围油栏拦油数值实验平台及拦油失效研究
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摘要
海上溢油对自然资源造成严重的环境损害,不幸的是即使尽最大努力也不能防止溢油事故的发生,只要发生大量溢油事故,就一定要采取相应清理手段,围油栏是在处理海上溢油事故中一种常用的,有效的设备。但是由于受风、波浪和水流等因素的影响,经常会发生拦油失效导致围油栏效率降低。前人关于围油栏拦油大效研究主要集中在纯水流作用下固定档板式围油栏的拦油实验和数值研究,即使是考虑波浪对围油栏拦油作用研究也仅仅是局限于简单的单个波长的线性波作用下实验研究。因此本文使用商用计算流体力学软件FLUENT,利用计算平台的用户接口功能,从计算模型、程序实现、数据存取、结果分析等多个方面对FLUENT计算平台进行了改进,建立了基于黏性流理论和VOF方法的、可对波浪、水流作用下可动浮子式围油栏拦油问题进行数值研究的数值试验平台。与物理实验平台相比,具有费用低、无触点流场测量、减小比尺效应、消除了物理模型实验中由传感器尺寸及模型变形等因素对流场的影响,可获得较详细的流场信息等优点。
在搭建围油栏拦油数值实验平台的过程中,数值造波、消波方法是否合适、有效是决定数值实验平台建立成功与否的关键性问题之一。在无旋势流条件下,利用有限体积法,结合连续方程和不可压缩雷诺平均N-S方程,并利用k-ε方程封闭方程组,采用VOF方法追踪相界面,分别采用推板造波、设置速度入口造波、质量源造波和动量源造波方法完成线性规则波、二阶Stokes波、孤立波的模拟,针对不同波浪理论,详细分析和评述了不同数值造波方法,为不同情况下采用何种造波方法提供了指导性意见。
影响围油栏拦油效果因素除了栏深、水深、水流速度、油品外,波浪参数对拦油效果的影响也很重要。因此波浪水流作用下围油栏拦油效果分析就显得很重要。基于以上二维数值波浪水槽模型,经过改进,建立能够模拟波浪水流相互作用的二维数值波流水槽模型,讨论水平均匀流与波浪共线时波流相互作用问题。数值结果符合依据波动的射线理论和由变分原理导出的波作用量守恒定律推导的Doppler效应——顺流时波长变大、波高减小,而逆流时波长变小、波高增大,甚至出现波浪破碎。水流也会改变波浪传播方向,引起波浪折射,使波浪出现辐聚或辐散。进一步研究了不同波陡下水流对波峰的影响,波流同向工况时,波陡增大.相同流速下对波峰的改变就越大,在波流逆向工况下,波陡增大,相同流速对波峰的改变越小。然后基于线性波流水槽发展了非线性波流水槽,模拟了弱非线性波和强非线性波流耦合作用问题,研究了水流对波浪非线性的影响,研究发现,波流反向作用时使得波浪非线性进一步增强,顺流减弱了波浪的非线性作用,非线性波流作用也符合多普勒效应。
最后基于以上建立的恒定水深黏性数值波流水槽,结合三相流模型,对波流作用下油层形态演变进行数值模拟和分析,在此基础上添加围油栏模型,使用FLUENT中动网格模型和“半耦合”数值模拟方法实现波流作用下垂直方向浮子式围油栏的升沉运动,成功搭建可动浮子式围油栏拦油数值实验平台。基于此数值实验平台进行围油栏拦油失效数值模拟,分析波浪和水流对栏前油层演变的影响,模拟结果显示水流方向决定油层前进方向,波流同向时油层厚度最大,长度最小,反之,波流逆向时油层厚度最小,油层长度最大,油层形态变化与波面升高变化同相,当波谷传到围油栏处时油层厚度最小,当波峰传到围油栏处时,油层厚度最大,易发生拦油失效；接着定量详细分析了栏深、水深、水流速度、油品、波浪参数与拦油初始失效速度之间的关系,结果表明,三种工况下油密度越大,越会加剧拦油失效,增大初始溢油体积会减小拦油失效速度,围油栏栏深越大,拦油失效速度也越大,且拦油失效速度与栏深之间呈线性增加关系,拦油失效速度随波高的增大而减小,波浪周期越大,拦油失效速度也越大,通过实验研究及结果分析,并最终提出预测波流同向、纯水流和波流逆向工况下浮子式围油栏拦油失效速度公式：纯水流工况为Uf0=1.98UKH+(0.39+0.078Q-0.5)D(?),波流同向工况当波陡较小(s<0.02)时为：Uf0+Uf0(-0.0005ρ+0.3304),当波陡s≥0.02时,拦油失速度公式为：
Uf=Uf0+Uf0(-0.0005ρ+0.3304)-1893.6s2+82.108s-0.8622,
波流逆向工况为：
Uf=Uf0+Uf0(0.0014ρ-1.293)-121.38s2+0.0889s+0.1004。
Marine Oil spills can cause serious damage to natural resources and to those whose livelihoods depend on these resources. Unfortunately, experience shows that even the best safety efforts cannot prevent occasional oil spill accidents on the sea. Hence, it is important to improve techniques and equipment that facilitate spill cleanup under such circumstances. Oil spill containment booms are the most commonly adopted techniques employed to collect and contain oil on sea surface, or to protect specific areas against slick spreading. Oil containment, however, is often attempted under open-sea conditions, where currents, winds, and waves are present, and it is generally accepted that the effectiveness of booms is reduced under these conditions due to oil containment failure. The previous researches about oil containment failure mainly focus on the experimental and numerical study of oil containment by fixed barrier under pure current conditions; even the consideration of the influence of wave parameters on oil containment failure was limited to the case of experimental study of oil containment under a single wavelength of linear wave. So in the dissertation, CFD software FLUENT is re-developed in mathematical model, programming procedure, data access and analysis method to establish a numerical experimental platform based on viscous flow and VOF method, which can be used to simulate oil containment by floating boom under wave and current conditions. When compared with physical experimental platform, the numerical experimental platform has the advantage of low cost, non-contact flow measurement, reducing the scale effect, eliminating sensor size used in physical experimental, model deformation and other factors influencing the flow field, getting more detailed flow field information, and so on.
Numerical methods of wave generating and absorbing are key techniques in the establishment of numerical experimental platform of oil containment by floating boom. Under the irrotational potential flow conditions, different numerical modeling methods (the pusher flap wave maker, the method of defining velocity of water particle on the inlet boundary, mass source wave-maker and momentum source wave-maker) have been employed to deal with the wave generating simulation of linear wave, second-order Stokes wave and solitary wave, using the Navier-Stokes or Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation model and featuring closure via the k-ε turbulent model, employing the VOF (volume of fluids) method, which was developed to manage interfaces between multiple phases, i.e., water and air. The above wave generating methods for linear and nonlinear waves are firstly analyzed and compared in detail, the advantage and disadvantage of different methods are summarized and commented, some conclusions on application are then obtained.
Wave parameters including boom draft, water depth, flow velocity and oil parameters have great influence on oil containment efficiency. Therefore, the effect analysis of oil containment by boom under wave and current conditions come necessary and urgently. Based on the model established above, the two-dimensional numerical wave tank is re-developed in source function, boundary conditions to establish the numerical wave and current tank of the viscous fluid with constant water depth simulating wave-current interactions, and then the interactions of wave and uniform current were discussed. The numerical results compared well to wave and ray theory and the Doppler Effect derived from wave action balance equation according to variational principle. The variations of wave profile under current action and the influence of the current velocity on the wave parameters were studied. The finds show that wave length is increased (reduced) and wave height is reduced (increased) by coplanar (counter) currents, even wave breaking occurs in counter currents. Currents will also cause wave refraction, wave amplitude converge and diverge by changing the propagating direction of wave. The effects of currents on wave crest with different wave steepness were further studied, for coplanar (counter) current cases, the same current velocity will change wave crest with bigger wave steepness more (less). Then a fully nonlinear numerical wave and current tank was developed based on the linear wave and current tank. The interactions of weakly nonlinear waves, strong nonlinear wave-current coupling were simulated and the effects of currents on wave nonlinearity were analyzed, it shows that opposing (coplanar) current increased (reduced) the wave nonlinearity, the nonlinear wave-current coupling interactions match Doppler Effect well.
Finally, the variations of oil shape before boom under waves and currents were simulated and analyzed based on the numerical wave and current tank of the viscous fluid with constant water depth established above combined with using the three-phase flow model. Then the numerical experimental platform was established successfully by adding floating booms to the tank, utilizing the dynamic mesh model in FLUENT and the "half coupling" method to simulate the vertical heave motion of floating boom under waves and currents. Based on the numerical experimental platform, oil containment by floating boom under waves and currents were numerically studied, the effects of waves and currents on variations of oil shape before boom were analyzed. The finds show that oil slick moves toward the boom under the action of currents, the coplanar wave accelerate and the counter wave decelerate the oil slick moving towards boom slightly, oil slick thickness reached maximum in coplanar current conditions and minimum in counter current conditions, oil slick length reached minimum in coplanar current conditions and maximum in counter current conditions, the thickness of oil slick and the free-surface elevation at the boom were approximately in phase. When the wave at the boom is at its trough, the oil slick achieves its minimum thickness, and when the wave at the boom is at its crest, the oil slick achieves its maximum thickness and oil containment failure prone to take place. Then the relationship between oil containment failure velocity and oil boom draft, water depth, current velocity, oil parameters, wave parameters was quantitatively analyzed in detail. The results show that an increase in oil density is detrimental to oil containment under pure current condition, coplanar current condition and counter current condition. The bigger the initial oil volume, the lower the oil containment failure velocity. The greater the oil boom draft, the higher the oil containment failure velocity, and the relationship between oil boom draft and oil containment failure velocity show linear trend. The results also indicate that an increase in wave height will reduce oil containment failure velocity. Another important wave parameter likely to influence oil containment is the wave period. The variation of failure velocity with wave period was investigated. As the finds show, the longer the wave period, the higher the failure velocity and that a short and high wave is most detrimental to oil containment. According to the experimental research and analysis of the numerical results, empirical equations were proposed for the prediction of the initial failure velocity of oil containment by the floating boom under pure current condition, coplanar current condition and counter current condition respectively.
在搭建围油栏拦油数值实验平台的过程中,数值造波、消波方法是否合适、有效是决定数值实验平台建立成功与否的关键性问题之一。在无旋势流条件下,利用有限体积法,结合连续方程和不可压缩雷诺平均N-S方程,并利用k-ε方程封闭方程组,采用VOF方法追踪相界面,分别采用推板造波、设置速度入口造波、质量源造波和动量源造波方法完成线性规则波、二阶Stokes波、孤立波的模拟,针对不同波浪理论,详细分析和评述了不同数值造波方法,为不同情况下采用何种造波方法提供了指导性意见。
影响围油栏拦油效果因素除了栏深、水深、水流速度、油品外,波浪参数对拦油效果的影响也很重要。因此波浪水流作用下围油栏拦油效果分析就显得很重要。基于以上二维数值波浪水槽模型,经过改进,建立能够模拟波浪水流相互作用的二维数值波流水槽模型,讨论水平均匀流与波浪共线时波流相互作用问题。数值结果符合依据波动的射线理论和由变分原理导出的波作用量守恒定律推导的Doppler效应——顺流时波长变大、波高减小,而逆流时波长变小、波高增大,甚至出现波浪破碎。水流也会改变波浪传播方向,引起波浪折射,使波浪出现辐聚或辐散。进一步研究了不同波陡下水流对波峰的影响,波流同向工况时,波陡增大.相同流速下对波峰的改变就越大,在波流逆向工况下,波陡增大,相同流速对波峰的改变越小。然后基于线性波流水槽发展了非线性波流水槽,模拟了弱非线性波和强非线性波流耦合作用问题,研究了水流对波浪非线性的影响,研究发现,波流反向作用时使得波浪非线性进一步增强,顺流减弱了波浪的非线性作用,非线性波流作用也符合多普勒效应。
最后基于以上建立的恒定水深黏性数值波流水槽,结合三相流模型,对波流作用下油层形态演变进行数值模拟和分析,在此基础上添加围油栏模型,使用FLUENT中动网格模型和“半耦合”数值模拟方法实现波流作用下垂直方向浮子式围油栏的升沉运动,成功搭建可动浮子式围油栏拦油数值实验平台。基于此数值实验平台进行围油栏拦油失效数值模拟,分析波浪和水流对栏前油层演变的影响,模拟结果显示水流方向决定油层前进方向,波流同向时油层厚度最大,长度最小,反之,波流逆向时油层厚度最小,油层长度最大,油层形态变化与波面升高变化同相,当波谷传到围油栏处时油层厚度最小,当波峰传到围油栏处时,油层厚度最大,易发生拦油失效；接着定量详细分析了栏深、水深、水流速度、油品、波浪参数与拦油初始失效速度之间的关系,结果表明,三种工况下油密度越大,越会加剧拦油失效,增大初始溢油体积会减小拦油失效速度,围油栏栏深越大,拦油失效速度也越大,且拦油失效速度与栏深之间呈线性增加关系,拦油失效速度随波高的增大而减小,波浪周期越大,拦油失效速度也越大,通过实验研究及结果分析,并最终提出预测波流同向、纯水流和波流逆向工况下浮子式围油栏拦油失效速度公式：纯水流工况为Uf0=1.98UKH+(0.39+0.078Q-0.5)D(?),波流同向工况当波陡较小(s<0.02)时为：Uf0+Uf0(-0.0005ρ+0.3304),当波陡s≥0.02时,拦油失速度公式为：
Uf=Uf0+Uf0(-0.0005ρ+0.3304)-1893.6s2+82.108s-0.8622,
波流逆向工况为：
Uf=Uf0+Uf0(0.0014ρ-1.293)-121.38s2+0.0889s+0.1004。
Marine Oil spills can cause serious damage to natural resources and to those whose livelihoods depend on these resources. Unfortunately, experience shows that even the best safety efforts cannot prevent occasional oil spill accidents on the sea. Hence, it is important to improve techniques and equipment that facilitate spill cleanup under such circumstances. Oil spill containment booms are the most commonly adopted techniques employed to collect and contain oil on sea surface, or to protect specific areas against slick spreading. Oil containment, however, is often attempted under open-sea conditions, where currents, winds, and waves are present, and it is generally accepted that the effectiveness of booms is reduced under these conditions due to oil containment failure. The previous researches about oil containment failure mainly focus on the experimental and numerical study of oil containment by fixed barrier under pure current conditions; even the consideration of the influence of wave parameters on oil containment failure was limited to the case of experimental study of oil containment under a single wavelength of linear wave. So in the dissertation, CFD software FLUENT is re-developed in mathematical model, programming procedure, data access and analysis method to establish a numerical experimental platform based on viscous flow and VOF method, which can be used to simulate oil containment by floating boom under wave and current conditions. When compared with physical experimental platform, the numerical experimental platform has the advantage of low cost, non-contact flow measurement, reducing the scale effect, eliminating sensor size used in physical experimental, model deformation and other factors influencing the flow field, getting more detailed flow field information, and so on.
Numerical methods of wave generating and absorbing are key techniques in the establishment of numerical experimental platform of oil containment by floating boom. Under the irrotational potential flow conditions, different numerical modeling methods (the pusher flap wave maker, the method of defining velocity of water particle on the inlet boundary, mass source wave-maker and momentum source wave-maker) have been employed to deal with the wave generating simulation of linear wave, second-order Stokes wave and solitary wave, using the Navier-Stokes or Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation model and featuring closure via the k-ε turbulent model, employing the VOF (volume of fluids) method, which was developed to manage interfaces between multiple phases, i.e., water and air. The above wave generating methods for linear and nonlinear waves are firstly analyzed and compared in detail, the advantage and disadvantage of different methods are summarized and commented, some conclusions on application are then obtained.
Wave parameters including boom draft, water depth, flow velocity and oil parameters have great influence on oil containment efficiency. Therefore, the effect analysis of oil containment by boom under wave and current conditions come necessary and urgently. Based on the model established above, the two-dimensional numerical wave tank is re-developed in source function, boundary conditions to establish the numerical wave and current tank of the viscous fluid with constant water depth simulating wave-current interactions, and then the interactions of wave and uniform current were discussed. The numerical results compared well to wave and ray theory and the Doppler Effect derived from wave action balance equation according to variational principle. The variations of wave profile under current action and the influence of the current velocity on the wave parameters were studied. The finds show that wave length is increased (reduced) and wave height is reduced (increased) by coplanar (counter) currents, even wave breaking occurs in counter currents. Currents will also cause wave refraction, wave amplitude converge and diverge by changing the propagating direction of wave. The effects of currents on wave crest with different wave steepness were further studied, for coplanar (counter) current cases, the same current velocity will change wave crest with bigger wave steepness more (less). Then a fully nonlinear numerical wave and current tank was developed based on the linear wave and current tank. The interactions of weakly nonlinear waves, strong nonlinear wave-current coupling were simulated and the effects of currents on wave nonlinearity were analyzed, it shows that opposing (coplanar) current increased (reduced) the wave nonlinearity, the nonlinear wave-current coupling interactions match Doppler Effect well.
Finally, the variations of oil shape before boom under waves and currents were simulated and analyzed based on the numerical wave and current tank of the viscous fluid with constant water depth established above combined with using the three-phase flow model. Then the numerical experimental platform was established successfully by adding floating booms to the tank, utilizing the dynamic mesh model in FLUENT and the "half coupling" method to simulate the vertical heave motion of floating boom under waves and currents. Based on the numerical experimental platform, oil containment by floating boom under waves and currents were numerically studied, the effects of waves and currents on variations of oil shape before boom were analyzed. The finds show that oil slick moves toward the boom under the action of currents, the coplanar wave accelerate and the counter wave decelerate the oil slick moving towards boom slightly, oil slick thickness reached maximum in coplanar current conditions and minimum in counter current conditions, oil slick length reached minimum in coplanar current conditions and maximum in counter current conditions, the thickness of oil slick and the free-surface elevation at the boom were approximately in phase. When the wave at the boom is at its trough, the oil slick achieves its minimum thickness, and when the wave at the boom is at its crest, the oil slick achieves its maximum thickness and oil containment failure prone to take place. Then the relationship between oil containment failure velocity and oil boom draft, water depth, current velocity, oil parameters, wave parameters was quantitatively analyzed in detail. The results show that an increase in oil density is detrimental to oil containment under pure current condition, coplanar current condition and counter current condition. The bigger the initial oil volume, the lower the oil containment failure velocity. The greater the oil boom draft, the higher the oil containment failure velocity, and the relationship between oil boom draft and oil containment failure velocity show linear trend. The results also indicate that an increase in wave height will reduce oil containment failure velocity. Another important wave parameter likely to influence oil containment is the wave period. The variation of failure velocity with wave period was investigated. As the finds show, the longer the wave period, the higher the failure velocity and that a short and high wave is most detrimental to oil containment. According to the experimental research and analysis of the numerical results, empirical equations were proposed for the prediction of the initial failure velocity of oil containment by the floating boom under pure current condition, coplanar current condition and counter current condition respectively.
引文
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