脂肪源与吡啶羧酸铬对肉仔鸡脂肪代谢影响的研究
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摘要
本试验从脂肪源和吡啶羧酸铬这两个角度研究其对肉仔鸡脂肪代谢的影响。取
216只1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡，分成6组(每组36只，组内设三个重复，每个重复12
只)，以2×3的方式在基础日粮中分别添加牛油、豆油和鱼油，及空白和1mg／kg的
吡啶羧酸铬。试验开始后分别在15、29、43、54日龄称重、屠宰、采血，在29日
龄另取肝脏，计算ADG、F／G、PDAF、L／B，检测血清中TP、GLU、BUN、TG、
CH、VLDL、LDL和HDL。12～15d进行消化代谢试验。运用RT-PCR检测肝脏样
品内FAS、ACC和HMG-CoA还原酶基因在mRNA水平上的表达水平。通过上述
试验得出如下结果：(1)鱼油的表观利用率明显高于其它两种脂肪，而铬有改善饲
料中蛋白质表观利用率的趋势；(2)脂肪源并不影响肉仔鸡的生长，但是对腹脂沉
积有一定的影响，对于肝脏重量鱼油有着特殊的影响，使肝脏重量明显增加。铬有
降低腹脂沉积的趋势；(3)与牛油和豆油相比较，鱼油降低了血清中甘油三酯、胆
固醇，降低了HDL的浓度，只是对指标影响的显著程度不一致。铬降低了血清中
BUN、GLU、TG，升高了TP和HDL的浓度，但是对各指标影响的差异程度也不
一致；(4)脂肪源可以影响胴体的组分，尤其是鱼油可以降低胸肌和腿肌内胆固醇
的含量。铬可以升高其内蛋白质的含量，降低甘油三酯和胆固醇的含量；(5)鱼油
对FAS、ACC、和HMG-COA还原酶基因表达的抑制作用最为明显，三种基因的
mRNA的量分别比牛油组下降了50.35％、40.35％、81.49％，而豆油抑制表达的效果
不如鱼油，鱼油中富含的长链PUFA的作用更大；(6)以豆油组来分析添加吡啶羧
酸铬和未添加对三个酶基因表达的影响，发现添加铬后FAS和HMG-CoA还原酶的
转录明显受到影响，分别比对照组下降34.82％和48.26％，而ACC受影响很小，其
转录只下降了3.87％。结果表明：脂肪源中的PUFA在影响肉仔鸡脂肪代谢中具有
独特的作用，有别于其它类型的脂肪酸；铬的添加可以影响到肉仔鸡的蛋白质和脂
肪代谢，但是起作用的条件复杂。
The objective of the research was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with fat sources and chromium picolinate on the lipid metabolism of broiler chickens.216 1-day-old broilers were assigned at random to 6 groups with 3 replicates.2(0 and Img/kg chromium picolinate) X 3(beef tallow,soybean oil and fish oil)treatment were used.The broiler were raised for 8 weeks.The apparent availability of dietary nutrients in broiler chicks were obtained during 15-17 days old,and component of muscle were assayed.The ADG, F/G, PDAF, L/B, and TP, GLU, BUN, TG, TC, VLDL.LDL, HDL in serum were detected at interval Hdays.Two chickens of each groups were killed quickly in 29d,and got a piece of liver.RT-PCR was applied to dectect gene expression of FAS.ACC, HMG-CoA reductase.The results were as follows: (1) The apparent availability of fish oil was higher than soybean oil and beef tallow (P<0.05), and there was a tendency of increasing the apparent availability of crude protein (CP) by chromium; (2) Addition of the different fat sources influenced abdominal fat deposition slightly,and fish oil increased weight of liver significantly (P<0.05). Dietary chromium supplement improved growth,increased F/G and decreased abdominal fat content, but difference was not significant(P>0.05); (3) Fish oil in dietary decreased serum TG, TC, and HDL concentration, but difference level was not coincidence. Supplement of chromium decreased BUN, GLU and TG, on the contrary, TP and HDL concentration were risen, similarly, there was not the sameness of effect degree; (4) Fish oil especially decreased the content of cholesterol. The content of protein in carcass was improved by chromium, and triglyceride and cholesterol decreased; (5) Dietary fish oil reduced by 50.35%,
40.35%, 81.49% the hepatic abundance of FAS, ACC, HMG-CoA reductase, compared with beef tallow. Fish oil ,rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid, was more effective than soybean oil; (6) Effects of 1mg/kg chromium picoiinate on abundance of FAS and HMG-CoA reductase mRNAs is obvious, reduced by34.82% and 48.26%, compared with no chromium picoiinate group. However the change of abundance of ACC mRNAs reduced by only 3.87%.
216只1日龄艾维茵肉仔鸡，分成6组(每组36只，组内设三个重复，每个重复12
只)，以2×3的方式在基础日粮中分别添加牛油、豆油和鱼油，及空白和1mg／kg的
吡啶羧酸铬。试验开始后分别在15、29、43、54日龄称重、屠宰、采血，在29日
龄另取肝脏，计算ADG、F／G、PDAF、L／B，检测血清中TP、GLU、BUN、TG、
CH、VLDL、LDL和HDL。12～15d进行消化代谢试验。运用RT-PCR检测肝脏样
品内FAS、ACC和HMG-CoA还原酶基因在mRNA水平上的表达水平。通过上述
试验得出如下结果：(1)鱼油的表观利用率明显高于其它两种脂肪，而铬有改善饲
料中蛋白质表观利用率的趋势；(2)脂肪源并不影响肉仔鸡的生长，但是对腹脂沉
积有一定的影响，对于肝脏重量鱼油有着特殊的影响，使肝脏重量明显增加。铬有
降低腹脂沉积的趋势；(3)与牛油和豆油相比较，鱼油降低了血清中甘油三酯、胆
固醇，降低了HDL的浓度，只是对指标影响的显著程度不一致。铬降低了血清中
BUN、GLU、TG，升高了TP和HDL的浓度，但是对各指标影响的差异程度也不
一致；(4)脂肪源可以影响胴体的组分，尤其是鱼油可以降低胸肌和腿肌内胆固醇
的含量。铬可以升高其内蛋白质的含量，降低甘油三酯和胆固醇的含量；(5)鱼油
对FAS、ACC、和HMG-COA还原酶基因表达的抑制作用最为明显，三种基因的
mRNA的量分别比牛油组下降了50.35％、40.35％、81.49％，而豆油抑制表达的效果
不如鱼油，鱼油中富含的长链PUFA的作用更大；(6)以豆油组来分析添加吡啶羧
酸铬和未添加对三个酶基因表达的影响，发现添加铬后FAS和HMG-CoA还原酶的
转录明显受到影响，分别比对照组下降34.82％和48.26％，而ACC受影响很小，其
转录只下降了3.87％。结果表明：脂肪源中的PUFA在影响肉仔鸡脂肪代谢中具有
独特的作用，有别于其它类型的脂肪酸；铬的添加可以影响到肉仔鸡的蛋白质和脂
肪代谢，但是起作用的条件复杂。
The objective of the research was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with fat sources and chromium picolinate on the lipid metabolism of broiler chickens.216 1-day-old broilers were assigned at random to 6 groups with 3 replicates.2(0 and Img/kg chromium picolinate) X 3(beef tallow,soybean oil and fish oil)treatment were used.The broiler were raised for 8 weeks.The apparent availability of dietary nutrients in broiler chicks were obtained during 15-17 days old,and component of muscle were assayed.The ADG, F/G, PDAF, L/B, and TP, GLU, BUN, TG, TC, VLDL.LDL, HDL in serum were detected at interval Hdays.Two chickens of each groups were killed quickly in 29d,and got a piece of liver.RT-PCR was applied to dectect gene expression of FAS.ACC, HMG-CoA reductase.The results were as follows: (1) The apparent availability of fish oil was higher than soybean oil and beef tallow (P<0.05), and there was a tendency of increasing the apparent availability of crude protein (CP) by chromium; (2) Addition of the different fat sources influenced abdominal fat deposition slightly,and fish oil increased weight of liver significantly (P<0.05). Dietary chromium supplement improved growth,increased F/G and decreased abdominal fat content, but difference was not significant(P>0.05); (3) Fish oil in dietary decreased serum TG, TC, and HDL concentration, but difference level was not coincidence. Supplement of chromium decreased BUN, GLU and TG, on the contrary, TP and HDL concentration were risen, similarly, there was not the sameness of effect degree; (4) Fish oil especially decreased the content of cholesterol. The content of protein in carcass was improved by chromium, and triglyceride and cholesterol decreased; (5) Dietary fish oil reduced by 50.35%,
40.35%, 81.49% the hepatic abundance of FAS, ACC, HMG-CoA reductase, compared with beef tallow. Fish oil ,rich in polyunsaturated fatty acid, was more effective than soybean oil; (6) Effects of 1mg/kg chromium picoiinate on abundance of FAS and HMG-CoA reductase mRNAs is obvious, reduced by34.82% and 48.26%, compared with no chromium picoiinate group. However the change of abundance of ACC mRNAs reduced by only 3.87%.
引文
[1] 尹靖东，齐广海，霍启光家禽脂类代谢调控机理的研究进展[J]．动物营养学报，2000，12(2)：1～7
[2] Griffin H D,Whitehead C C.Identification of lean and fat turkeys by measurement of plasma very low density concentration[J]. Br. Poult. Sci., 1985,26:51～56
[3] Kouba M, Hermier D, Bernard-Griffiths M A.Comparative study of hepatic VLDL secretion in vivo in the growing turkey and the chicken[J]. Mol. Cell. Biol., 1995, 15: 2582-2588
[4] 闻芝梅，陈君石译《现代营养学》[M]．北京：人民卫生出版社，1998．45～46
[5] Daggy B,Arost C,Bensadoun A. Dietary fish oil decreases VLDL production rates[J]. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1987, 920:293～300
[6] Harris WS. Fish oil and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: a critical review[J]. J.Lipid Res.,1989,30:785～807
[7] Wong SH,Nestel PJ,Trimble RP,.et al.. The adaptive effects of dietary fish and sunflower oil on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in perfused rat liver[J]. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1984, 792:103～109
[8] Phetteplace HW. Lipid measurements in chickens fed different combinations of chicken fat and menhaden oil[J]. J.Agric. Food Chem.,1990, 38:1848～1853
[9] Phetteplace HW, Watkins BA.Influence of dietary n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated on lipids in chickens divergently selected for body weigh[J]. Poul. Sci., 1992, 71: 1513-1519
[10] Valencia ME, Watkins SE, Waldroup AL,.et al..Utilization of crude and refined palm and palm kernel oils in broiler diets[J]. Poultry Sci., 1993, 72:2200～2215
[11] Blake WL,Clarke SD.Suppression of rat hepatic fatty acid synthase ang S14 gene transcription by dietary polyunsaturated fat[J].J.Nutr., 1990,120:1727～1729
[12] Clarke SD, Armstrong MK, Jump DB.Dietary polyunsaturated fats uniquely suppress
rat liver fatty acid synthase and S14 mRNA content[J].J.Nutr., 1990, 120(2):225～31
[13] Chapman C, Morgan LM,Murphy MC. Maternal and early dietary fatty acid intake:changes in lipid metabolism and liver enzymes in adult rats[J]. J. Nutr., 2000, 130:146-151
[14] Tebbey PW, McGoman KM,Stephens JM,.et al..Arachidonic acid down-regulates the insulin-dependent glucose transporter gene in 3T3-L1 adipocytes ny inhibiting transcription and enchancing mRNA turnover[J]. J. BioI.Chem.,1994,269:639～644
[15] Long SD,Pekala PH.Regulation of GLUT4 gene expression by arachidonic acid[J]. J. Biol. Chem.,. 1996, 271:1138～1144
[16] Distel RJ,Robinson GS,Spiegelman BM.Fatty acid regulation of gene expression:transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanism[J] J. BioI. Chen., 1992, 267:5937～5941
[17] Salati LM, Clarke SD. Fatty acid inhibition of hormonal induction of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in hepatocyte monolayers[J]. Arch. Biochim. Biophys., 1986, 246:82～89
[18] Jump DB,Clarke SD,Thelen A,.et al..Coordinate regulation of glycolytic and lipogenic gene expression by polyunsaturated fatty acid[J]. J.Lipid. Res., 1994, 35: 1067-1084
[19] Clarke SD, Jump DB. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription[J]. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 1994, 14:83～89
[20] Schwarz K,Mertz W. Chromium and the glucose tolerance factor[J]. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1959, 85:292～294
[21] Mertz W. Chromium in human nutrition:A review[J].J.Nutr., 1993, 123:626
[22] Rosebrough RW, Steele NC, Frobish LT,.et al..Effects of supplemental dietary chromium or nicotinic acid on carbohydrate metabolism during basal, starvation, and refeeding periods in poults[J].Poultry Science., 1981, 60:407～417
[23] 杨平 前景广阔药物添加剂—有机铬化合物[J]．四川畜牧兽医，1996，1：36～37
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[26] Bunting LD, Fernandez JM,Thompson DL,.et al..Influence of chromium picolinate on glucose usage and metabolic criteria in growing holstein calves[J]. J. Anim. Sci., 1994, 72:1591～1599
[27] Ward TL, Boleman SL, Boleman SJ,.et al..Effect of dietary chromium picolinate on growth, nitrogen balance and body composition of growing broiler chicks[J]. J. Anim. Sci., 1995, 73(S.1):37 (Abstract)
[28] Lien TF, Horng YM,Yang KH.Performance, serum characteristics, carcass traits and lipid metabolism of broilers as affected by supplement of chromium picolinate[J]. Br. Poult. Sci., 1999, 40(3): 357～363
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[2] Griffin H D,Whitehead C C.Identification of lean and fat turkeys by measurement of plasma very low density concentration[J]. Br. Poult. Sci., 1985,26:51～56
[3] Kouba M, Hermier D, Bernard-Griffiths M A.Comparative study of hepatic VLDL secretion in vivo in the growing turkey and the chicken[J]. Mol. Cell. Biol., 1995, 15: 2582-2588
[4] 闻芝梅，陈君石译《现代营养学》[M]．北京：人民卫生出版社，1998．45～46
[5] Daggy B,Arost C,Bensadoun A. Dietary fish oil decreases VLDL production rates[J]. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1987, 920:293～300
[6] Harris WS. Fish oil and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in humans: a critical review[J]. J.Lipid Res.,1989,30:785～807
[7] Wong SH,Nestel PJ,Trimble RP,.et al.. The adaptive effects of dietary fish and sunflower oil on lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in perfused rat liver[J]. Biochim. Biophys. Acta., 1984, 792:103～109
[8] Phetteplace HW. Lipid measurements in chickens fed different combinations of chicken fat and menhaden oil[J]. J.Agric. Food Chem.,1990, 38:1848～1853
[9] Phetteplace HW, Watkins BA.Influence of dietary n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated on lipids in chickens divergently selected for body weigh[J]. Poul. Sci., 1992, 71: 1513-1519
[10] Valencia ME, Watkins SE, Waldroup AL,.et al..Utilization of crude and refined palm and palm kernel oils in broiler diets[J]. Poultry Sci., 1993, 72:2200～2215
[11] Blake WL,Clarke SD.Suppression of rat hepatic fatty acid synthase ang S14 gene transcription by dietary polyunsaturated fat[J].J.Nutr., 1990,120:1727～1729
[12] Clarke SD, Armstrong MK, Jump DB.Dietary polyunsaturated fats uniquely suppress
rat liver fatty acid synthase and S14 mRNA content[J].J.Nutr., 1990, 120(2):225～31
[13] Chapman C, Morgan LM,Murphy MC. Maternal and early dietary fatty acid intake:changes in lipid metabolism and liver enzymes in adult rats[J]. J. Nutr., 2000, 130:146-151
[14] Tebbey PW, McGoman KM,Stephens JM,.et al..Arachidonic acid down-regulates the insulin-dependent glucose transporter gene in 3T3-L1 adipocytes ny inhibiting transcription and enchancing mRNA turnover[J]. J. BioI.Chem.,1994,269:639～644
[15] Long SD,Pekala PH.Regulation of GLUT4 gene expression by arachidonic acid[J]. J. Biol. Chem.,. 1996, 271:1138～1144
[16] Distel RJ,Robinson GS,Spiegelman BM.Fatty acid regulation of gene expression:transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanism[J] J. BioI. Chen., 1992, 267:5937～5941
[17] Salati LM, Clarke SD. Fatty acid inhibition of hormonal induction of acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase in hepatocyte monolayers[J]. Arch. Biochim. Biophys., 1986, 246:82～89
[18] Jump DB,Clarke SD,Thelen A,.et al..Coordinate regulation of glycolytic and lipogenic gene expression by polyunsaturated fatty acid[J]. J.Lipid. Res., 1994, 35: 1067-1084
[19] Clarke SD, Jump DB. Dietary polyunsaturated fatty acid regulation of gene transcription[J]. Annu. Rev. Nutr., 1994, 14:83～89
[20] Schwarz K,Mertz W. Chromium and the glucose tolerance factor[J]. Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 1959, 85:292～294
[21] Mertz W. Chromium in human nutrition:A review[J].J.Nutr., 1993, 123:626
[22] Rosebrough RW, Steele NC, Frobish LT,.et al..Effects of supplemental dietary chromium or nicotinic acid on carbohydrate metabolism during basal, starvation, and refeeding periods in poults[J].Poultry Science., 1981, 60:407～417
[23] 杨平 前景广阔药物添加剂—有机铬化合物[J]．四川畜牧兽医，1996，1：36～37
[24] 吴永胜，董国忠铬营养的研究进展[J]．动物营养学报，2000，12(1)：8～11
[25] Page TG,Southern LL, Ward TL,.et al..Effect of chromium picolinate on growth and serum and carcass traits of growing-finishing pigs [J].J.Anim. Sci., 1993,71:656～662
[26] Bunting LD, Fernandez JM,Thompson DL,.et al..Influence of chromium picolinate on glucose usage and metabolic criteria in growing holstein calves[J]. J. Anim. Sci., 1994, 72:1591～1599
[27] Ward TL, Boleman SL, Boleman SJ,.et al..Effect of dietary chromium picolinate on growth, nitrogen balance and body composition of growing broiler chicks[J]. J. Anim. Sci., 1995, 73(S.1):37 (Abstract)
[28] Lien TF, Horng YM,Yang KH.Performance, serum characteristics, carcass traits and lipid metabolism of broilers as affected by supplement of chromium picolinate[J]. Br. Poult. Sci., 1999, 40(3): 357～363
[29] 郭艳丽，罗绪刚，郝正里等铬对肉仔鸡生长性能、血清生化特性、免疫功能和胴体品质的影响[J]．中国农业科学，1999，32(5)：79～86
[30] 刘彩霓，呙于明，涂荣秀 酵母铬对于肉仔鸡脂类代谢及生产性能影响的研究[J]．动物营养学报，1997，9(4)：24～30
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