我国消费者保护中的冷却期制度研究
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摘要
所谓冷却期,是指这样一段特定的期间,在此期间内,消费者有权无需说明任何理由便可解除已经订立的合同,至于这种权利,则被人们称为合同的取消权、合同的撤销权、合同的否认权、合同的撤回权,等等。而相关的冷却期制度,则是有关特定期限的权利,即消费者有权在合同订立后,无需受合同承诺的约束,也不必承担任何费用和违约责任地解除合同,从而使双方恢复到订立合同之初状态的一项制度。该制度具有以下几个方面的特征：目的功能的二重性；权利依据的法定性；权利主体的单方性；构成要件的特殊性(包括形式的特殊性和内容的无因性)以及法律后果的无偿性。究其法律性质,该制度项下的合同取消权应为经济法领域的一项新型的消费者权利。
冷却期制度作为一项旨在侧重保护消费者合法权益的制度,它的产生深刻地反映了契约法对契约内容进行广泛参与和重构这一现代契约法呈现出来的趋势。因此,该制度的价值目标包括侧重保护消费者权益的实质公平、社会整体效率以及真正意义上的契约自由。第一,它所追求的实质公平的内涵在于加强对处于弱势地位的消费者的权益保护,并对经济强势主体的行为和状态严加约束和控制。具体包括如增强消费者对相关商品或服务信息掌握的全面性与真实性,降低消费者的非理性程度,从而有效地减少因为这种特定销售策略所产生的暂时的垄断势力,最终矫正消费者和经营者之间的实质不平等,实现公平交易。第二,它所追求的社会整体效率的内涵在于：有关商品或服务真实信息的全面充分传递以及市场整体商品和服务质量的提高,另一方面低质商品驱逐高质商品的风险以及市场崩溃可能性的大幅减少,从而实现分配上的效率,使得资源利用产生最大化效应。最后,它所追求的契约自由的内涵在于：它为缔约人设置一种退出机制：当客观情势(如合同规则的复杂性使消费者无法充分预料合同带给他的沉重的经济负担等)或者人为(缔约相对人)强制(如高压或者欺骗的销售等)导致缔约人理性不足,使得缔约人不能实现契约自由的状态时,冷却期制度为受害的消费者提供了退出的机会,使之能够摆脱固有契约的约束。
但在中国建构冷却期制度仍然面临一系列的障碍,包括理论上的、制度上的以及文化上的障碍。解决冷却期理论上的障碍主要在于确立平衡协调的原则和精神,实现经营者和消费者的利益均衡。解决冷却期制度上的障碍主要包括两方面：面对消费者的道德风险,应对冷却期制度内对其滥用进行合理化规制；而针对经营者滥用的风险,则应注重制度外竞争法规的配套完善。而解决文化上的障碍主要在于大力加强消费教育的制度化和普及化。
目前世界上大部分国家主要对冷却期制度采取三种立法模式：以英国、美国等大多数国家为代表的松散式的单行法规制模式、以日本为代表的半统一式的立法规制模式以及以德国和我国台湾地区为代表的统一式的立法规制模式。考虑到冷却期制度的法律性质,同时结合中国有关该制度的立法现状,中国冷却期制度建构宜选择统一立法与分别立法相结合的模式。即将冷却期制度纳入到消费者权益保护法的体系,采用消费者权益保护法的一般规定加特别法的规定,使其成为第十种“消费者权利”。具体而言,就是在《消费者权益保护法》中将取消权的适用范围、适用条件、适用后果等基本规则明确下来,而之后再在针对特殊销售方式(比如上门推销、分时度假、远程销售等)的立法中制定有关其的特别的规则。
就冷却期建构的适用范围而言,我国冷却期制度尚不能广泛适用于所有的消费交易领域,而应集中某些特定的消费领域,具体而言,第一,冷却期制度的适用范围包括一些具有特殊交易时间、地点的交易领域。在这样的领域,消费者和经营者往往由于交易时间或者地点的特殊性所限缺乏充分的沟通与交流,而消费者更易受到经营者不当劝诱的影响而做出非理性的判断和决策,这主要体现在上门推销领域和分时度假领域领域。第二,冷却期制度的适用范围应包括合同标的空间距离远的交易领域。在这类型的交易中,经营者与消费者之间在进行缔约接触或者订立契约时合同当事人无法同时在场,往往要借助某类通讯手段来磋商和完成交易。因此,消费者在收到商品之前是无法对交易标的进行准确判断的,这使得该类型交易中存在明显的信息不对称的问题,这主要体现在以电话、电子邮件、媒体服务等作为远程通讯手段的远程销售领域。第三,冷却期制度的适用范围应包括合同标的复杂的交易领域。在这类交易领域中,由于合同规则的复杂冗长,且大多为消费者无法更改的格式条款,使得消费者在合同订立时很短时间内无法了解合同条款的真实含义,也无法充分预料到合同将会给他带来的经济负担。而且,这些合同的期限可能比较长,交易金额也较大,不公正的合同条款也将使非理性的或者缺乏专业知识的消费者可能因为一时“思虑不周”而长期承担沉重的合同义务。这主要体现在分期付款买卖或信贷买卖等消费信用领域、保险领域、商品房买卖领域等。
就冷却期制度的适用条件而言,其主要包括对冷却期期限、冷却期中经营者告知义务以及冷却期中消费者行使取消权的立法规制。中国构建冷却期制度的适用条件应遵循“以公平为先,兼顾效率”的指导思想,即追求倾斜保护消费者权益,追求公平正义的同时兼顾交易的效率,以避免过分增加经营者的负担和成本,同时也督促消费者尽快行使权利。此外,对于经营者违反告知义务的后果的制度安排上,应采用通过惩治和威慑经营者从而促使其主动履行该义务的方案,具体而言,即有针对性地引入惩罚性赔偿责任。其构成要件仅包括违法行为和主观过错两个条件,但不包括是否对消费者造成了损害后果,至于对其金额模式的选择则采用同时规定最低和最高限额的弹性金额模式。就冷却期制度的适用后果而言,中国建构冷却期制度不应采取任何形式和比例的取消费,而应坚持真正意义上的“无偿性”,即消费者行使合同取消权后,无需向经营者承担损害赔偿、支付违约金、补偿性的罚款等任何费用或价款。只有这样才能以促使广大消费者能够“无所顾忌”地彻底享有该项权利。
A cooling-off period is a specified period of time, within which the consumer has the right to cancelation without any reasons, as a right to rescind, disaffirm,or revoke a contract, or more generally as a withdrawal right. A related protective measure is the right to a period of deliberation, during which the consumer is not allowed to accept the offer made and conclude the contract. It is a statutory mandatory for consumers to provide special protection rules. The system has the following characteristics:the duality of purpose or function; rights based on the leagal nature; the unilateral nuture of the subject of right (including the specific forms and the content without reason), and the of the legal consequences whiout payment.
The cooling-off period is a specific system to protect legitimate interests of consumers. It is a progound reflection the contract law participation in reconstruction of the contract content of the modern trend. Therefore, the ideal legal value of cooling-off period is substantive fairness on protecting the interests of consumers, the overall efficiency of the community and freedom of contract. Firstly, the meaning of substantive fairness is to strengthen the consumer's protection and control the operator's behavior. These include such as enhance the information comprehensively and authenticitly, reduce the irrational degree of consumer's behavior, thus effectively reducing the situational monopolies by operators and finally correct the inequality between the operators and consumers. Secondly, the meaning of overall efficiency of the community is the following fields. On the one hand, the real information of the goods and services can be passed comprehensively and thoroughly and the overall quality of the goods and services in the market are improved; on the other hand, the risk of expulsion of high-quality goods and the possibility of market coolapse substantially reduced, that achieve the efficiency of distribution and make the resources maximize the effect. Finally, the meaning of freedon of contract is the following fields. The cooling-off system provides contracting parties an exit mechanism:when the objective situation (such as complexity of the contract rules which make consumers consider unclear, etc.) or man-made force (such as high pressure or deceptive sales,etc.) leading to lack of rational parties, so they can not achieve the situation of freedom of contract. Under this situation, the cooling-off period can provides the consumers a opportunity to exit to get rid of the constraints inherent in the contract.
However, building this system in China still faces a series of obstacles, including theoretical, institutional and cultural barriers. Solving the theoretical obstacle is to establish the principle of balancing in order to achieve the balance of interests between the consumers and operators. Solving the institutional barrier includes the following two aspects. Faced with the consumer moral hazard, we should regulate this system rationally, while faced with the risk of opeators'abuse, we should focus on perfect the competition rules outside the system including anti-monopoly law and antitrust law. The solution to the cultural barrier is strongly enhancing consumer education.
Most countries in the world adopt three legislative models of the cooling-off period:the loose type of separate regulation system model by the United Kingdom and other most ountries, the semi-uniform style of regulation system model by Japan and the uniform model by Germany and Taiwan in China. Considering the legal characters of the cooling-period system, we should choose the uniform model combined with separate model based on the legislation in China. Specifically, the cooling-off period system is regulated in the consumer protection law and the legal model is general provisions in the consumer protection law combined with particular rules separately. That is to say, the cancellation right of the cooling-off period become the tenth consumer right paralleled with other consumer rights. On the one hand, the applicable fields, applicable conditions and consequence of the cooling-off period system are regulated in the Consumer Protection Act in China, on the other hand, the particular rules about this system is regulated in some particular laws such as door-to-door sales law and timesharing law and so on.
Taking into account the scope of this system in China, it can not be widely used in all areas of the consumer transactions and limited to some specific transactions. Particually, the coverage of the cooling-off period are following fields. Firstly, it can be used in some particular sales such as door-to-door sales and distance selling and so on. in this areas, consumers and operators are often lack of adequate communication due to the special nature of the transaction time or location, so the consumers are more vulnerable to make the irrational judgments effected by the high-pressure selling techniques. Secondly, the scope should include distance trade areas that rely on the means of communication such as telephone, fax, email and media services and so on. In this type of transaction, the contractual parties can not be present at the same time and the negotiation and signing the contract should be completed with the help of certain means of communications. Therefore, the consumers can not accurately check the goods before they receive it, which cause obvious asymmetric information in this type of trasaction. Thirdly, the scope must include the field that involves the complex subjects of contract such as installment sales and insurance and commodity trading fields and so on. In such selling, most consumers can not change the terms of the contracts and the negotiation time is very short, so they can not fully anticipate the financial burden caused by the contract. Moreever, the consumers will make irrational decisions and bear the heave long-term burden to contractual obligations because of the long period of contract and large amount and unfair terms of contract.
The applicable conditions of this system include its period, the informing obligation of operators and the conditions for the consumers' exercise of rights. We should use the principle which is "fair as the first and taking into account efeciency" as the gilding ideology when we build this system, that is to say, on the one hand, we should pursue consumer protection that can achieve the goal of fairness and justice, on the other hand, we should at the same time pay attention to the efficiency of transactions to avoid excessive burden and costs of the operators, which can urge consumers to exercise their rights. We should adopt the way of punishment and deterrence in order that the operators can fulfill their obligations initiatively. Specificly, the punitive liability should be introduced in this system and its constituent elements should only include subjective fault and illegal behavior, not including the dagages to consumers. In addition, we can use the flexibility amount model for the punitive liability that combine minimum amount with maximum amount. In the end, we should insist on truly legal consequences whiout payment, which means consumers will not charged with any sort of payment for feess even if they cancel the contract. Only this way can encourage consumers to "cynical" and thoroughly enjoy the right.
冷却期制度作为一项旨在侧重保护消费者合法权益的制度,它的产生深刻地反映了契约法对契约内容进行广泛参与和重构这一现代契约法呈现出来的趋势。因此,该制度的价值目标包括侧重保护消费者权益的实质公平、社会整体效率以及真正意义上的契约自由。第一,它所追求的实质公平的内涵在于加强对处于弱势地位的消费者的权益保护,并对经济强势主体的行为和状态严加约束和控制。具体包括如增强消费者对相关商品或服务信息掌握的全面性与真实性,降低消费者的非理性程度,从而有效地减少因为这种特定销售策略所产生的暂时的垄断势力,最终矫正消费者和经营者之间的实质不平等,实现公平交易。第二,它所追求的社会整体效率的内涵在于：有关商品或服务真实信息的全面充分传递以及市场整体商品和服务质量的提高,另一方面低质商品驱逐高质商品的风险以及市场崩溃可能性的大幅减少,从而实现分配上的效率,使得资源利用产生最大化效应。最后,它所追求的契约自由的内涵在于：它为缔约人设置一种退出机制：当客观情势(如合同规则的复杂性使消费者无法充分预料合同带给他的沉重的经济负担等)或者人为(缔约相对人)强制(如高压或者欺骗的销售等)导致缔约人理性不足,使得缔约人不能实现契约自由的状态时,冷却期制度为受害的消费者提供了退出的机会,使之能够摆脱固有契约的约束。
但在中国建构冷却期制度仍然面临一系列的障碍,包括理论上的、制度上的以及文化上的障碍。解决冷却期理论上的障碍主要在于确立平衡协调的原则和精神,实现经营者和消费者的利益均衡。解决冷却期制度上的障碍主要包括两方面：面对消费者的道德风险,应对冷却期制度内对其滥用进行合理化规制；而针对经营者滥用的风险,则应注重制度外竞争法规的配套完善。而解决文化上的障碍主要在于大力加强消费教育的制度化和普及化。
目前世界上大部分国家主要对冷却期制度采取三种立法模式：以英国、美国等大多数国家为代表的松散式的单行法规制模式、以日本为代表的半统一式的立法规制模式以及以德国和我国台湾地区为代表的统一式的立法规制模式。考虑到冷却期制度的法律性质,同时结合中国有关该制度的立法现状,中国冷却期制度建构宜选择统一立法与分别立法相结合的模式。即将冷却期制度纳入到消费者权益保护法的体系,采用消费者权益保护法的一般规定加特别法的规定,使其成为第十种“消费者权利”。具体而言,就是在《消费者权益保护法》中将取消权的适用范围、适用条件、适用后果等基本规则明确下来,而之后再在针对特殊销售方式(比如上门推销、分时度假、远程销售等)的立法中制定有关其的特别的规则。
就冷却期建构的适用范围而言,我国冷却期制度尚不能广泛适用于所有的消费交易领域,而应集中某些特定的消费领域,具体而言,第一,冷却期制度的适用范围包括一些具有特殊交易时间、地点的交易领域。在这样的领域,消费者和经营者往往由于交易时间或者地点的特殊性所限缺乏充分的沟通与交流,而消费者更易受到经营者不当劝诱的影响而做出非理性的判断和决策,这主要体现在上门推销领域和分时度假领域领域。第二,冷却期制度的适用范围应包括合同标的空间距离远的交易领域。在这类型的交易中,经营者与消费者之间在进行缔约接触或者订立契约时合同当事人无法同时在场,往往要借助某类通讯手段来磋商和完成交易。因此,消费者在收到商品之前是无法对交易标的进行准确判断的,这使得该类型交易中存在明显的信息不对称的问题,这主要体现在以电话、电子邮件、媒体服务等作为远程通讯手段的远程销售领域。第三,冷却期制度的适用范围应包括合同标的复杂的交易领域。在这类交易领域中,由于合同规则的复杂冗长,且大多为消费者无法更改的格式条款,使得消费者在合同订立时很短时间内无法了解合同条款的真实含义,也无法充分预料到合同将会给他带来的经济负担。而且,这些合同的期限可能比较长,交易金额也较大,不公正的合同条款也将使非理性的或者缺乏专业知识的消费者可能因为一时“思虑不周”而长期承担沉重的合同义务。这主要体现在分期付款买卖或信贷买卖等消费信用领域、保险领域、商品房买卖领域等。
就冷却期制度的适用条件而言,其主要包括对冷却期期限、冷却期中经营者告知义务以及冷却期中消费者行使取消权的立法规制。中国构建冷却期制度的适用条件应遵循“以公平为先,兼顾效率”的指导思想,即追求倾斜保护消费者权益,追求公平正义的同时兼顾交易的效率,以避免过分增加经营者的负担和成本,同时也督促消费者尽快行使权利。此外,对于经营者违反告知义务的后果的制度安排上,应采用通过惩治和威慑经营者从而促使其主动履行该义务的方案,具体而言,即有针对性地引入惩罚性赔偿责任。其构成要件仅包括违法行为和主观过错两个条件,但不包括是否对消费者造成了损害后果,至于对其金额模式的选择则采用同时规定最低和最高限额的弹性金额模式。就冷却期制度的适用后果而言,中国建构冷却期制度不应采取任何形式和比例的取消费,而应坚持真正意义上的“无偿性”,即消费者行使合同取消权后,无需向经营者承担损害赔偿、支付违约金、补偿性的罚款等任何费用或价款。只有这样才能以促使广大消费者能够“无所顾忌”地彻底享有该项权利。
A cooling-off period is a specified period of time, within which the consumer has the right to cancelation without any reasons, as a right to rescind, disaffirm,or revoke a contract, or more generally as a withdrawal right. A related protective measure is the right to a period of deliberation, during which the consumer is not allowed to accept the offer made and conclude the contract. It is a statutory mandatory for consumers to provide special protection rules. The system has the following characteristics:the duality of purpose or function; rights based on the leagal nature; the unilateral nuture of the subject of right (including the specific forms and the content without reason), and the of the legal consequences whiout payment.
The cooling-off period is a specific system to protect legitimate interests of consumers. It is a progound reflection the contract law participation in reconstruction of the contract content of the modern trend. Therefore, the ideal legal value of cooling-off period is substantive fairness on protecting the interests of consumers, the overall efficiency of the community and freedom of contract. Firstly, the meaning of substantive fairness is to strengthen the consumer's protection and control the operator's behavior. These include such as enhance the information comprehensively and authenticitly, reduce the irrational degree of consumer's behavior, thus effectively reducing the situational monopolies by operators and finally correct the inequality between the operators and consumers. Secondly, the meaning of overall efficiency of the community is the following fields. On the one hand, the real information of the goods and services can be passed comprehensively and thoroughly and the overall quality of the goods and services in the market are improved; on the other hand, the risk of expulsion of high-quality goods and the possibility of market coolapse substantially reduced, that achieve the efficiency of distribution and make the resources maximize the effect. Finally, the meaning of freedon of contract is the following fields. The cooling-off system provides contracting parties an exit mechanism:when the objective situation (such as complexity of the contract rules which make consumers consider unclear, etc.) or man-made force (such as high pressure or deceptive sales,etc.) leading to lack of rational parties, so they can not achieve the situation of freedom of contract. Under this situation, the cooling-off period can provides the consumers a opportunity to exit to get rid of the constraints inherent in the contract.
However, building this system in China still faces a series of obstacles, including theoretical, institutional and cultural barriers. Solving the theoretical obstacle is to establish the principle of balancing in order to achieve the balance of interests between the consumers and operators. Solving the institutional barrier includes the following two aspects. Faced with the consumer moral hazard, we should regulate this system rationally, while faced with the risk of opeators'abuse, we should focus on perfect the competition rules outside the system including anti-monopoly law and antitrust law. The solution to the cultural barrier is strongly enhancing consumer education.
Most countries in the world adopt three legislative models of the cooling-off period:the loose type of separate regulation system model by the United Kingdom and other most ountries, the semi-uniform style of regulation system model by Japan and the uniform model by Germany and Taiwan in China. Considering the legal characters of the cooling-period system, we should choose the uniform model combined with separate model based on the legislation in China. Specifically, the cooling-off period system is regulated in the consumer protection law and the legal model is general provisions in the consumer protection law combined with particular rules separately. That is to say, the cancellation right of the cooling-off period become the tenth consumer right paralleled with other consumer rights. On the one hand, the applicable fields, applicable conditions and consequence of the cooling-off period system are regulated in the Consumer Protection Act in China, on the other hand, the particular rules about this system is regulated in some particular laws such as door-to-door sales law and timesharing law and so on.
Taking into account the scope of this system in China, it can not be widely used in all areas of the consumer transactions and limited to some specific transactions. Particually, the coverage of the cooling-off period are following fields. Firstly, it can be used in some particular sales such as door-to-door sales and distance selling and so on. in this areas, consumers and operators are often lack of adequate communication due to the special nature of the transaction time or location, so the consumers are more vulnerable to make the irrational judgments effected by the high-pressure selling techniques. Secondly, the scope should include distance trade areas that rely on the means of communication such as telephone, fax, email and media services and so on. In this type of transaction, the contractual parties can not be present at the same time and the negotiation and signing the contract should be completed with the help of certain means of communications. Therefore, the consumers can not accurately check the goods before they receive it, which cause obvious asymmetric information in this type of trasaction. Thirdly, the scope must include the field that involves the complex subjects of contract such as installment sales and insurance and commodity trading fields and so on. In such selling, most consumers can not change the terms of the contracts and the negotiation time is very short, so they can not fully anticipate the financial burden caused by the contract. Moreever, the consumers will make irrational decisions and bear the heave long-term burden to contractual obligations because of the long period of contract and large amount and unfair terms of contract.
The applicable conditions of this system include its period, the informing obligation of operators and the conditions for the consumers' exercise of rights. We should use the principle which is "fair as the first and taking into account efeciency" as the gilding ideology when we build this system, that is to say, on the one hand, we should pursue consumer protection that can achieve the goal of fairness and justice, on the other hand, we should at the same time pay attention to the efficiency of transactions to avoid excessive burden and costs of the operators, which can urge consumers to exercise their rights. We should adopt the way of punishment and deterrence in order that the operators can fulfill their obligations initiatively. Specificly, the punitive liability should be introduced in this system and its constituent elements should only include subjective fault and illegal behavior, not including the dagages to consumers. In addition, we can use the flexibility amount model for the punitive liability that combine minimum amount with maximum amount. In the end, we should insist on truly legal consequences whiout payment, which means consumers will not charged with any sort of payment for feess even if they cancel the contract. Only this way can encourage consumers to "cynical" and thoroughly enjoy the right.
引文
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