47]苏丽萍.尾流的激光散射特性和轮廓的半实物仿真研究。博士学位论文,哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.
[48]付欣,张静远,高永琪.鱼雷制导与控制发展的回顾与展望.舰船科学技术,2007,5(29):48-55.
[49]张建生.尾流的光学特性研究与测量.博士学位论文.西安:中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所,2001.
[50]Zhang X,lewis M,Lee M,et al,Volume scattering function of natural bubble populations.Limnol.Oceanogr,2002,47(5):1273-1282
[51]项建胜.基于Mie光散射理论的气泡测量技术研究.硕士学位论文.西安:中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所,2007.
[52]Peltzer R D,Garrett W D,Smith P M.A remote sensing study of surface ship wake (J).Int.J.Remote Sens,1987,8:689-704.
[53]Trevorrow M V.Boundary scattering limitation of fish detection in shallow waters (J).Fisheries Research,1998,35:127 - 135.
[54]孙春生,张晓晖,朱东华.舰船远程尾流气泡群的前向光散射特性研究.激光杂志,2008,4(29):40-41.
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[2]蒋兴舟,陈喜,蒋涛.鱼雷制导设计原理[M].武汉:海军工程大学,2001.
[3]高江,张静远,杨力.舰船气泡尾流特性研究现状.舰船科学技术,2008,4(30):27-32.
[4]冀邦杰,周德善,张建生.基于尾流光效应的制导鱼雷.鱼雷技术,2000,3(8):40-43.
[5]Balser M,Harkless C,M claren W.Bragg-Wave Scattering and the Narrow-wake[J].IEEE Transactions on Geo science and Remote Sensing,1998,36(2).
[6]张晓晖,雷选华,刘启忠等.舰船尾流激光制导方法的研究.激光技术,2005,5(29):454-500.
[7]Peltzer R D,Garrett W D,Smith P M.A remote sensing study of surface ship wake[J].Int.J.Remote Sens,1987,8:689-704.
[8]杨暄浦,王海燕,白峻.尾流的噪声信号特性及其模拟研究.电声基础,2009,5(33),36-39.
[9]Zhang X,Lewis M,Bissett W P,et al.Optical influence of ship wakes.Appl.Opt.2004,43(15):3122-3132.
[10]M.V.Trevorrow,S.Vagle and D.M.Farmer.Acoustical Measurements of Microbubbles within Ship Wakes.J.Acoust.Soc.Am.1994,95(4):1922-1929.
[11]Garrettson G A.Bubble transport theory with application to the upper ocean.J Fluid Mech,1973,59:187-206.
[12]Ezerkii A,Sandler B,Selivanovskii.Echo-ranging observations of gas bubbles near the surface.Soy Phys Acoust,1989,35:483-484.
[13]Miner E W,Griffin O M,Skop R A.Near-surface bubble motions in sea water.NRL-MR-5756,1986.
[14]Stewart M B,Miner E W.Bubble dynamics in a turbulent ship wake.NRL-MR-6055,1987.
[15]Ezerskii A,Sandler B,Selivanovskii.Echo-ranging observation of gas bubbles near the sea surface.Sov Phys Acoust,1989,35:483-484.
[16]Carrica P M,Bonetto F J,Drew D A.The interaction of backgound ocean air bubbles with a surface ship.Int J Numer Meth Fluids,1998,28:571-600.
[17]Carrica P M,Drew D,Bonetto F.A polydisperse model for bubbly two-phase floe around a surface ship.Int J Multiphase Flows,1999,25:257-305.
[18]Davis G E.Scattering of light by an air bubble in water.J.Opt.Soc.Am.1955,45(7):572-581
[19]Maston P L.Critical angle scattering by a bubble,physical-optics approximation and observation.J.Opt.Soc.Am.1979,69(9):1205-1211
[20]Kingsbury D L,Maston P L.Mie scattering near the critical angle of bubbles in water.J.Opt.Soc.Am.1981,71(3):358-363.
[21]Maston P L,Kingsbury D L.Scattering by a bubble in water near the critical angle:interference effects.J.Opt.Soc.Am.1981,71(2):192-196.
[22]Dean C E,Maston P L.Critical angle light scattering from bubbles:an asymptotic series approximation.Appl.Opt.1991,30(33):4764-4776.
[23]Maston P L,Billeue S C and Dean C E.Scattering of light by a coated bubble in water near the critical and Brewster scattering angles.SPIE,1988,925:308-316.
[24]Langley D S,Maston P L.Glory in optical backscattering from air bubbles.Phys.Rev.Let,1981,47(13):913-916.
[25]Arnott W P and Maston P L.Optical glory of small freely rising gas bubbles in water:observed and conputed cross-polarized backscattering pattens.J.Opt.Soc.Am.A.1988,5(4):496-506.
[26]D.Stramski.Gas Microbubbles:an Assessment of Their Significance to Light Scattering inQuiescent Seas.Proc.SPIE.1994,2258:704-710.
[27]X.Zhang,M.R.Lewis and B.D.Jonhnson.Influence of Bubbles on Scattering of Light in the Ocean.Appl.Opt.1998,37(27):6525-6536.
[28]X.Zhang,M.Lewis.The Volume Scattering Function of Natural Bubble Populations.Limnol.Oceanogr.2002,47(5):1273-1282.
[29]T.J.O' Hern,L.D' Agostino and A.J.Acosta.Comparison of Holographic and Coulter Counter Measurement of Cavitation Nuclei in the Ocean.J.Fluids Eng.Trans.ASME.1988,110(2):200-207.
[30]徐晓燕,王海陆,冀邦杰等.微弱信号检测原理在光尾流探测中的应用.现代电子技术,2008,9,124-126.
[31]邓仲芳,刘继芳,李增荣.利用后向散射光空间谱强度分布探测尾流气泡的实验研究.光子学报,2006,35(8):1216-1220.
[32]马治国,王江安,蒋兴舟等.尾流气泡对脉冲激光时间展宽的研究.激光技术,2008,32(2):198-200.
[33]项建胜,何俊华,陈敏等.基于Mie光散射理论的尾流气泡前向散射光特性研究.光子学报,2007,36(11):2111-2114.
[34]张建生,孙传东,冀邦杰等.水中气泡的运动规律和光学散射特性.鱼雷技术,2000,8(1):22-25.
[35]张建生,吕青,冀邦杰等.实验室模拟尾流的光学研究.光子学报,2001,30(9):1146-1149.
[36]张建生,刘健康,冀邦杰等.真实尾流的光学特性.光子学报,2002,31(9):1284-1288.
[37]张建生,冀邦杰,刘娟等.差动式探测方法研究气泡的光学性质.鱼雷技术,2005,13(2):25-28.
[38]张建生,林书玉,刘鹏等.船舶尾流散射光信号及一维离散小波分析.光子学报,2007,36(11):2106-2110.
[39]Wei Li,Kecheng Yang,Min Xia,et al.Computation for angular diatributiong of scattered light on a coated bubble in water.J.Opt.A:Pure Appl.Opt.,2006,8(9):926-931.
[40]Xia Min,Yang Kecheng,Zhang Xiaohui,et al.Monte Carlo simulation of backscattering signal from bubbles under water.J.Opt.A:Pure Appl.Opt.,2006,8(3):350-354.
[41]饶炯辉,杨克成,张晓晖等.采用脉冲激光探测模拟的舰船气泡尾流.光学与光电技术,2007,5(5):40-42.
[42]Wei Li,Kecheng Yang,Min Xia,et al.Computation of the scattering intensity distribution for natural light scattered by an air bubble in water.J.Opt.A:Pure Appl.Opt.2006,8(1):93-99.
[43]Jun Liang,Kecheng Yang,Min Xia,et al.Monte Carlo simulation for modulated pulse bathymetric light detecting and ranging systems.J.Opt.A:Pure Appl.Opt.,2006,8(5):415-422.
[44]夏珉,杨克成,郑毅等.水体光学参数对水中气泡场激光雷达探测影响的研究.激光杂志,2008,29(1):72-73.
[45]张毓芬,田稷,王成龙.舰船尾流消光特性分析.光电子技术与信息,2003,16(4):40-42.
[46]苏丽萍,任德明,曲彦臣等.舰船尾流散射特性的研究.激光杂志,2007,28(1):70-71
[47]苏丽萍.尾流的激光散射特性和轮廓的半实物仿真研究。博士学位论文,哈尔滨:哈尔滨工业大学,2007.
[48]付欣,张静远,高永琪.鱼雷制导与控制发展的回顾与展望.舰船科学技术,2007,5(29):48-55.
[49]张建生.尾流的光学特性研究与测量.博士学位论文.西安:中国科学院西安光学精密机械研究所,2001.
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