基于GPU虚拟海洋环境仿真技术研究与实现
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摘要
虚拟战场是虚拟现实技术在军事上的应用,可以为现代化军事训练和军事研究提供基础设施,以其不受环境、政治因素制约、经费节约等优点受到各个国家的重视。任何虚拟战场都存在于一个能够模拟真实世界的自然环境中,其中海洋环境是一个重要组成部分,对其研究具有深远意义和巨大实用价值。
海面场景广阔,需要大量的多边形网格来组成;另外海面场景逼真性,需要复杂环境效果来渲染。随着图形处理器(GPU)快速发展,GPU上的完全可编程能力加快了处理计算机图形数据的速度,提高了复杂效果渲染的效率。从实时性和逼真性出发,论文对海洋环境仿真研究主要包括海面场景建模和绘制,以及海面上复杂环境效果的实现。主要工作有以下几个方面:
研究了基于物理模型、海浪谱模型、几何造型的海浪建模方法;并在FFT算法基础上,利用Phillips谱函数生成海面高度场,建立起海面场景的原始网格模型。为提高海面网格的绘制效率,发挥GPU上并行数据处理能力,利用改进的Geometrical MipMapping算法来优化网格,进而提高了图形绘制效率。
研究了GPU上可编程技术;绘制出海上的天空场景并添加雾效果;编写不同的Shader实现水面反射、折射、菲涅尔效果等物理特效的模拟,进而提高了海面仿真的逼真感。
基于上述技术,论文最后完成了海洋环境仿真演示系统,它能实时生成海面的场景,并渲染出各种自然环境效果,具有很好的实时交互性和逼真感。
Virtual battlefield is the military usage of the virtual reality technology, aiming at providing the basal facilities for modern military training and research. It has many advantages in the military maneuver, such as little restricted by environmental and political factors, saving funds, etc. So it has been seriously regarded by many countries’military. Any virtual battlefield exists in a virtual natural environment that can simulate the real world. As one important composing part, the research on ocean environment is of high academic and applied value.
Since rendering of ocean scene needs massive polygons and complex environment effects, it is a great challenge to graphics hardware. With the GPU’s rapid development, its programmable speeds up processing the graphic dates and improves the efficiency of rending complex effects. Aiming at real-time and realism, the research on simulation of ocean environment mainly involves two hands. One hand is the ocean scene modeling and rending. The other hand is the complex environment effects' development. The main research works of this paper are as follows.
Study the physical model, wave spectrum model and geometric shape of wave modeling. Base on FFT algorithm and the Phillips spectrum function to generate the ocean surface's height field, it establishes ocean scene mesh. To improve the efficiency of ocean scene rending, this paper utilizes an algorithm of optimizing ocean scene mesh algorithm named Geometrical MipMapping.
Study the GPU’s programmable technology, draw the sky with a mist effect. Use different kinds of shards to realize the water surface reflection, refraction, Fresnel effects, etc. To improve the realistic scene of sea, it uses different kinds of shaders to rend complex environment effects.
A system of ocean environment simulation is implemented using the above technology. The experimental results demonstrate the system can generate real-time ocean scene and various environmental effects with good interactivity and realism.
海面场景广阔,需要大量的多边形网格来组成;另外海面场景逼真性,需要复杂环境效果来渲染。随着图形处理器(GPU)快速发展,GPU上的完全可编程能力加快了处理计算机图形数据的速度,提高了复杂效果渲染的效率。从实时性和逼真性出发,论文对海洋环境仿真研究主要包括海面场景建模和绘制,以及海面上复杂环境效果的实现。主要工作有以下几个方面:
研究了基于物理模型、海浪谱模型、几何造型的海浪建模方法;并在FFT算法基础上,利用Phillips谱函数生成海面高度场,建立起海面场景的原始网格模型。为提高海面网格的绘制效率,发挥GPU上并行数据处理能力,利用改进的Geometrical MipMapping算法来优化网格,进而提高了图形绘制效率。
研究了GPU上可编程技术;绘制出海上的天空场景并添加雾效果;编写不同的Shader实现水面反射、折射、菲涅尔效果等物理特效的模拟,进而提高了海面仿真的逼真感。
基于上述技术,论文最后完成了海洋环境仿真演示系统,它能实时生成海面的场景,并渲染出各种自然环境效果,具有很好的实时交互性和逼真感。
Virtual battlefield is the military usage of the virtual reality technology, aiming at providing the basal facilities for modern military training and research. It has many advantages in the military maneuver, such as little restricted by environmental and political factors, saving funds, etc. So it has been seriously regarded by many countries’military. Any virtual battlefield exists in a virtual natural environment that can simulate the real world. As one important composing part, the research on ocean environment is of high academic and applied value.
Since rendering of ocean scene needs massive polygons and complex environment effects, it is a great challenge to graphics hardware. With the GPU’s rapid development, its programmable speeds up processing the graphic dates and improves the efficiency of rending complex effects. Aiming at real-time and realism, the research on simulation of ocean environment mainly involves two hands. One hand is the ocean scene modeling and rending. The other hand is the complex environment effects' development. The main research works of this paper are as follows.
Study the physical model, wave spectrum model and geometric shape of wave modeling. Base on FFT algorithm and the Phillips spectrum function to generate the ocean surface's height field, it establishes ocean scene mesh. To improve the efficiency of ocean scene rending, this paper utilizes an algorithm of optimizing ocean scene mesh algorithm named Geometrical MipMapping.
Study the GPU’s programmable technology, draw the sky with a mist effect. Use different kinds of shards to realize the water surface reflection, refraction, Fresnel effects, etc. To improve the realistic scene of sea, it uses different kinds of shaders to rend complex environment effects.
A system of ocean environment simulation is implemented using the above technology. The experimental results demonstrate the system can generate real-time ocean scene and various environmental effects with good interactivity and realism.
引文
[1]庞国峰.虚拟战场理论研究与工程实践.北京:电子工业出版社,2010.2
[2]李自力,朱光喜,朱耀庭.一种基于会聚双目立体视觉的用户化身模型.电子与信息学报. 2003.6, 26(6): 763~770.
[3]龚卓蓉. Vega程序设计.北京:国防工业出版社, 2001
[4] Randima Fernando, Mark J.Kilgard. The Cg Tutorial The Definitive Guide to Programmable Real-Time Graphics. NVIDIA Corporation, 2003
[5] Fournier A., Reeves W.T. A simple model of ocean waves. Computer Graphics. 1986, 20(4): 75~84.
[6] Kass Ram, M G Rapid, Stable fluid dynamics of comptuer graphics. Computer Graphics. 1990, 24(4): 49~57.
[7]徐迎庆,苏成,李华.基于物理模型的流水及波浪模拟.计算机学报. 1996, 19: 121~128.
[8]陈前华,邓建松,陈发来.滴水涟漪的计算机动画模拟.计算机研究与发展. 2001, 38(5): 524~528.
[9] Cary A.Mastin, Peter A.Watterberg, John F.Mareda. Fourier Synthesis of Ocean Sence. IEEE Computer Graphics and Appliaction. 1987, 7(3): 16~23.
[10] Jerry Tessendorf, Simulation Ocean Water[C]. Proc. of SIGGRAPH’99. Los Angeles, USA ACM Press, 1999.
[11]杨怀平,孙家广.基于海浪谱的波浪.系统仿真学报. 2002, 14(9): 1175~1178.
[12] Perchy D R. Modeling and surf. Computer Graphics. 1986, 20(4): 75~83.
[13] Thon S, Dischler J-M, Ghazanfarpour D, Ocean waves synthesis using a spectrum-based turbulence function Proceeding of the Computer Graphics International 2000. 2000.
[14] Th'o P, Barasky B A. Modeling and rendering waves: Wavetracing using beta-spline and reflective and refractive texture mapping. ACM Transactions onGraph. 1987, 6(3): 191~214.
[15]鄢来斌,李思昆,张秀山.虚拟海战场景中的海浪实时建模与绘制技术研究.计算机研究与发展. 2001, 38(5): 568~573.
[16] Cerezo E, Seron F.J. Rendering Nature Waters: Merging Computer Graphics with Physics and Biology. Eight Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Application. 2000.10.
[17] Ebert D S, Parent R E. Rendering and animation of gaseous phenomena by combining fast volume and scanline a buffer techniques Proceeding of the 17th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. USA: ACM Press, 1990: 357~366.
[18] Fedkjw R, Stam J, Jensen H. Visual simulation of smoke Proceeding of the 28th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. Los Angeles, California, USA: ACM Press, 2001:15~22.
[19]杜莹,武玉国,王晓明.基于图形处理器的海浪仿真研究.海洋测绘. 2005, 25(3): 86~88.
[20]方建文,于金辉,马文龙.图形硬件加速的实时水面绘制.计算机工程与应用. 2006, 15(3): 86~88.
[21]胡贵菊,吴志红,王丹霞.基于GPU的实时雾效模拟.计算机应用. 2010.3, 30(3): 585~588.
[22]路晶,王东,海浪模拟模型的研究.电脑知识与技术. 2009.10, 5(29): 8291~8293.
[23]石贱弟.虚拟海洋环境仿真研究:[硕士学位论文].西安电子科技大学,2006
[24]夏震寰.现代水力学(四)波浪力学.北京:高等教育出版社,1992
[25] Nick Foster, Dimitri Metaxas. Realistic Animation of Liquids[J]. Graphical Model and Image Processing, 1996, 58(5):471-483
[26]禇彦军,康风举,聂卫东等.海面场景虚拟仿真方法.计算机应用. 2004, 24.
[27]谢薇,郭齐胜,董志明,海浪的实时视景仿真.计算机工程与应用. 2001, 20: 123~125.
[28]杨惠珍,康风举,禇彦军等.基于海浪谱的随机海浪仿真与验证.系统仿真学报. 2005, 17(10): 2324~2326.
[29]陶明德.水波引论.上海:复旦大学出版社,1990.11:106~112
[30]侯学隆,黄启来,沈培志.基于FFT的海浪实时仿真方法.计算机工程. 2009.11, 32(22): 256~261.
[31] Matieo Frigo, Steven G.Johnson. The Design and Implementation of FFTW3. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2005.2, 93(2)
[32]徐飞,张爱军.一种简易的地形LOD生成算法.中国科技信息. 2009, 8: 111~112.
[33] Willem Hde Boer. Fast Terrain Rendering Using Geometerical MipMapping. 2000.10. http://www.flipcode.com/tutorials/geomipmaps.pdf.
[34]林继承,万旺根等.一种超大规模地形场景的实时渲染算法.计算机仿真. 2009.11, 26(11): 224~227.
[35] Randima Femando, Mark J.Kilgard著,洪伟,刘亚妮,李奇,丁莲珍译. Cg教程[M].北京:人民邮电出版社, 2004
[36] John Kessenich, Dave Baldwin, Randi Rost. The OpenGL Shading Language. 2006.9
[37]陈业斌,关于天空动态仿真技术研究与实现.计算机技术与发展. 2008.6, 18(6): 171~173.
[38] Dave Shreiner, Mason Woo. OpenGL Programming Guide: The offical Guide to Learning OpenGL, Version 2.1, Sixth Edition, 2008: 161~166
[39]胡贵菊,吴志红,王丹霞.基于GPU的实时雾效模拟.计算机应用. 2010.3, 30(3): 585~588.
[40]章忠杰,徐燕凌.基于HLSL的光照模型的研究与实现.多媒体技术及其应用. 2007, 23(4): 1422~1425.
[41]陈志伟.基于统计模型和GPU的实时海浪模拟研究: [硕士学位论文].苏州大学,2009
[42]马骏,朱衡君,龚建华.基于Cg和OpenGL的实时水面环境模拟.系统仿真学报. 2006.2, 18(2): 395~399.
[43]张伟,谭同德,赵红颂等.大规模虚拟场景中水体实时效果的实现.软件时空. 2009.
[2]李自力,朱光喜,朱耀庭.一种基于会聚双目立体视觉的用户化身模型.电子与信息学报. 2003.6, 26(6): 763~770.
[3]龚卓蓉. Vega程序设计.北京:国防工业出版社, 2001
[4] Randima Fernando, Mark J.Kilgard. The Cg Tutorial The Definitive Guide to Programmable Real-Time Graphics. NVIDIA Corporation, 2003
[5] Fournier A., Reeves W.T. A simple model of ocean waves. Computer Graphics. 1986, 20(4): 75~84.
[6] Kass Ram, M G Rapid, Stable fluid dynamics of comptuer graphics. Computer Graphics. 1990, 24(4): 49~57.
[7]徐迎庆,苏成,李华.基于物理模型的流水及波浪模拟.计算机学报. 1996, 19: 121~128.
[8]陈前华,邓建松,陈发来.滴水涟漪的计算机动画模拟.计算机研究与发展. 2001, 38(5): 524~528.
[9] Cary A.Mastin, Peter A.Watterberg, John F.Mareda. Fourier Synthesis of Ocean Sence. IEEE Computer Graphics and Appliaction. 1987, 7(3): 16~23.
[10] Jerry Tessendorf, Simulation Ocean Water[C]. Proc. of SIGGRAPH’99. Los Angeles, USA ACM Press, 1999.
[11]杨怀平,孙家广.基于海浪谱的波浪.系统仿真学报. 2002, 14(9): 1175~1178.
[12] Perchy D R. Modeling and surf. Computer Graphics. 1986, 20(4): 75~83.
[13] Thon S, Dischler J-M, Ghazanfarpour D, Ocean waves synthesis using a spectrum-based turbulence function Proceeding of the Computer Graphics International 2000. 2000.
[14] Th'o P, Barasky B A. Modeling and rendering waves: Wavetracing using beta-spline and reflective and refractive texture mapping. ACM Transactions onGraph. 1987, 6(3): 191~214.
[15]鄢来斌,李思昆,张秀山.虚拟海战场景中的海浪实时建模与绘制技术研究.计算机研究与发展. 2001, 38(5): 568~573.
[16] Cerezo E, Seron F.J. Rendering Nature Waters: Merging Computer Graphics with Physics and Biology. Eight Pacific Conference on Computer Graphics and Application. 2000.10.
[17] Ebert D S, Parent R E. Rendering and animation of gaseous phenomena by combining fast volume and scanline a buffer techniques Proceeding of the 17th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. USA: ACM Press, 1990: 357~366.
[18] Fedkjw R, Stam J, Jensen H. Visual simulation of smoke Proceeding of the 28th Annual Conference on Computer Graphics and Interactive Techniques. Los Angeles, California, USA: ACM Press, 2001:15~22.
[19]杜莹,武玉国,王晓明.基于图形处理器的海浪仿真研究.海洋测绘. 2005, 25(3): 86~88.
[20]方建文,于金辉,马文龙.图形硬件加速的实时水面绘制.计算机工程与应用. 2006, 15(3): 86~88.
[21]胡贵菊,吴志红,王丹霞.基于GPU的实时雾效模拟.计算机应用. 2010.3, 30(3): 585~588.
[22]路晶,王东,海浪模拟模型的研究.电脑知识与技术. 2009.10, 5(29): 8291~8293.
[23]石贱弟.虚拟海洋环境仿真研究:[硕士学位论文].西安电子科技大学,2006
[24]夏震寰.现代水力学(四)波浪力学.北京:高等教育出版社,1992
[25] Nick Foster, Dimitri Metaxas. Realistic Animation of Liquids[J]. Graphical Model and Image Processing, 1996, 58(5):471-483
[26]禇彦军,康风举,聂卫东等.海面场景虚拟仿真方法.计算机应用. 2004, 24.
[27]谢薇,郭齐胜,董志明,海浪的实时视景仿真.计算机工程与应用. 2001, 20: 123~125.
[28]杨惠珍,康风举,禇彦军等.基于海浪谱的随机海浪仿真与验证.系统仿真学报. 2005, 17(10): 2324~2326.
[29]陶明德.水波引论.上海:复旦大学出版社,1990.11:106~112
[30]侯学隆,黄启来,沈培志.基于FFT的海浪实时仿真方法.计算机工程. 2009.11, 32(22): 256~261.
[31] Matieo Frigo, Steven G.Johnson. The Design and Implementation of FFTW3. Proceedings of the IEEE. 2005.2, 93(2)
[32]徐飞,张爱军.一种简易的地形LOD生成算法.中国科技信息. 2009, 8: 111~112.
[33] Willem Hde Boer. Fast Terrain Rendering Using Geometerical MipMapping. 2000.10. http://www.flipcode.com/tutorials/geomipmaps.pdf.
[34]林继承,万旺根等.一种超大规模地形场景的实时渲染算法.计算机仿真. 2009.11, 26(11): 224~227.
[35] Randima Femando, Mark J.Kilgard著,洪伟,刘亚妮,李奇,丁莲珍译. Cg教程[M].北京:人民邮电出版社, 2004
[36] John Kessenich, Dave Baldwin, Randi Rost. The OpenGL Shading Language. 2006.9
[37]陈业斌,关于天空动态仿真技术研究与实现.计算机技术与发展. 2008.6, 18(6): 171~173.
[38] Dave Shreiner, Mason Woo. OpenGL Programming Guide: The offical Guide to Learning OpenGL, Version 2.1, Sixth Edition, 2008: 161~166
[39]胡贵菊,吴志红,王丹霞.基于GPU的实时雾效模拟.计算机应用. 2010.3, 30(3): 585~588.
[40]章忠杰,徐燕凌.基于HLSL的光照模型的研究与实现.多媒体技术及其应用. 2007, 23(4): 1422~1425.
[41]陈志伟.基于统计模型和GPU的实时海浪模拟研究: [硕士学位论文].苏州大学,2009
[42]马骏,朱衡君,龚建华.基于Cg和OpenGL的实时水面环境模拟.系统仿真学报. 2006.2, 18(2): 395~399.
[43]张伟,谭同德,赵红颂等.大规模虚拟场景中水体实时效果的实现.软件时空. 2009.