H.264视频编码并行算法的研究及其实现
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摘要
数字压缩技术是多媒体应用中的一项关键技术。通过对多媒体数据的压缩可以有效地减少视音频存储所需要的内存空间和传输所需要的带宽，减少存储和传输的开销，达到实时编解码和实时传输的目的。基于视频压缩的多媒体应用具有非常诱人的前景，也正逐渐成为日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。
但是视频编码过程是一个非常复杂的计算过程，它对计算机的处理能力要求非常高，要求处理器有较高的性能。数字视频处理的计算量很大，在单处理机系统环境下，采用串行程序设计方法，要达到实时几乎是不可能的。然而，H.264(MPEG-4第十部分)所覆盖的多媒体应用大多数又都有实时的要求。并行，则利用了比单台计算机更优的性能，而且H.264编码器的结构非常适合于分布并行计算。
基于消息传递的并行计算环境是广泛用于并行计算机上的程序范例。对于不同的应用消息传递能够高效率和可移植地实现。目前通用的消息传递环境有Express、P4、PVM和MPI等几种。其中MPI(消息传递接口)是目前最重要的编程工具，它具有可移植性好、功能强大、效率高等多种优点。基于MPI的特点，我们用MPI来实现视频编码的并行算法。
本论文提出将H.264视频编码算法在基于MB(宏块)的基础上，针对GOP(图像组)和Slice(段)的特点，在消息传递并行计算环境MPI中，利用数字视频在空域和时域上的局部相关性，采用并行程序设计方法，实现数字视频实时处理。
Digital compression is a key technology in the multimedia applications. It reduces requirement of the storage and the bandwidth transmitted by compressing the multimedia data effectively, and can encode and transmit in real time. Multimedia applications based on video compression also emerge gradually because of its promising future. Digital video has been becoming an indispensable part in the daily life gradually.
However, video encoding is a very complex computation process. It demands a very high ability of process and a high performance processor to computer. Since the computing work of the digital video process is extremely large, it is impossible to achieve real time by using traditional sequential program design method in the single processor system environment. Nevertheless, most of the multimedia applications covered by H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10) require real time process. Parallelism makes use of higher performance than a single computer. What's more, the structure of the H.264 encoder is fit for distributed parallel computing perfectly.
The parallel computing environment based on message passing is a widely used program paradigm on the parallel computers. Message passing can be realized efficiently and portable in various applications. Express, P4, PVM, and MPI are the environments of message passing used generally at present. Among them, MPI (Message Passing Interface) is the most important program paradigm. It has many advantages such as portable, powerful and high efficient. Based on the characteristics of MPI, we implement the video encoding parallel algorithm using MPI.
Based on the macroblock, aiming at the characteristics of group of pictures and slice, utilizing the spatial and temporal local relativity of digital video and employing the parallel program design method on the message passing parallel computing environment as MPI, it is brought forward that H.264 video encoding algorithm shall be used to realize the real time process of digital video.
但是视频编码过程是一个非常复杂的计算过程，它对计算机的处理能力要求非常高，要求处理器有较高的性能。数字视频处理的计算量很大，在单处理机系统环境下，采用串行程序设计方法，要达到实时几乎是不可能的。然而，H.264(MPEG-4第十部分)所覆盖的多媒体应用大多数又都有实时的要求。并行，则利用了比单台计算机更优的性能，而且H.264编码器的结构非常适合于分布并行计算。
基于消息传递的并行计算环境是广泛用于并行计算机上的程序范例。对于不同的应用消息传递能够高效率和可移植地实现。目前通用的消息传递环境有Express、P4、PVM和MPI等几种。其中MPI(消息传递接口)是目前最重要的编程工具，它具有可移植性好、功能强大、效率高等多种优点。基于MPI的特点，我们用MPI来实现视频编码的并行算法。
本论文提出将H.264视频编码算法在基于MB(宏块)的基础上，针对GOP(图像组)和Slice(段)的特点，在消息传递并行计算环境MPI中，利用数字视频在空域和时域上的局部相关性，采用并行程序设计方法，实现数字视频实时处理。
Digital compression is a key technology in the multimedia applications. It reduces requirement of the storage and the bandwidth transmitted by compressing the multimedia data effectively, and can encode and transmit in real time. Multimedia applications based on video compression also emerge gradually because of its promising future. Digital video has been becoming an indispensable part in the daily life gradually.
However, video encoding is a very complex computation process. It demands a very high ability of process and a high performance processor to computer. Since the computing work of the digital video process is extremely large, it is impossible to achieve real time by using traditional sequential program design method in the single processor system environment. Nevertheless, most of the multimedia applications covered by H.264 (MPEG-4 Part 10) require real time process. Parallelism makes use of higher performance than a single computer. What's more, the structure of the H.264 encoder is fit for distributed parallel computing perfectly.
The parallel computing environment based on message passing is a widely used program paradigm on the parallel computers. Message passing can be realized efficiently and portable in various applications. Express, P4, PVM, and MPI are the environments of message passing used generally at present. Among them, MPI (Message Passing Interface) is the most important program paradigm. It has many advantages such as portable, powerful and high efficient. Based on the characteristics of MPI, we implement the video encoding parallel algorithm using MPI.
Based on the macroblock, aiming at the characteristics of group of pictures and slice, utilizing the spatial and temporal local relativity of digital video and employing the parallel program design method on the message passing parallel computing environment as MPI, it is brought forward that H.264 video encoding algorithm shall be used to realize the real time process of digital video.
引文
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[2]Flower J.Kolawa A, The Express Programming Environment, Parasoft Corporation Report, July 1990
[3]孙家昶，张林波，迟学斌，汪道柳，网络并行计算与分布式编程环境，北京：科学出版社，1996
[4]张宝琳，谷同祥，莫则尧，数值并行计算原理与方法，北京：国防工业出版社，1999．7
[5]D. W. Walker, and J. J. Dongarra, MPI: a Standard Message Passing Interface, Supercomputer vol. 12, no. 1, pp. 56-68, Jan. 1996
[6]W.Gropp, E.Lusk, A.Skjellum, Using MPI: Portable Parallel Programming with the Message-Passing Interface, MIT Press, 1994
[7]都志辉，高性能计算并行编程技术MPI并行程序设计，北京：清华大学出版社，2001
[8]莫则尧，袁国兴，消息传递并行编程环境MPI，北京：科学出版社，2000
[9]王锋，基于消息传递模型的并行调试技术及实现，中国科技信息研究所藏，中国科学技术大学授，硕士学位论文，2000
[10]计永昶，MPI在曙光—1000上的实现与分析，中国科技信息研究所藏，中国科学技术大学授，硕士学位论文，1996
[11]张剑峰，基于机群的并行计算环境的研究、设计与实现，中国科技信息研究所藏，北京科技大学授，硕士学位论文，2001
[12]Ke Shen, G. W. Cook, L. H. Jamieson, E. J. Delp, An Overview of Parallel Processing Approaches To Image and Video Compression, Proceedings of Spie-the International Society for Optical Engineering, vol.2186, pp.197-208. USA 1994
[13]S. Orlando S, R. Perego A Comparison of Implementation Strategies for Nonuniform Data-parallel Computations, Journal of Parallel & Distributed Computing, vol.52, no.2, pp.132-49, Aug. 1998
[14]Gregory W. Cook and Edward J. Delp, An Investigation of JPEG Image and Video Compression Using Parallel Processing, Purdue University
[15]J. Nang and J. Kim, An Effective Parallelizing Scheme of MPEG-1 Video Encodingon Ethernet-Connected Workstations, Proceedings. Advances in Parallel and Distributed Computing (Cat.No.97TB100099) pp. 4-11, March 1997
[16]Joo Paulo Kitajima Denilson de Moura Barbosa, Wagner Meira Jr, Parallelizing MPEG Video Encoding using Multiprocessors, XⅡ Brazilian Symposium on Computer Graphics and Image Processing October 17-20, 1999, Campinas, SP-Brazil
[17]S. M. Akramullah, I. Ahmad and M. L. Liou, Performance of a Software-Based MPEG-2 Video Encoder on Parallel and Distributed Systems, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, August 1997, Vol.7, No.4, pp. 687-695
[18]T.Olivares, F.Quiles, P.Cuenca, L.Orozco-Barbosa, I.Ahmad. Study of Data Distribution Techniques for the Implemention of an MPEG-2 Video Encoder. Proceeding of the IASTED International Conference: Parallel and Distributed Computing and Systems. November 3-6, 1999,MIT, Boston, USA
[19]S. M. Akramullah, Real-Time MPEG-2 Video Encoding on Parallel and Distributed Systems, MPhil Thesis, HKUST, July, 1995
[20]S. M. Akramullah, I. Ahmad, and M. L. Liou, Parallelization of MPEG-2 video encoder for parallel and distributed computing systems, Proc. Midwest Symp. on Circuits and Systems, Rio de Janeiro, Aug. 1995
[21]S. M. Akramullah, I. Ahmad, and M. L. Liou, A Portable and Scalable MPEG-2 Video Encoder on Parallel and Distributed Computing Systems, Proceedings of SPIE: Visual Communications and Image Processing ′96, Orlando Florida, USA, 17-20 March, 1996
[22]Akramullah, Shahriar M., I. Ahmad and M.L. Liou (1995) A data parallel approach for real time MPEG-2 video coding, Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, Vol. 30, No.2, pp. 129-146
[23]J. Cosmas, Y. Paker, A. Pearmain and A. Hamosfakidis, Parallisation of MPEG-4 Video Verification Model Encoder, the
6th ACTS Concertation meeting, in Brussels, Belgium, 11 June 1997
[24]Yong He,I.Ahmad and M.L.Liou, A SoftWare-based MPEG-4 Video Encoder using Parallel Processing, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video technology, Vol.8,No.7,pp 909～920,November 1998
[25]Yong He, I. Ahmad and M. L. Liou, Real-Time Interactive MPEG-4 System Encoder using a Cluster of Workstations, IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, to appear in June 1999.
[26]宁华, 李锦涛, MPEG-4 视频编码的并行实现，计算机工程与应用, Vol.38,2002.7,9～12,16
[27]L.Zheng, J.Cosmas and T.Itagaki, Real Time H.263 Video Encoder Using Mercury Multiprocessor Workstation, http:// www. cms. livjm, ac. uk/ pgnet2001/ papers/ LZheng .pdf, (Current May 2002)
[28]S. M. Akramullah, I. Ahmad and M.L. Liou, A Software Based H. 263 Video Encoder Using Networks of Workstations, Proc. SPIE Conference on Parallel and Distributed Methods for Image Processing, San Diego, CA, pp. 266-273, Jul. 28-29, 1997
[29]丁嵘，苏光大，林行刚，特征脸和弹性匹配人脸识别算法的比较，计算机工程与应用，Vol．38，2002．7，1～2，19
[30]苏光大，图像并行处理技术，北京：清华大学出版社，2002
[31]黎洪松，数字视频技术及其应用，北京：清华大学出版社，1997
[32]谢深泉，朱珍民，叶施仁，多媒体基础与应用，北京：北京大学出版社，1997
[33]马华东，多媒体计算机技术原理，北京：清华大学出版社，1999
[34]吴乐南，数据压缩，北京：东南大学出版社，2000
[35]朱秀昌，刘峰，胡栋，数字图像处理与图像通信，北京：北京邮电大学出版社，2002
[36]张明德，王永东，视频会议系统原理与应用，北京：北京希望电子出版社，1999
[37]章毓晋，图象处理与分析，北京：清华大学出版社，1999
[38]余松煜，张文军，孙军，现代图像信息压缩技术，北京：科
学出版社，1998
[39]Video Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication, ITU-T Draft Recommendation H.263, 1998
[40]Guy Cote, H.263+: Video Coding at Low Bit Rates, IEEE trans on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, vol.7, No. 1, 1997
[41]G. Cote, B. Erol, M. Gallant, F. Kossentini, H.263+: Video Coding At Low Bit Rates, IEEE Transactions on Circuits & Systems for Video Technology, vol.8, no.7, Nov. 1998, pp.849-66.
[42]Video Coding for Low Bit Rate Communication, ITU-T Draft Recommendation H.263, 1998
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