海洋生态系统的服务功能及其价值评估研究
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摘要
海洋经济是支撑沿海地区社会经济发展的物质基础之一,海洋生态系统的服务功能及其生态价值是地球生命支持系统的重要组成部分,也是社会与环境可持续发展的基本要素。长期以来,人们在利用海洋资源的过程中,只注重其直接使用价值和市场价值,而忽略了海洋资源的生态价值。对海洋资源无序、无度的开发利用,使海洋生态系统遭到破坏,海洋生态系统服务功能支撑能力降低。虽然人类在海洋生态系统价值与GDP的关系、海洋生态系统可持续发展的原则、海洋生态系统价值的区域性研究等方面已经积累了一些研究成果,但对海洋生态系统服务功能与价值评估的研究与其他生态系统相比存在很大差距。目前海洋生态系统服务功能价值评估是研究热点,有许多理论与方法需要进一步探索。
本文在对相关领域研究进展进行综合概述的基础上,系统分析生态系统服务功能的内涵和分类体系,并对海洋生态系统服务价值评估的理论基础、评估方法、评估体系等进行了进一步的探索,建立了一套合理、可行的海洋生态系统服务功能及价值评估量化指标体系该指标体系分为3大类14个指标。
研究认为:(1)近海生态系统服务功能应该成为重要发展方向之一。(2)创建海洋生态系统服务功能价值评估的理论体系帮助人们形成对海洋生态价值问题的科学认识,树立正确的海洋生态价值观。(3)海洋生态系统的服务价值的改变应该纳入全球绿色GDP的核算体系。
通过海洋生态系统服务功能价值评估体系的建立,系统认识海洋生态系统服务功能价值对于制定海洋政策、合理开发利用海洋资源,实现海洋资源的可持续发展具有重要的意义。
The marine economy is one of the material bases for supporting social and economic development in coastal areas. The sustainable utilization of marine resources is a premise in realizing the sustainable development of society and economy. The research of the marine ecosystem plays an important role in the human welfare、marine organization、sustainable development and country authority. Therefore, the marine ecosystem service and ecosystem value are the aspects of the earth living system and they are also the basic elements of the society and sustainability.However, when (we) utilizing the marine resources, people always pay attention to its direct utility value and market value, and they have neglected its ecological value. The marine ecosystem has been damaged and the supportive ability of marine ecosystem service function has been lowered because of the disorder and excessive exploitation and utilization. Although people already accumulated lots of results about the value of the marine ecosystem with GDP, the principle of the marine ecosystem, and the value of the marine system, the research about marine ecosystem service function and the value evaluation have many differences. The study on the value appraisal of marine ecosystem function is a hot spot at present, so lots of theories and methods are under exploration. Thus, based on the comprehensive summary of the progress in related area,the present thesis make a further exploitation on the theory. The paper discuss the meaning of the marine ecosystem service function according to the feature of the marine ecosystem that it has set up the class of the marine ecosystem service function and done some research about the method of the evaluation of the marine ecosystem function appraisal in order to build a set of reasonable and feasible quantization index system on the value appraisal of marine ecosystem service function. Based on detailed analysis of the advance for ecosystem service function and its value assessment, the connotation and definition of marine ecosystem is discussed. According to the characters of marine ecosystem, the classifying system of marine ecosystem is established and value assessment methods of several representative ecosystem services are studied. Finally, with the situation of inner and outer, the research prospect of marine ecosystem service is analyzed and several important problems in further study are pointed out. Through the study and discuss of the marine ecosystem service function, we can draw a picture of the marine ecosystem service function; it will have much significance about formulating policies, developing and using marine resources, and carrying out the sustainability of the marine recourse.
本文在对相关领域研究进展进行综合概述的基础上,系统分析生态系统服务功能的内涵和分类体系,并对海洋生态系统服务价值评估的理论基础、评估方法、评估体系等进行了进一步的探索,建立了一套合理、可行的海洋生态系统服务功能及价值评估量化指标体系该指标体系分为3大类14个指标。
研究认为:(1)近海生态系统服务功能应该成为重要发展方向之一。(2)创建海洋生态系统服务功能价值评估的理论体系帮助人们形成对海洋生态价值问题的科学认识,树立正确的海洋生态价值观。(3)海洋生态系统的服务价值的改变应该纳入全球绿色GDP的核算体系。
通过海洋生态系统服务功能价值评估体系的建立,系统认识海洋生态系统服务功能价值对于制定海洋政策、合理开发利用海洋资源,实现海洋资源的可持续发展具有重要的意义。
The marine economy is one of the material bases for supporting social and economic development in coastal areas. The sustainable utilization of marine resources is a premise in realizing the sustainable development of society and economy. The research of the marine ecosystem plays an important role in the human welfare、marine organization、sustainable development and country authority. Therefore, the marine ecosystem service and ecosystem value are the aspects of the earth living system and they are also the basic elements of the society and sustainability.However, when (we) utilizing the marine resources, people always pay attention to its direct utility value and market value, and they have neglected its ecological value. The marine ecosystem has been damaged and the supportive ability of marine ecosystem service function has been lowered because of the disorder and excessive exploitation and utilization. Although people already accumulated lots of results about the value of the marine ecosystem with GDP, the principle of the marine ecosystem, and the value of the marine system, the research about marine ecosystem service function and the value evaluation have many differences. The study on the value appraisal of marine ecosystem function is a hot spot at present, so lots of theories and methods are under exploration. Thus, based on the comprehensive summary of the progress in related area,the present thesis make a further exploitation on the theory. The paper discuss the meaning of the marine ecosystem service function according to the feature of the marine ecosystem that it has set up the class of the marine ecosystem service function and done some research about the method of the evaluation of the marine ecosystem function appraisal in order to build a set of reasonable and feasible quantization index system on the value appraisal of marine ecosystem service function. Based on detailed analysis of the advance for ecosystem service function and its value assessment, the connotation and definition of marine ecosystem is discussed. According to the characters of marine ecosystem, the classifying system of marine ecosystem is established and value assessment methods of several representative ecosystem services are studied. Finally, with the situation of inner and outer, the research prospect of marine ecosystem service is analyzed and several important problems in further study are pointed out. Through the study and discuss of the marine ecosystem service function, we can draw a picture of the marine ecosystem service function; it will have much significance about formulating policies, developing and using marine resources, and carrying out the sustainability of the marine recourse.
引文
[1]尚玉吕普通生态学IM」北京:北京大学出版社,2002,1.
[2]高琼,郑饮玉,何艺.关于三峡库区发展山茱英生产的思考[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版增刊)2004,6.
[3]高琼,郑钦玉,何艺.关于重庆市建设生态城市的思考[J].西南农业大学学报(社会科学版)海洋生态系统服务功能价值评估研究2004,2(4):8-10.
[4]Daily G C,ed.Nature's services:Societal dependence on natural systems[M].Washington:Island Press,1997.
[5]Costanza R,Agre R,Groot R,etal.The value of the world's ecosystem and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,387:253-260.
[6]曾江宁,陈全震,高爱根.海洋生态系统服务功能与价值评估研究进展.海洋开发,2005.4:12-16.
[7]Ayes R.Special sections:Forum on valuation of ecosystem,services:The p rice-value paradox[J].Ecological Economics,1998,25:17-19.
[8]Holmlund C.and Hammer M.Ecosystem Services generated by fish polulations[J].Ecological Econornlcs,1999,29:253-268.
[9]Duarte Carlos M.Marine biodiversity and ecosystem services:An elusive link[J].Journal of Experim ental Marine Biology and Ecology,2000,250:117-131.
[10]Daily G C,S(?)derqvist T,etal.The value of nature and the nature of value[J].Science,2000,289:395-396.
[11]Bridging economics and ecology[J].Nature,1998,395:415.
[12]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment(MA).Ecosystems and Human Well-being:Synthesis[R].Washington DC:Island Press,2005.
[13]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值LJI.科学通报,200,45(1):17-22.
[14]Xu Congcun,Han Zenglin.Frameworks for evaluation of marine ecosystem service [J].Ecological Economy,2003,(10):201-204.
[徐丛春,韩增林.海洋生态系统服务价值的估算框架构筑[J].生态经济,2003,(10):201-204.]
[15]Wang Yonghua,etal.Contingent evaluation of restoration of Xinchen bay ecosystem service in Hainan province[J].Journal of Changjiang University,2005,2(2):83-88.
[汪永华,等.海南新村海湾生态系统服务恢复的条件价值评估[J].长江大学学报:自然科学版,2005,2(2):83-88.]
[16]陈尚等.海洋生态系统服务功能分类体系探讨.2006.
[17]陈尚,张朝晖,马艳等.我国海洋生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究计划[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(11):1127-1133.
[18]国家海洋局第一海洋研究所,科技部公益项目典刑海洋生态系统服务价值研究及应用示范研究报告2006.
[19]温林泉,蔡邦成,陆根法-生态系统服务价值评估研究进展及其在环境保护中的意义[J].污染防治技术,2006,19(1):23-25.
[20]温林泉,蔡邦成,陆根法-生态系统服务价值评估研究进展及其在环境保护中的意义[J].污染防治技术,2006,19(1):23-25.
[21]Cairns J.Defining Goals and Conditions for a Sustainable World[J].Environmental Health Perspective,1997,105:1164-1170.
[22]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Group.Ecosystems and human well-being:A framework for assessment[M].Washington:Island Press,2003.
[23]世界环境与发展委员会著(王之佳,柯金良等译).我们共同的未来[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1997,52.
[24]许涤新.生态经济学[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,1987.
[25]周震峰.基于MFA的区域物质代谢研究-以青岛市城阳区为例[D].中国海洋大学,2006.
[26]张象枢,魏国印,李克国环境经济学[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1994.4.[40]
[27]王森,刘晓杰,段志霞..海洋生态资源价值研究[J].中国大学学报(自然科学版),2004,(6):112-121.
[28]薛达元.自然保护区生物多样性经济价值类型及其评估方法[J].农村生态环境,1999,15(2):54-59.
[29]王松需,迟维韵.自然资源利用与生态经济系统[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992,141.
[30]郭明,冯朝阳等生态环境价值评估方法综述[J].山东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,3,18(1):71-74.
[31]高振会,杨建强,崔文林等.海洋溢油对环境与生态环境损害评估技术及应用[M].北京:海洋出版社,2005,73-76、176-177.
[32]欧阳志云,赵同谦,赵景柱等.海南岛生态系统生态调节功能及其生态经济价值研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(8):1395-1402.
[33]潘文斌,唐涛,邓红兵等.湖泊生态系统服务功能评估-以湖北保安湖为例[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(10):1315-1318.
[34]赵延茂.黄河三角洲自然保护区科学考察集[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1995.
[2]高琼,郑饮玉,何艺.关于三峡库区发展山茱英生产的思考[J].西南农业大学学报(自然科学版增刊)2004,6.
[3]高琼,郑钦玉,何艺.关于重庆市建设生态城市的思考[J].西南农业大学学报(社会科学版)海洋生态系统服务功能价值评估研究2004,2(4):8-10.
[4]Daily G C,ed.Nature's services:Societal dependence on natural systems[M].Washington:Island Press,1997.
[5]Costanza R,Agre R,Groot R,etal.The value of the world's ecosystem and natural capital[J].Nature,1997,387:253-260.
[6]曾江宁,陈全震,高爱根.海洋生态系统服务功能与价值评估研究进展.海洋开发,2005.4:12-16.
[7]Ayes R.Special sections:Forum on valuation of ecosystem,services:The p rice-value paradox[J].Ecological Economics,1998,25:17-19.
[8]Holmlund C.and Hammer M.Ecosystem Services generated by fish polulations[J].Ecological Econornlcs,1999,29:253-268.
[9]Duarte Carlos M.Marine biodiversity and ecosystem services:An elusive link[J].Journal of Experim ental Marine Biology and Ecology,2000,250:117-131.
[10]Daily G C,S(?)derqvist T,etal.The value of nature and the nature of value[J].Science,2000,289:395-396.
[11]Bridging economics and ecology[J].Nature,1998,395:415.
[12]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment(MA).Ecosystems and Human Well-being:Synthesis[R].Washington DC:Island Press,2005.
[13]陈仲新,张新时.中国生态系统效益的价值LJI.科学通报,200,45(1):17-22.
[14]Xu Congcun,Han Zenglin.Frameworks for evaluation of marine ecosystem service [J].Ecological Economy,2003,(10):201-204.
[徐丛春,韩增林.海洋生态系统服务价值的估算框架构筑[J].生态经济,2003,(10):201-204.]
[15]Wang Yonghua,etal.Contingent evaluation of restoration of Xinchen bay ecosystem service in Hainan province[J].Journal of Changjiang University,2005,2(2):83-88.
[汪永华,等.海南新村海湾生态系统服务恢复的条件价值评估[J].长江大学学报:自然科学版,2005,2(2):83-88.]
[16]陈尚等.海洋生态系统服务功能分类体系探讨.2006.
[17]陈尚,张朝晖,马艳等.我国海洋生态系统服务功能及其价值评估研究计划[J].地球科学进展,2006,21(11):1127-1133.
[18]国家海洋局第一海洋研究所,科技部公益项目典刑海洋生态系统服务价值研究及应用示范研究报告2006.
[19]温林泉,蔡邦成,陆根法-生态系统服务价值评估研究进展及其在环境保护中的意义[J].污染防治技术,2006,19(1):23-25.
[20]温林泉,蔡邦成,陆根法-生态系统服务价值评估研究进展及其在环境保护中的意义[J].污染防治技术,2006,19(1):23-25.
[21]Cairns J.Defining Goals and Conditions for a Sustainable World[J].Environmental Health Perspective,1997,105:1164-1170.
[22]Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Group.Ecosystems and human well-being:A framework for assessment[M].Washington:Island Press,2003.
[23]世界环境与发展委员会著(王之佳,柯金良等译).我们共同的未来[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1997,52.
[24]许涤新.生态经济学[M].杭州:浙江人民出版社,1987.
[25]周震峰.基于MFA的区域物质代谢研究-以青岛市城阳区为例[D].中国海洋大学,2006.
[26]张象枢,魏国印,李克国环境经济学[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1994.4.[40]
[27]王森,刘晓杰,段志霞..海洋生态资源价值研究[J].中国大学学报(自然科学版),2004,(6):112-121.
[28]薛达元.自然保护区生物多样性经济价值类型及其评估方法[J].农村生态环境,1999,15(2):54-59.
[29]王松需,迟维韵.自然资源利用与生态经济系统[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1992,141.
[30]郭明,冯朝阳等生态环境价值评估方法综述[J].山东师范大学学报(自然科学版),2003,3,18(1):71-74.
[31]高振会,杨建强,崔文林等.海洋溢油对环境与生态环境损害评估技术及应用[M].北京:海洋出版社,2005,73-76、176-177.
[32]欧阳志云,赵同谦,赵景柱等.海南岛生态系统生态调节功能及其生态经济价值研究[J].应用生态学报,2004,15(8):1395-1402.
[33]潘文斌,唐涛,邓红兵等.湖泊生态系统服务功能评估-以湖北保安湖为例[J].应用生态学报,2002,13(10):1315-1318.
[34]赵延茂.黄河三角洲自然保护区科学考察集[M].北京:中国林业出版社,1995.