“共生型”中国农产品价值链管理的理论与方法研究
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摘要
农业产业化经营是中国农业经营体制和经营组织的一次创新,是一场“真正的农村产业革命”。本文希望通过对这场农村产业革命的实现路径探索,为我国传统农村产业的现代化提供理论指导。农业产业化经营在中国迅速发展,各种形式的农业产业化经营模式也在中国不同地区实践,都取得了较好的效果,在农业产业化经营理论研究方面已有了较好的积累。同时,理论界正在探索中国农业产业化经营存在的一系列问题的解决方案,如:食品安全问题、农户利益与龙头企业利益冲突、小规模经营与规模经济、农产品国际竞争力不强等。近年来,理论界开始把现代供应链管理理论引入农业产业经营管理中,在农业产业链、农产品供应链等领域取得了许多有价值成果。但对于中国农产品价值链上微观主体的改造,各主体的要素、利益和信息联结机制的具体构造理论与方法研究不多,特别是在农产品销售市场组织结构发生或将发生重大变化的情况下,如何通过实施农产品价值链管理来促使整个农产品价值链的一体化,实施价值链上的价值协调与价值优化分配,创造消费者的价值,以构造农产品“供给链”的竞争优势,实现整个价值链的共同价值最大化或交易成本最小化,最终构建具有中国特色的现代农业经营模式的理论与方法研究还处于起步阶段,而这是当前中国农业经营体制改革面临的紧迫任务,是未来中国农村改革的关键内容。基于以上背景,本研究以“共生型”中国农产品价值链为研究对象,以整合农产品供给链各主体利益,实现农业产业组织现代化为目标。立足于现在或未来农产品价值链“购买者驱动”的竞争环境,探索了农产品价值链管理的理论与方法。为了使研究内容更加清晰,本研究以农产品价值链上“企业、专业化生产农户、专业合作组织、市场、政府、消费者”之间的价值协调与价值优化分配为重点研究对象,而农产品价值链上各利益主体内部生产经营环节(企业内部)的价值链管理不在本文的研究范围内。
通过文献研究,根据现代农业发展方向,本研究对“产业链与农业产业链、供给链与农产品供应链、价值链与共生型农产品价值链”的内涵、结构与管理问题进行了系统分析和比较研究。利用产业分工与协作理论、共生理论、制度变迁理论、路径依赖理论和交易费用等理论,总结归纳了农产品价值链的一般特点与治理模式,提出了“共生型”农产品价值链的组织构建理论和链上企业成长模型与合作伙伴的选择原则。在此基础上,设计了以农产品加工企业为核心、以农产品超市为核心、以农民专业合作组织为核心的三种“共生型”农产品价值链管理模型及其价值链的协同管理问题;在探讨“共生型”农产品价值链上不同企业角色的同时,通过实证方法对链上主体企业绩效评价来寻求理想的农产品价值链连接模式,并对不同连接模式的实践进行了分析;以共生理论为指导,设计了“共生型”农产品价值链的价值分享与激励机制以及信息共享机制,试图创建一个能够整合农产品价值链上有效资源的农产品供给链,以提高中国农产品竞争力。
本研究在借鉴他人研究成果的基础上,根据中国农业产业发展水平和世界农产品市场发展趋势,在本文理论研究的基础上,通过对在农产品价值链管理领域方面具有代表性的农业企业实证分析和案例解剖,并借鉴国外利用农产品价值链管理控制农产品质量的经验,初步构建了一个具有中国特色的“共生型”农产品价值链研究的分析构架。
In China,industrialization of agriculture are an innovation for agricultural management system and operation organization,and are a "real revolution in rural areas." This article hopes to explore the implementation path of industrial revolution in rural areas,and to provide theoretical guidance for China's traditional rural industries modernization.Industrialization of agriculture have achieved rapid development in China,and agricultural industrialization models have been practiced in different regions,and all have achieved good results,and many theory harvest has been gotten about agricultural industrialization management research.At the same time,the theoretical investigators have been exploring solutions for a series of questions of agricultural industrialization in China,such as food security,interests conflicts between farmers and leading enterprises,small-scale operators with economies of scale,the international competitiveness of agricultural products and so on.In recent years,the theoretical investigators have introduced modern supply chain management theory to agricultural industrialization operation and management,and have made many valuable results in the agricultural industrial chain and agricultural products supply chain research areas.However,few people have researched on main micro-reform of China's agricultural products value chain,and the specific construction theory and method of linking mechanism about the main elements and benefits and information.Especially in the circumstances where happened that organizational structure of agricultural products market will been significant changed,there are key elements to China's rural reform in the future,but all research is still in its initial stage,which are how to through implementing agricultural products value chain management to promote the entire agricultural value chain integration,and implement coordination and optimizing the value distribution in the value chain and creating consumer value,which to construct agricultural "supply chain" competitive advantage and realize the common value maximization or transaction costs minimization in the entire value chain, and finally build a modern agriculture operation mode with Chinese characteristics,which are the urgent task for China's agriculture operating system reform in the current.
Against this background,this study has took the symbiosis China's agricultural products value chain for research object,and integrated all the main bodies benefits in agricultural products supply chain and realized agricultural industry organizations modernization for the goal.Based on the present or the future thecompetitive environmen of agricultural products value chain that is driven by buyer to explore the agricultural value chain management theory and method,in order to make more clear. This study has used the value coordination and the optimization distribution among enterprise and specialized farmers and cooperative organizations and markets and government and consumers in the agricultural products value chain for key research objects,but the main bodies internal aspect value chain management is not in this study range.
Through literature study,based on the direction of development of modern agriculture,the study has been the system analysis and comparative study studied for the meaning and structure and management including "industrial chain and the agricultural industrial chain,supply chain and the agricultural supply chain,value chain and the symbiosis agricultural value chain".The investigation summed up the general characteristics and governance model of agricultural products value chain,and put forward the "symbiotic type" agricultural products value chain organizational built theory and enterprises growth model and the principle of selection of partners in value chain,which all made use of the industrial division of labor and collaboration theory,the symbiotic theory,theory of institutional change,path dependency theory and transaction cost theory.On this basis,the study has designed the three types of "symbiotic type" agricultural products value chain management model and its value chain cooperation management as core of agricultural products processing business, agricultural products supermarket and farmers speciality cooperative organizations;and explored the different enterprises roles in the "symbiotic-type" agricultural products value chain,and evaluated the main bodies performance through the empirical method in value chain to find the ideal model of connecting of the agricultural products value chain,and analysised the practice of different connection mode;taking the symbiotic theory as a guide,this study has designed "symbiotic-type" agricultural products value chain incentive mechanism and information-sharing and value-sharing mechanisms,as well as an attempt to create an agricultural products supply chain that would be able to integrate effective resources in agricultural products value chain in order to improve the competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products.
This study has been empirical analysis and case-anatomy of the representative agricultural enterprises in agricultural value chain management areas,and learned from abroad agricultural products quality control experience in value chain management.Finally,this research has initially constructed the analysis and study framework of a "symbiotic type" agricultural value chain with the Chinese characteristics based on others research results and this research theoretical study according to the level of development of agricultural industrialization in China and the world agricultural market development trends.
通过文献研究,根据现代农业发展方向,本研究对“产业链与农业产业链、供给链与农产品供应链、价值链与共生型农产品价值链”的内涵、结构与管理问题进行了系统分析和比较研究。利用产业分工与协作理论、共生理论、制度变迁理论、路径依赖理论和交易费用等理论,总结归纳了农产品价值链的一般特点与治理模式,提出了“共生型”农产品价值链的组织构建理论和链上企业成长模型与合作伙伴的选择原则。在此基础上,设计了以农产品加工企业为核心、以农产品超市为核心、以农民专业合作组织为核心的三种“共生型”农产品价值链管理模型及其价值链的协同管理问题;在探讨“共生型”农产品价值链上不同企业角色的同时,通过实证方法对链上主体企业绩效评价来寻求理想的农产品价值链连接模式,并对不同连接模式的实践进行了分析;以共生理论为指导,设计了“共生型”农产品价值链的价值分享与激励机制以及信息共享机制,试图创建一个能够整合农产品价值链上有效资源的农产品供给链,以提高中国农产品竞争力。
本研究在借鉴他人研究成果的基础上,根据中国农业产业发展水平和世界农产品市场发展趋势,在本文理论研究的基础上,通过对在农产品价值链管理领域方面具有代表性的农业企业实证分析和案例解剖,并借鉴国外利用农产品价值链管理控制农产品质量的经验,初步构建了一个具有中国特色的“共生型”农产品价值链研究的分析构架。
In China,industrialization of agriculture are an innovation for agricultural management system and operation organization,and are a "real revolution in rural areas." This article hopes to explore the implementation path of industrial revolution in rural areas,and to provide theoretical guidance for China's traditional rural industries modernization.Industrialization of agriculture have achieved rapid development in China,and agricultural industrialization models have been practiced in different regions,and all have achieved good results,and many theory harvest has been gotten about agricultural industrialization management research.At the same time,the theoretical investigators have been exploring solutions for a series of questions of agricultural industrialization in China,such as food security,interests conflicts between farmers and leading enterprises,small-scale operators with economies of scale,the international competitiveness of agricultural products and so on.In recent years,the theoretical investigators have introduced modern supply chain management theory to agricultural industrialization operation and management,and have made many valuable results in the agricultural industrial chain and agricultural products supply chain research areas.However,few people have researched on main micro-reform of China's agricultural products value chain,and the specific construction theory and method of linking mechanism about the main elements and benefits and information.Especially in the circumstances where happened that organizational structure of agricultural products market will been significant changed,there are key elements to China's rural reform in the future,but all research is still in its initial stage,which are how to through implementing agricultural products value chain management to promote the entire agricultural value chain integration,and implement coordination and optimizing the value distribution in the value chain and creating consumer value,which to construct agricultural "supply chain" competitive advantage and realize the common value maximization or transaction costs minimization in the entire value chain, and finally build a modern agriculture operation mode with Chinese characteristics,which are the urgent task for China's agriculture operating system reform in the current.
Against this background,this study has took the symbiosis China's agricultural products value chain for research object,and integrated all the main bodies benefits in agricultural products supply chain and realized agricultural industry organizations modernization for the goal.Based on the present or the future thecompetitive environmen of agricultural products value chain that is driven by buyer to explore the agricultural value chain management theory and method,in order to make more clear. This study has used the value coordination and the optimization distribution among enterprise and specialized farmers and cooperative organizations and markets and government and consumers in the agricultural products value chain for key research objects,but the main bodies internal aspect value chain management is not in this study range.
Through literature study,based on the direction of development of modern agriculture,the study has been the system analysis and comparative study studied for the meaning and structure and management including "industrial chain and the agricultural industrial chain,supply chain and the agricultural supply chain,value chain and the symbiosis agricultural value chain".The investigation summed up the general characteristics and governance model of agricultural products value chain,and put forward the "symbiotic type" agricultural products value chain organizational built theory and enterprises growth model and the principle of selection of partners in value chain,which all made use of the industrial division of labor and collaboration theory,the symbiotic theory,theory of institutional change,path dependency theory and transaction cost theory.On this basis,the study has designed the three types of "symbiotic type" agricultural products value chain management model and its value chain cooperation management as core of agricultural products processing business, agricultural products supermarket and farmers speciality cooperative organizations;and explored the different enterprises roles in the "symbiotic-type" agricultural products value chain,and evaluated the main bodies performance through the empirical method in value chain to find the ideal model of connecting of the agricultural products value chain,and analysised the practice of different connection mode;taking the symbiotic theory as a guide,this study has designed "symbiotic-type" agricultural products value chain incentive mechanism and information-sharing and value-sharing mechanisms,as well as an attempt to create an agricultural products supply chain that would be able to integrate effective resources in agricultural products value chain in order to improve the competitiveness of Chinese agricultural products.
This study has been empirical analysis and case-anatomy of the representative agricultural enterprises in agricultural value chain management areas,and learned from abroad agricultural products quality control experience in value chain management.Finally,this research has initially constructed the analysis and study framework of a "symbiotic type" agricultural value chain with the Chinese characteristics based on others research results and this research theoretical study according to the level of development of agricultural industrialization in China and the world agricultural market development trends.
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