我国煤炭市场运行机制与政府调控政策研究
摘要
本文以我国煤炭市场为研究对象,研究主要包括两个方面,一是煤炭市场的运行机制,二是政府对煤炭市场运行的调控政策。对于市场运行机制的研究主要考察了市场运行的供需机制、价格机制和竞争机制。在煤炭供需分析中,本文建立了我国经济增长与煤炭需求关系的变参数模型,并在此基础上对煤炭供需平衡进行分析及预测;在煤炭价格分析中,通过煤炭市场价格的实证分析,解析了煤炭市场价格波动的动因;在竞争态势分析中,根据SCP框架提出了有效竞争的评价指标体系,对我国煤炭市场有效竞争进行量化分析,明确了我国煤炭市场竞争状态。在政府调控政策的分析中,本文运用博弈论的分析方法对煤炭市场政府调控政策进行分析,对我国煤炭市场政府调控政策实施效果进行了评价。最后,在市场运行与政府调控政策分析的基础上,结合我国目前由计划经济向市场经济转轨的基本国情,提出政府调控的方向、基本内容和具体的政策选择。
In traditional planned economy,coal industry is managed and controlled directly by the central government, when the research to market structure,market behavior and market performance of the coal industry does not have substantive significance. After the reform and opening up,with the gradual advance to the market mechanism,many scholars have begun to touch this field. With china’s coal market as the study objective,the thesis has a deep research and exploration to three aspects of the coal market mechanism: supply and demand,the price mechanism and the competition mechanism. At the same time on the basis of analysis through game theory, the paper has a general evaluation on the macro-control. Finally,I put forward the orientation, basic contents and the exact measures of the government regulation and macro-control.
This paper is divided into seven chapters, the specific structure and contents are as follows:
Chapter I Introduce the Background & significance of the topic choice and summarize the relative theories of China's coal market,on the basis of which, the author puts forward the purpose, ideas and research methods of the paper. Finally, explains the structure and main thesis innovation point of the paper.
Chapter II For China's coal market research, with the government's relations theory, industrial organization theory and domestic and international coal market research results as the main reference, the Summary described the development of the theory, the status quo, and the current domestic and foreign research results and lessons of this paper, which forms theoretical basis for the further study.
Chapter III From supply and demand, it has an analysis of coal supply and demand and make the impact factors clear. Then it has empirical studies on supply and demand establishing variable parameter model between economic growth and coal demand, analyzing the impact and contributions of the downstream industries of coal to coal demand. Finally on the basis of the forecast, it judges coal supply and demand situation for 2010.
Chapter IV first coal prices market-oriented reforms were analyzed and though, clearing existing problems of the current coal market price mechanism, on the basis of which I have a theoretical investigation on the coal price formation and propose full-cost components based on the theory of the value of coal resources. At the end of this section through empirical analysis on market price volatility, the impact factors of coal prices are given.
Chapters V through the SCP analysis of China's coal market competitive status, I define China's coal market competition status quo, on the basis of which I propose effective competition in the coal market is the goal of market and the evaluation index system with reference to SCP framework. I, using principal component analysis on China effective competition in the coal industry, conduct a quantitative analysis to the effective competition.
Chapter VI the author describe the evolution process of regulation and control in the course of China's market economic reform and the Game of the government regulation and control, give overall evaluation to the government regulation and control at last.
Chapters VII based on the operating mechanism of China's coal market, raise the direction and basic contents of the government regulation and control with the premise of market-regulation. Finally clarify policy choices fro the government's macroeconomic control At last, the thesis draws a conclusion.
The primary conclusions of this thesis include:
1. Supply and demand analysis showed that the supply of coal is mainly constrained by resources,while coal demand is mainly affected by the rate of economic growth and industrial structure with small impact of coal prices on the supply and demand regulation. Relying on the market it is difficult to maintain a balanced on coal supply and demand. Therefore, the total quantity control is the focus areas for the government regulation and control of the coal market. Coal supply and demand balance projections in 2010 indicate that the coal supply and demand balance will be in a tight situation and to ensure stable supply of coal volume control is the key to the next step.
2. Coal price analysis shows that China's market-oriented mechanism for coal prices has been initially established and coal prices can be based on the changes in supply and demand by the market. Therefore, the administrative intervention in coal prices is the area from which the government regulation and control should withdraw. The government regulation and control should be mainly indirect and the main method to impact coal prices is mainly through regulation of coal supply and demand.
3. Coal market competition analysis showed that China's coal market competition gradually become reasonable, but far from the state of effective competition. Market concentration, industry entry barriers and the level of technological progress are the main impact factors of the coal price. Therefore, the government regulation and control of the key points should be the establishment of pro-competitive market rules and market environment, and give full play to the role of market mechanism.
4. Government regulation and control policy analysis shows that the "limited production" policy is a failure because the enterprises seek to maximize its own interests; small state-owned coal mines have the motion to increase production continuously. "Coal-fired electricity price linkage" to alleviate the coal contradictions temporarily is effective, but "coal prices interaction "will lead to a price spiral for the coal and electricity. In the condition of the policy of“close down and production limitation”, when the central government evaluate political performance by the regional economic growth, local governments have no incentive to implement this policy.
5. On the basis of policy analysis in the coal market operation and government regulation and control, this paper presents the main elements for the coal market policies of the government regulation and control: first, total control should protect the coal supply and be targeted to meet the economic and social development for the demand coal. Second, in terms of price regulation, it should focus on the formation of the market mechanism on the coal prices. At the same time, make the price fully reflect the value of its resources, and to promote market-oriented reform of the downstream industry, and to achieve harmonious development between the coal industry and relevant industrial. Third, for the competition in the market, the government should focus on establishing a fair and reasonable competitive environment and ensure the free flow of resources, while promoting production and market concentration. Fourth, for the protection of coal smooth operation of the market economy, government should adjust the economic, environment, security policies and eliminate impact of economic, environmental, security and other constraints on the healthy development of the coal market and promote the healthy operation of the coal market.
Of course, the conclusion of the paper has to wait for further examination from theory and practice.
In traditional planned economy,coal industry is managed and controlled directly by the central government, when the research to market structure,market behavior and market performance of the coal industry does not have substantive significance. After the reform and opening up,with the gradual advance to the market mechanism,many scholars have begun to touch this field. With china’s coal market as the study objective,the thesis has a deep research and exploration to three aspects of the coal market mechanism: supply and demand,the price mechanism and the competition mechanism. At the same time on the basis of analysis through game theory, the paper has a general evaluation on the macro-control. Finally,I put forward the orientation, basic contents and the exact measures of the government regulation and macro-control.
This paper is divided into seven chapters, the specific structure and contents are as follows:
Chapter I Introduce the Background & significance of the topic choice and summarize the relative theories of China's coal market,on the basis of which, the author puts forward the purpose, ideas and research methods of the paper. Finally, explains the structure and main thesis innovation point of the paper.
Chapter II For China's coal market research, with the government's relations theory, industrial organization theory and domestic and international coal market research results as the main reference, the Summary described the development of the theory, the status quo, and the current domestic and foreign research results and lessons of this paper, which forms theoretical basis for the further study.
Chapter III From supply and demand, it has an analysis of coal supply and demand and make the impact factors clear. Then it has empirical studies on supply and demand establishing variable parameter model between economic growth and coal demand, analyzing the impact and contributions of the downstream industries of coal to coal demand. Finally on the basis of the forecast, it judges coal supply and demand situation for 2010.
Chapter IV first coal prices market-oriented reforms were analyzed and though, clearing existing problems of the current coal market price mechanism, on the basis of which I have a theoretical investigation on the coal price formation and propose full-cost components based on the theory of the value of coal resources. At the end of this section through empirical analysis on market price volatility, the impact factors of coal prices are given.
Chapters V through the SCP analysis of China's coal market competitive status, I define China's coal market competition status quo, on the basis of which I propose effective competition in the coal market is the goal of market and the evaluation index system with reference to SCP framework. I, using principal component analysis on China effective competition in the coal industry, conduct a quantitative analysis to the effective competition.
Chapter VI the author describe the evolution process of regulation and control in the course of China's market economic reform and the Game of the government regulation and control, give overall evaluation to the government regulation and control at last.
Chapters VII based on the operating mechanism of China's coal market, raise the direction and basic contents of the government regulation and control with the premise of market-regulation. Finally clarify policy choices fro the government's macroeconomic control At last, the thesis draws a conclusion.
The primary conclusions of this thesis include:
1. Supply and demand analysis showed that the supply of coal is mainly constrained by resources,while coal demand is mainly affected by the rate of economic growth and industrial structure with small impact of coal prices on the supply and demand regulation. Relying on the market it is difficult to maintain a balanced on coal supply and demand. Therefore, the total quantity control is the focus areas for the government regulation and control of the coal market. Coal supply and demand balance projections in 2010 indicate that the coal supply and demand balance will be in a tight situation and to ensure stable supply of coal volume control is the key to the next step.
2. Coal price analysis shows that China's market-oriented mechanism for coal prices has been initially established and coal prices can be based on the changes in supply and demand by the market. Therefore, the administrative intervention in coal prices is the area from which the government regulation and control should withdraw. The government regulation and control should be mainly indirect and the main method to impact coal prices is mainly through regulation of coal supply and demand.
3. Coal market competition analysis showed that China's coal market competition gradually become reasonable, but far from the state of effective competition. Market concentration, industry entry barriers and the level of technological progress are the main impact factors of the coal price. Therefore, the government regulation and control of the key points should be the establishment of pro-competitive market rules and market environment, and give full play to the role of market mechanism.
4. Government regulation and control policy analysis shows that the "limited production" policy is a failure because the enterprises seek to maximize its own interests; small state-owned coal mines have the motion to increase production continuously. "Coal-fired electricity price linkage" to alleviate the coal contradictions temporarily is effective, but "coal prices interaction "will lead to a price spiral for the coal and electricity. In the condition of the policy of“close down and production limitation”, when the central government evaluate political performance by the regional economic growth, local governments have no incentive to implement this policy.
5. On the basis of policy analysis in the coal market operation and government regulation and control, this paper presents the main elements for the coal market policies of the government regulation and control: first, total control should protect the coal supply and be targeted to meet the economic and social development for the demand coal. Second, in terms of price regulation, it should focus on the formation of the market mechanism on the coal prices. At the same time, make the price fully reflect the value of its resources, and to promote market-oriented reform of the downstream industry, and to achieve harmonious development between the coal industry and relevant industrial. Third, for the competition in the market, the government should focus on establishing a fair and reasonable competitive environment and ensure the free flow of resources, while promoting production and market concentration. Fourth, for the protection of coal smooth operation of the market economy, government should adjust the economic, environment, security policies and eliminate impact of economic, environmental, security and other constraints on the healthy development of the coal market and promote the healthy operation of the coal market.
Of course, the conclusion of the paper has to wait for further examination from theory and practice.
引文
1 Clark,J.M.,Toward a concept of workable competition,American Economic Review,1940,vol.30. (P241-256)
1 肯尼斯·W·克拉克森、罗杰·勒鲁瓦·米勒,产业组织:理论、证据和公共政策[M],上海:上海三联书店,1989。
2Sosnick,StephenH.,A critique of concepts of workable competition,Quarterly Journal of Economics,1958,Vol.72(August).
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[64] 胡晓鹏,2007:《模块时代的产业结构:基于 SCP 范式的研究》,《中国工业经济》第 4 期。
[65] 王仕林,2006:《中国汽车工业产业组织的 SCP 范式分析》,《技术经济与管理研究》第 1 期。
[66] 陈军、成金华、付宏,2004:《中国汽车产业:SCP 范式的分析》,《产业经济研究》第 6 期。
[67] 张静、刘东勋,2006:《我国轿车产业的 SCP 范式分析》,《经济问题》第11 期。
[68] 丁建勋,2007:《最优能源强度与我国经济增长》,《财经科学》第 4 期。
[69] 马宏伟、王效华、何祖银、李静,2006:《我国能源消费与经济增长的实证分析》,《商业研究》第 16 期。
[70] 宁云才,2003:《煤炭需求预测的复合小波神经网络模型》,《煤炭学报》第1 期。
[71] 张建民,2005:《我国煤炭供需形势分析》,《中国煤炭》第 04 期。
[72] 郭云涛,2004:《中国煤炭中长期供需分析与预测》,《中国煤炭》第 10 期。
[73] 钱鸣高,2005:《对中国煤炭工业发展的思考》,《中国煤炭》第 6 期。
[74] 魏永强,靳三群,2005:《电力工业煤炭消费量的计量经济模型预测研究》,《中国煤炭》第 10 期。
[75] 曲向前,2006:《新型煤炭工业体系构建》,《商业经济》第 5 期。
[76] 刘满平,2005:《对煤电价格联动措施的看法和建议》,《中国能源》第 3 期。
[77] 刘满平,2005:《通过市场化运作根本解决煤电价格之争》,《中国电力》第3 期。
[78] 刘满平,桂琳,2003:《从电煤价格上调谈电煤价格的形成机制》,《中国电力》第 9 期。
[79] 郝家龙、宁云才,2006:《基于经济博弈的煤炭价格分析》,《中国矿业》第7 期。
[80] 茅于轼,2000:《从能源结构看煤炭生产》,《煤炭经济研究》第 5 期。
[81] 贺继红,2000:《调整煤炭市场结构对策研究》,《煤炭经济研究》第 10 期。
[82] 刘天惠,2001:《运用经济手段创造煤炭企业平等竞争条件的建议》,《煤炭经济研究》第 6 期。
[83] 周敏,2000:《煤炭企业竞争策略与产业政策的博弈分析》,《煤炭企业管理》第 12 期。
[84] 赵庆波,2000:《我国煤炭行业转型的难点及对策》,《煤炭企业管理》第 7期。
[85] 吴吟,李金峰,1999:《调控煤炭产业总量要注意的几个重要问题》,《煤炭经济研究》第 7 期。
[86] 刘志铭,2001:《竞争性市场过程、产业组织与经济增长:奥地利经济学派的发展》,《南开经济研究》第 4 期。
[87] 周耀东,2002:《现代产业组织理论的沿革和发展》,《经济评论》第 4 期。
[88] 卫志民,2002:《20 世纪产业组织理论的演进与最新前沿》,《国外社会科学》第 5 期。
[89] 张维迎,1998:《产业组织理论的新发展一兼评吉恩·泰勒尔的《产业组织理论》》,《教学与研究》第 7 期。
[90] 杨朝晖,1994:《现代产业组织理论与我国企业行为分析》,《山东大学学报》第 2 期。
[91] 王晓燕,2002:《中国产业组织优化的目标模式及现实路径选择》,《经济经纬》第 5 期。
[92] 杨嵘,2002:《中国石油产业市场结构优化研究》,《财经研究》第 4 期。
[93] 牛桂敏,2001:《从过度竞争到有效竞争:我国产业组织发展的必然选择》,《天津社会科学》第 3 期。
[94] 杨涛,2001:《我国产业组织合理化的途径—有效竞争》,《财经科学》第 5期。
[95] 潘伟尔,2002:《我国能源管理体制问题的探讨》,《中国能源》第 9 期。
[96] 中国煤炭经济研究会,2004:《煤炭产业经济政策研究报告》。
[97] 魏后凯,2002:《经济转型、市场竞争与中国产业集中》,《当代经济科学》第 4 期。
[98] 杨学津、刘明,2000:《论我国基础产业组织结构的改革与发展》,《中国软科学》第 6 期。
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[1] 吴吟,1998:《煤炭产业竞争结构分析》,《中国煤炭》第 8 期。
[2] 林伯强,2001:《中国能源需求的经济计量分析》,《经济研究》第 10 期。
[3] 林伯强,2003:《电力消费与中国经济增长:基于生产函数的研究》,《管理世界》第 11 期。
[4] 高铁梅、孔宪丽、刘玉、胡玲,2004:《中国钢铁工业供给与需求影响因素的动态分析》,《管理世界》第 6 期。
[5] 郭云涛,2004:《中国煤炭中长期供需分析与预测》,《中国煤炭》第 10 期。
[6] 吴吟,2004:《煤炭供求形势及保障有效供给的设想》,《中国能源》第 4 期。
[7] 俞珠峰、王立杰,2005:《浅析我国煤炭资源的有效供给能力》,《中国煤炭》第 6 期。
[8] 林伯强、魏巍贤、李不东,2007:《中国长期煤炭需求:影响与政策选择》,《经济研究》第 2 期。
[9] 纪成君、刘宏超,2002:《中国煤炭产业市场结构分析与产业组织政策》,《中国软科学》第 1 期。
[10] 国家发改委经济运行局,2007:《中国煤炭行业运行分析 2007 走势预测》,《财经界》。
[11] 孙大利、邹小芃,2006:《非均衡市场中可耗尽性资源价格的波动研究》,《数量经济技术经济研究》第 4 期。
[12] 谢健严、严忠,2003:《非线性市场价格模型分析》,《数量经济技术经济研究》第 2 期。
[13] 巩学刚,2005:《关于煤炭价格机制的思考》,《中国煤炭》第 11 期。
[14] 王广成、徐建培,1999:《国际煤炭市场价格的预测模型》,《中国管理科学》第 4 期。
[15] 潘伟尔,2005:《加速煤炭价格机制市场化改革的基本思路》,《中国能源》第 1 期。
[16] 吴道荣,2005:《论煤炭工业发展的规律性和周期性》,《煤炭经济研究》第4 期。
[17] 潘伟尔,2004:《破除煤炭价格机制市场化改革的障碍》,《煤炭经济研究》第 12 期。
[18] 刘满平,2005:《建立我国煤炭价格指数的理论设计与探讨》,《中国能源》第 6 期。
[19] 刘树杰、陈扬,2005:《我国基础能源的价格改革》,《宏观经济研究》第 12期。
[20] 赵小平,2005:《我国资源价格存在的问题及改革思路》,《中国经贸导刊》第 21 期。
[21] 林伯强,2007:《能源价格如何定》,《上海经济》第 2 期。
[22] 濮洪九,2004:《煤炭价格偏低的根本原因是价格形成机制不合理》,《2004中国煤炭经济论坛》。
[23] 潘伟尔,2004:《破除煤炭价格机制市场化改革的障碍》,《煤炭经济研究》第 12 期。
[24] 王菊、孙全林、邢攸强、王蓓,2002:《改善我国煤炭产业组织制度方略》,《煤炭经济研究》第 11 期。
[25] 蒲国蓉、涂菲,2006:《政府与市场关系理论演进及对我国的启示》,《中共成都市委党校学报》第 2 期。
[26] 纪成君,1999:《中国煤炭产业现实市场结构分析》,《煤炭经济研究》2 期。
[27] 于琳琳、周敏,2006:《我国煤炭产业竞争力的影响因素分析》,《煤炭经济研究》第 9 期。
[28] 刘伟,2007:《煤炭资源成本缺失及其补偿政策》,《改革》第 7 期。
[29] 范中启、严霄蕙,2006:《中国煤炭产业市场结构演化及其成因》,《统计观察》第 4 期。
[30] 潘克西,2002:《中国煤炭市场集中度研究》,《管理世界》第 12 期。
[31] 赵宏修,1999:《煤炭市场无序竞争的困惑与对策》,《煤炭经济研究》第 7期。
[32] 杨家纯、郭军,2000:《中国煤炭市场结构取向》,《管理世界》第 4 期。
[33] 魏同,1997:《中国煤炭可持续发展的系统分析》,《中国煤炭》第 2 期。
[34] 王庆,2001:《中国煤炭工业:演变及前景》,《中国煤炭》第 1 期。
[35] 窦庆峰,1998:《我国煤炭工业发展中存在的问题与对策》,《中国煤炭》第6 期。
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[37] 丁钊,2001:《增强我国煤炭企业竞争力的思考》,《中国煤炭》第 9 期。
[38] 姜文芹,2000:《对煤炭行业解困的宏观思考》,《煤炭经济研究》第 7 期。
[39] 周维富,1998:《我国煤炭工业体制改革和政策调整的回顾与展望》,《煤炭经济研究》第 5 期。
[40] 王浩,1999:《我国煤炭需求的基本特点》,《中国煤炭》第 3 期。
[41] 周宏春,2001:《我国能源结构调整的目标》,《经济要参》第 49 期。
[42] 陈佳贵,2001:《中国能源的开发利用与环境保护》,《经济要参》第 30 期。
[43] 王晓晔,2007:《煤电价格联动的博弈论分析》,《西安电子科技大学学报(社会科学版)》第 5 期。
[44] 谢守祥、谭清华、宋阳,2006:《影响煤炭价格因素的相关性分祈与检验》,《决策参考》第 11 期。
[45] 胡晓清,2001:《煤炭资源形势分析及对策》,《煤炭经济研究》第 3 期。
[46] 史东辉,2002:《关于改进当前我国产业组织政策的探索》,《财经研究》第3 期。
[47] 周耀东,2000:《市场竞争和政府管制一中国产业组织理论问题的综述》,《上海经济研究》第 11 期。
[48] 陈小洪,1989:《规模经济初探》,《数量经济技术经济研究》第 7 期。
[49] 张米尔、邸国永,2002:《从我国煤炭产业看产业组织低效率问题》,《经济理论与经济管理》第 1 期。
[50] 曹明,2000:《当前国有煤炭企业的突出问题与解决对策》,《煤炭企业管理》第 5 期。
[51] 吴吟,2001:《着力解决影响煤炭工业发展的主要矛盾》,《煤炭经济研究》第 7 期。
[52] 苏素,2006:《主成分分析法在产业有效竞争量化评价中的应用》,《重庆大学学报(自然科学版)》第 5 期。
[53] 李楠,2006:《主成分分析法在产业过度竞争评价中的应用》,《能源技术与管理》第 5 期。
[54] 孟祥华,2001:《煤炭市场宏观调控政策的探讨》,《煤炭经济研究》第 5 期。
[55] 杨敏英,2001:《关于我国煤炭工业发展的思考》,《煤炭经济研究》第 4 期。
[56] 孙国成,2001:《新世纪新形式中国煤炭工业如何应对》,《煤炭经济研究》第 5 期。
[57] 李德敬、李金峰,2001:《我国能源工业的形式及战略调整重点》,《煤炭经济研究》第 1 期。
[58] 徐庆芳,2000:《煤炭工业未来发展要进行战略性调整》,《煤炭企业管理》第 3 期。
[59] 刘云涛,2000:《煤炭工业可持续发展应注意的七大关系》,《煤炭经济研究》第 3 期。
[60] 冯述虎,2001:《浅议煤炭工业可持续发展及其对策》,《煤炭经济研究》第2 期。
[61] 刘伟,2000:《煤炭供需失衡的经济学分析》,《煤炭企业管理》第 1 期。
[62] 刘冰,2000:《煤炭买方市场与煤炭产业组织结构调整的经济学思考》,《煤炭经济研究》第 5 期。
[63] 赵海勇、谭劲松,2006:《我国煤炭市场结构分析》,《技术经济与管理研究》第 4 期。
[64] 胡晓鹏,2007:《模块时代的产业结构:基于 SCP 范式的研究》,《中国工业经济》第 4 期。
[65] 王仕林,2006:《中国汽车工业产业组织的 SCP 范式分析》,《技术经济与管理研究》第 1 期。
[66] 陈军、成金华、付宏,2004:《中国汽车产业:SCP 范式的分析》,《产业经济研究》第 6 期。
[67] 张静、刘东勋,2006:《我国轿车产业的 SCP 范式分析》,《经济问题》第11 期。
[68] 丁建勋,2007:《最优能源强度与我国经济增长》,《财经科学》第 4 期。
[69] 马宏伟、王效华、何祖银、李静,2006:《我国能源消费与经济增长的实证分析》,《商业研究》第 16 期。
[70] 宁云才,2003:《煤炭需求预测的复合小波神经网络模型》,《煤炭学报》第1 期。
[71] 张建民,2005:《我国煤炭供需形势分析》,《中国煤炭》第 04 期。
[72] 郭云涛,2004:《中国煤炭中长期供需分析与预测》,《中国煤炭》第 10 期。
[73] 钱鸣高,2005:《对中国煤炭工业发展的思考》,《中国煤炭》第 6 期。
[74] 魏永强,靳三群,2005:《电力工业煤炭消费量的计量经济模型预测研究》,《中国煤炭》第 10 期。
[75] 曲向前,2006:《新型煤炭工业体系构建》,《商业经济》第 5 期。
[76] 刘满平,2005:《对煤电价格联动措施的看法和建议》,《中国能源》第 3 期。
[77] 刘满平,2005:《通过市场化运作根本解决煤电价格之争》,《中国电力》第3 期。
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[79] 郝家龙、宁云才,2006:《基于经济博弈的煤炭价格分析》,《中国矿业》第7 期。
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[81] 贺继红,2000:《调整煤炭市场结构对策研究》,《煤炭经济研究》第 10 期。
[82] 刘天惠,2001:《运用经济手段创造煤炭企业平等竞争条件的建议》,《煤炭经济研究》第 6 期。
[83] 周敏,2000:《煤炭企业竞争策略与产业政策的博弈分析》,《煤炭企业管理》第 12 期。
[84] 赵庆波,2000:《我国煤炭行业转型的难点及对策》,《煤炭企业管理》第 7期。
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