基于HOQ与TRIZ的产品创新模糊前端设计研究
摘要
在市场竞争异常激烈的环境下，企业必须对产品不断的推陈出新，因此产品创新成为了企业求生存、谋发展的生命线。模糊前端(Fuzzy Front End，FFE)设计是产品创新的第一个阶段，也是至关重要的阶段。由于这一阶段存在如消费者需求、技术特性以及技术冲突等不确定和模糊的影响因素，所以模糊前端设计通常是整个产品创新过程最薄弱的环节。
质量屋（House of Quality，HOQ）是质量功能展开（Quality FunctionDeployment，QFD）的核心工具，依照HOQ的思想，通过建立消费者需求矩阵、消费者需求与技术特性的关联矩阵以及技术特性的自相关矩阵，能对消费者需求以及技术特性进行分析决策，同时也能及时发现技术特性之间的技术冲突。然而HOQ却没有提供解决技术冲突的方法和工具。大量工程实践表明，TRIZ（Theoryof the Solution of Inventive Problems）发明问题解决理论的一系列方法和工具能有效解决产品创新设计过程中出现的技术冲突。所以，将HOQ与TRIZ进行集成用以研究模糊前端阶段消费者需求决策、技术特性决策以及技术冲突的决策对于指导企业进行模糊前端设计以及提高企业产品创新设计能力具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
本文在分析相关文献基础上针对产品创新模糊前端设计消费者需求、技术特性和技术冲突三个影响因素进行了研究，论文的研究内容以及创新点如下：
1.对模糊前端的国内外研究现状进行了分析研究，对普适设计、公理化设计、稳健设计、QFD、TRIZ等几种主流的产品创新设计方法的基本原理和研究现状进行了分析，并指出了各种创新设计方法存在的不足。
2.建立了基于HOQ与TRIZ的产品创新模糊前端设计模型。该模型将HOQ与TRIZ两个理论进行了集成，通过HOQ可对产品创新模糊前端消费者需求以及技术特性进行决策，并发现技术特性之间的技术冲突，利用TRIZ的相关工具和方法可解决这些技术冲突。
3.提出了模糊前端阶段消费者需求决策方法。根据该方法，首先，提出了基于粗糙集的消费者需求基本重要度的计算算法，该算法通过对消费者需求进行调查构建决策表，然后以消费者需求为条件属性，以消费者满意度为决策属性，通过计算相对正域来对消费者需求进行基本重要度排序；其次，引入竞争能力评估对基本重要度进行了修正；最后根据卡诺模型标准问卷将消费者需求分成了基本型、期望型和兴奋型三类，并以此为依据设定了卡诺模型修正因子以及水平提高率来对基本重要度进行了进一步修正。
4.提出了模糊前端阶段技术特性决策方法。技术特性的重要度是HOQ的重要输出结果，在HOQ研究框架下，提出了一种技术特性的决策方法。根据该方法，技术特性的来源是以满足消费者需求为前提的，所以论文以消费者需求为基础，利用粗糙集算法建立消费者需求与技术特性的关联矩阵来计算技术特性的基本重要度。由于技术特性的优化配置不仅仅受到消费者需求的影响，同时还受到如产品研发时间，产品研发投入的资金量，人力资源的消耗等因素的影响，所以利用TOPSIS多属性决策模型来对技术特性的基本重要度进行了修正，并且引入了技术竞争评估来对技术特性重要度进行了进一步的修正。
5.提出了基于HOQ与TRIZ的模糊前端技术冲突的发现与解决方法。根据HOQ的思想，提出了一种新的确定技术特性相关关系的方法。首先，构造决策系统；其次，根据技术特性决策表，对于不同的对象，找出其他技术特性属性值相同的情况下的所比较的两个技术特性属性值的数据，并以此作为待拟合直线的坐标；再次，用最小二乘法对记录下的坐标计算拟合直线的斜率和截距；最后，通过计算所拟合直线的平均斜率来确定技术特性的相关关系。平均斜率计算值的大小反映了技术特性之间的关联程度，当平均斜率取值为负数时，即证明技术特性之间为负相关关系，也就说明技术特性之间存在冲突，最后利用TRIZ提供的39个工程参数、40个发明原理以及矛盾矩阵来解决这些冲突。
In the fiercely competitive market environment, enterprises must constantlyinnovate on product, and the product innovation and design had become the lifeline ofcorporate survival. The fuzzy front end (FFE) is the first stage of product innovationdesign, and it is also a crucial stage. Because of the fuzzy and uncertain factors such asconsumer demand, technical features and technology at this stage, the fuzzy front endmanagement usually is the weakest link in the whole process of product creative design.
The House of Quality (HOQ) was the core tools of the Quality FunctionDeployment (QFD). According to the HOQ thinking, we could effectively find thetechnical conflict in the product innovation design by creating the consumer demandmatrix, the correlation matrix of consumer demand and technical characteristics as wellas the auto-correlation matrix of technical characteristics. However, the HOQ did notprovide the methods and tools to solve the technical conflict. A large number ofengineering practices showed that a series methods and tools of TRIZ can effectivelysolve the technical conflict which emerged in the product innovation process. TRIZ hadits own drawbacks, and it did not provide a very good method for how to find technicalconflict. Therefore, research on consumer demand decision, technology characteristicsand technology decision conflict decision of the fuzzy front end by the integrate ofHOQ and TRIZ has the important theory significance and the practical significance toguide enterprise manages the fuzzy front end and improve the innovation ability ofenterprise products.
According to the HOQ thinking, this article made a strategic decision on theimportant degree of consumer demand. The important degree of technicalcharacteristics was decided by creating the mapping relationship between consumerdemand and the technical characteristics.The technical conflict was found by using themethod of fitting a straight line to determine the negative correlation between thetechnical characteristics and the degree of correlation and that was solved by series toolsof TRIZ. The content and innovation of the dissertation were as follows:
1.In this dissertation, the fuzzy front end of the research status were analyzed.The article analyses several mainstream basic principles and researches of productinnovation design with the universal design, axiomatic design, robust design, QFD andTRIZ that pointed out a variety shortcomings of innovative design methods.
2. The fuzzy front end theoretical model based on integrated HOQ and TRIZ wasestablished. The HOQ can make decision on consumer demand and technicalcharacteristics of product innovation in fuzzy front end, and TRIZ can solve thetechnical conflict between the technical characteristics by related tools and methods.
3. The decision-making method of consumer demand in fuzzy front end wasproposed. In the HOQ research framework, the dissertation proposed a decision-makingmethod of consumer demand which against the consumer demand inherent ambiguityand uncertainty. According to this method, this dissertation presents the algorithm forcalculating the fundamental importance of consumer demand which based on rough set.The algorithm sorted a fundamental importance of consumer demand by building adecision table about consumer demand investigation, using consumer demand as thecondition attribute, using consumer satisfaction as the decision attribute. At the sametime, the article amended fundamental importance which introduced competitivenessassessment. According to the Kano model standard questionnaire, the consumer demandwas divided into the basic model, expectation and excitement, and as a basis for settingthe Kano model correction factor, and raises the level of rate to a further correction offundamental importance.
4. The decision-making method of technical characteristics in fuzzy front end wasproposed. The importance of the technical characteristics is the HOQ important output.In the HOQ research framework, the dissertation proposed a decision-making method oftechnical characteristics. According to this method, the dissertation was based onconsumer demand, using rough sets algorithm to create consumer demand associatedwith the technical characteristics of the matrix to calculate the fundamental importanceof the technical characteristics. As the technical characteristics of the optimal allocationnot only by consumer demand, but also by factors, such as product development time,product R&D investment, the amount of money, so this article TOPSIS multi-attributedecision model to the fundamental importance of the technical characteristics amended,and the introduction of technical competitive assessment of the technical characteristicsof the importance of further amendments.
5. The technical conflict resolution in fuzzy front end was proposed. Based onHOQ thinking, a new correlation to determine the technical characteristics of themethod was proposed. First, the decision-making system must be constructed; Secondly,according to the technical characteristics of the decision table for different objects,identify other technical characteristics of the same property values comparing the dataof the two technical characteristics of the property value, and as a straight line to befitted coordinates; Coordinates recorded again in accordance with the least squaresmethod to calculate the slope and intercept of the straight line fitting; Finally, bycalculating the average slope of the fitting straight line correlation to determinetechnical characteristics. The size of the calculated value of the average slope reflectsthe degree of association between the technical characteristics, when the average slopevalue is negative, negative relationship between the technical characteristics; it meansthat there was a conflict between the technical characteristics. Finally, TRIZ provided39parameters,40inventive principles and contradiction matrix to solve these conflicts.
质量屋（House of Quality，HOQ）是质量功能展开（Quality FunctionDeployment，QFD）的核心工具，依照HOQ的思想，通过建立消费者需求矩阵、消费者需求与技术特性的关联矩阵以及技术特性的自相关矩阵，能对消费者需求以及技术特性进行分析决策，同时也能及时发现技术特性之间的技术冲突。然而HOQ却没有提供解决技术冲突的方法和工具。大量工程实践表明，TRIZ（Theoryof the Solution of Inventive Problems）发明问题解决理论的一系列方法和工具能有效解决产品创新设计过程中出现的技术冲突。所以，将HOQ与TRIZ进行集成用以研究模糊前端阶段消费者需求决策、技术特性决策以及技术冲突的决策对于指导企业进行模糊前端设计以及提高企业产品创新设计能力具有重要的理论意义和现实意义。
本文在分析相关文献基础上针对产品创新模糊前端设计消费者需求、技术特性和技术冲突三个影响因素进行了研究，论文的研究内容以及创新点如下：
1.对模糊前端的国内外研究现状进行了分析研究，对普适设计、公理化设计、稳健设计、QFD、TRIZ等几种主流的产品创新设计方法的基本原理和研究现状进行了分析，并指出了各种创新设计方法存在的不足。
2.建立了基于HOQ与TRIZ的产品创新模糊前端设计模型。该模型将HOQ与TRIZ两个理论进行了集成，通过HOQ可对产品创新模糊前端消费者需求以及技术特性进行决策，并发现技术特性之间的技术冲突，利用TRIZ的相关工具和方法可解决这些技术冲突。
3.提出了模糊前端阶段消费者需求决策方法。根据该方法，首先，提出了基于粗糙集的消费者需求基本重要度的计算算法，该算法通过对消费者需求进行调查构建决策表，然后以消费者需求为条件属性，以消费者满意度为决策属性，通过计算相对正域来对消费者需求进行基本重要度排序；其次，引入竞争能力评估对基本重要度进行了修正；最后根据卡诺模型标准问卷将消费者需求分成了基本型、期望型和兴奋型三类，并以此为依据设定了卡诺模型修正因子以及水平提高率来对基本重要度进行了进一步修正。
4.提出了模糊前端阶段技术特性决策方法。技术特性的重要度是HOQ的重要输出结果，在HOQ研究框架下，提出了一种技术特性的决策方法。根据该方法，技术特性的来源是以满足消费者需求为前提的，所以论文以消费者需求为基础，利用粗糙集算法建立消费者需求与技术特性的关联矩阵来计算技术特性的基本重要度。由于技术特性的优化配置不仅仅受到消费者需求的影响，同时还受到如产品研发时间，产品研发投入的资金量，人力资源的消耗等因素的影响，所以利用TOPSIS多属性决策模型来对技术特性的基本重要度进行了修正，并且引入了技术竞争评估来对技术特性重要度进行了进一步的修正。
5.提出了基于HOQ与TRIZ的模糊前端技术冲突的发现与解决方法。根据HOQ的思想，提出了一种新的确定技术特性相关关系的方法。首先，构造决策系统；其次，根据技术特性决策表，对于不同的对象，找出其他技术特性属性值相同的情况下的所比较的两个技术特性属性值的数据，并以此作为待拟合直线的坐标；再次，用最小二乘法对记录下的坐标计算拟合直线的斜率和截距；最后，通过计算所拟合直线的平均斜率来确定技术特性的相关关系。平均斜率计算值的大小反映了技术特性之间的关联程度，当平均斜率取值为负数时，即证明技术特性之间为负相关关系，也就说明技术特性之间存在冲突，最后利用TRIZ提供的39个工程参数、40个发明原理以及矛盾矩阵来解决这些冲突。
In the fiercely competitive market environment, enterprises must constantlyinnovate on product, and the product innovation and design had become the lifeline ofcorporate survival. The fuzzy front end (FFE) is the first stage of product innovationdesign, and it is also a crucial stage. Because of the fuzzy and uncertain factors such asconsumer demand, technical features and technology at this stage, the fuzzy front endmanagement usually is the weakest link in the whole process of product creative design.
The House of Quality (HOQ) was the core tools of the Quality FunctionDeployment (QFD). According to the HOQ thinking, we could effectively find thetechnical conflict in the product innovation design by creating the consumer demandmatrix, the correlation matrix of consumer demand and technical characteristics as wellas the auto-correlation matrix of technical characteristics. However, the HOQ did notprovide the methods and tools to solve the technical conflict. A large number ofengineering practices showed that a series methods and tools of TRIZ can effectivelysolve the technical conflict which emerged in the product innovation process. TRIZ hadits own drawbacks, and it did not provide a very good method for how to find technicalconflict. Therefore, research on consumer demand decision, technology characteristicsand technology decision conflict decision of the fuzzy front end by the integrate ofHOQ and TRIZ has the important theory significance and the practical significance toguide enterprise manages the fuzzy front end and improve the innovation ability ofenterprise products.
According to the HOQ thinking, this article made a strategic decision on theimportant degree of consumer demand. The important degree of technicalcharacteristics was decided by creating the mapping relationship between consumerdemand and the technical characteristics.The technical conflict was found by using themethod of fitting a straight line to determine the negative correlation between thetechnical characteristics and the degree of correlation and that was solved by series toolsof TRIZ. The content and innovation of the dissertation were as follows:
1.In this dissertation, the fuzzy front end of the research status were analyzed.The article analyses several mainstream basic principles and researches of productinnovation design with the universal design, axiomatic design, robust design, QFD andTRIZ that pointed out a variety shortcomings of innovative design methods.
2. The fuzzy front end theoretical model based on integrated HOQ and TRIZ wasestablished. The HOQ can make decision on consumer demand and technicalcharacteristics of product innovation in fuzzy front end, and TRIZ can solve thetechnical conflict between the technical characteristics by related tools and methods.
3. The decision-making method of consumer demand in fuzzy front end wasproposed. In the HOQ research framework, the dissertation proposed a decision-makingmethod of consumer demand which against the consumer demand inherent ambiguityand uncertainty. According to this method, this dissertation presents the algorithm forcalculating the fundamental importance of consumer demand which based on rough set.The algorithm sorted a fundamental importance of consumer demand by building adecision table about consumer demand investigation, using consumer demand as thecondition attribute, using consumer satisfaction as the decision attribute. At the sametime, the article amended fundamental importance which introduced competitivenessassessment. According to the Kano model standard questionnaire, the consumer demandwas divided into the basic model, expectation and excitement, and as a basis for settingthe Kano model correction factor, and raises the level of rate to a further correction offundamental importance.
4. The decision-making method of technical characteristics in fuzzy front end wasproposed. The importance of the technical characteristics is the HOQ important output.In the HOQ research framework, the dissertation proposed a decision-making method oftechnical characteristics. According to this method, the dissertation was based onconsumer demand, using rough sets algorithm to create consumer demand associatedwith the technical characteristics of the matrix to calculate the fundamental importanceof the technical characteristics. As the technical characteristics of the optimal allocationnot only by consumer demand, but also by factors, such as product development time,product R&D investment, the amount of money, so this article TOPSIS multi-attributedecision model to the fundamental importance of the technical characteristics amended,and the introduction of technical competitive assessment of the technical characteristicsof the importance of further amendments.
5. The technical conflict resolution in fuzzy front end was proposed. Based onHOQ thinking, a new correlation to determine the technical characteristics of themethod was proposed. First, the decision-making system must be constructed; Secondly,according to the technical characteristics of the decision table for different objects,identify other technical characteristics of the same property values comparing the dataof the two technical characteristics of the property value, and as a straight line to befitted coordinates; Coordinates recorded again in accordance with the least squaresmethod to calculate the slope and intercept of the straight line fitting; Finally, bycalculating the average slope of the fitting straight line correlation to determinetechnical characteristics. The size of the calculated value of the average slope reflectsthe degree of association between the technical characteristics, when the average slopevalue is negative, negative relationship between the technical characteristics; it meansthat there was a conflict between the technical characteristics. Finally, TRIZ provided39parameters,40inventive principles and contradiction matrix to solve these conflicts.
引文
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