重轨结疤形成机理的研究
摘要
当今人类主要运输方式有航空、铁路、公路、水运、管道五种主要形式。铁路运输具有安全、快速、运量大、节能环保等特点。18世纪初叶世界上第一条铁路诞生，现在铁路已经成为陆上客货运输最主要的交通运输工具，居于垄断地位。
钢轨是铁路的灵魂。随着铁路的高速、重载的发展，对钢轨的质量提出了越来越高的要求。总的来说包括两个方面，增加钢轨单重和提高钢轨的质量。重轨是指在重载铁路(现代重载铁路的概念是由国际重载协会在1986年9月确定的，即重载铁路必须能让每列车载重量超过5000吨，轴重大于21吨的列车通过，且每年运量要超过2000万吨的线路才能称为重载铁路)和高速铁路上所使用的钢轨，一般指在50kg／m以上的钢轨。
“结疤”是指在钢轨表面有疤皮或鱼鳞片状金属片，它与金属基体连接。由在钢轨的头、腰、底部等处局部粘附的金属薄片状疤皮而形成。结疤缺陷外形轮廓极不规则，伴随结疤缺陷有许多条裂纹，结疤缺陷伸向轨底深度较深时，矫直钢轨会产生底裂缺陷。因此，虽然结疤和裂纹性质不同，但两者互相联系，有时保留结疤特征，有时出现弯弯曲曲的裂纹簇，有时两者兼而有之，这与结疤大小、深浅及变形程度有关。结疤主要有折疤、点状夹结疤、块状结疤、锯齿结疤等类型。
本文采用大生产和实验室相结合的技术路线，在大生产中取样，在实验室运用金相显微镜、电子探针X-射线显微镜、扫描电镜等手段观察重轨缺陷试样的宏观和微观形貌，分析各元素定性、定量的关系。检验项目主要有：化学成份分析；表面缺陷金相分析；夹杂物、组织检验；珠光体片间距；缺陷成份分析等几项。研究结果显示，重轨表面结疤的形成与生产中裂纹的形成和脱碳有关，裂纹形成后，在生产过程中发生氧化而形成氧化原点和脱碳是导致结疤形成的主要原因。同时在冶炼和铸造的过程中，不可避免的产生夹杂，夹杂也是导致结疤形成的因素。最后提出了结疤缺陷的预防措施，包括净化钢液、合理的加热时间以及合理的轧制工艺等方面。
There are five mainly transport modes, such as the aviation, the railroad, the road, the water transportation and the pipeline. The railway transportation has the security, fast, the transportation amount big, and energy conservation environmental protection advantages. It has become the most main transportation tool on land passengers and cargo to transport by, reside in the monopoly status since the 18th century.
The rail is the soul of railroad. Along with railroad high speed, heavy load developing set the more and more high request for the rail quality. Generally speaking includes two aspects, increasing the rail single heavy and enhancing the quality. The heavy rail refers to the rail used on the high-speed railway and heavily loaded railway (the concept of the modern heavily loaded railway was definite in September of 1986 by the International Heavily Loaded Association (IHHA), the heavily loaded railway must be able to let the loading capacity of every train exceed 5000t, great train in 21t passes. And the transporting amount wants more than 20 million tons circuit to be called the heavily loaded railway every year), generally mean the rail making above 50kg/m a key point only.
" Rolling skin" refers to scarring defects in the rail surface scar skin or ichthyoids Flake metal sheets appear at the production of heavy rail, metal matrix and connected, At the head, the waist and the base the rail the partial adherence metal thin laminated shape incrustation forms. The scar flaw outline is irregular, the concomitance scar flaw has many cracks, the scar flaw extends when compares the depth to the bottom of the rail depth, the straightening rail would have the bottom crack flaw. Therefore, although the scar and the crack nature are different, but the two are interlinked, sometimes retains the scar characteristic, sometimes appears the curving crack bunch, sometimes a combination of both, this related with the scar's size, depth and distortion degree. Rolling skin mainly has pack scar, point clip scar, massive scarring, and other types of jagged scar
In this paper uses the technical route which the big production and the laboratory unify. Takes a sample in the big production, in the laboratory using the Metallographic microscope, the electron probe X-pray microscope, and electron microscope to observe the heavy axle flaw test specimen the macroscopic and the microscopic appearance ,analysis of the qualitative and quantitative relationship. The examination project mainly has: Chemical composition analysis; Surface defect metallographic analysis. The inclusion, the organization examine; Pearly piece spacing; Flaw ingredient analysis and so on. The findings showed that in the heavy axle surface scar formation concerns with the production of the crack formation and the decarburization. Meanwhile in smelting and in the casting process, the inevitable production inclusion, it also causes the factor which the scar forms. Combining references, we give scarring defect prevention measures, including purifying liquid steel and reasonable heating time and rolling process, and so on.
钢轨是铁路的灵魂。随着铁路的高速、重载的发展，对钢轨的质量提出了越来越高的要求。总的来说包括两个方面，增加钢轨单重和提高钢轨的质量。重轨是指在重载铁路(现代重载铁路的概念是由国际重载协会
“结疤”是指在钢轨表面有疤皮或鱼鳞片状金属片，它与金属基体连接。由在钢轨的头、腰、底部等处局部粘附的金属薄片状疤皮而形成。结疤缺陷外形轮廓极不规则，伴随结疤缺陷有许多条裂纹，结疤缺陷伸向轨底深度较深时，矫直钢轨会产生底裂缺陷。因此，虽然结疤和裂纹性质不同，但两者互相联系，有时保留结疤特征，有时出现弯弯曲曲的裂纹簇，有时两者兼而有之，这与结疤大小、深浅及变形程度有关。结疤主要有折疤、点状夹结疤、块状结疤、锯齿结疤等类型。
本文采用大生产和实验室相结合的技术路线，在大生产中取样，在实验室运用金相显微镜、电子探针X-射线显微镜、扫描电镜等手段观察重轨缺陷试样的宏观和微观形貌，分析各元素定性、定量的关系。检验项目主要有：化学成份分析；表面缺陷金相分析；夹杂物、组织检验；珠光体片间距；缺陷成份分析等几项。研究结果显示，重轨表面结疤的形成与生产中裂纹的形成和脱碳有关，裂纹形成后，在生产过程中发生氧化而形成氧化原点和脱碳是导致结疤形成的主要原因。同时在冶炼和铸造的过程中，不可避免的产生夹杂，夹杂也是导致结疤形成的因素。最后提出了结疤缺陷的预防措施，包括净化钢液、合理的加热时间以及合理的轧制工艺等方面。
There are five mainly transport modes, such as the aviation, the railroad, the road, the water transportation and the pipeline. The railway transportation has the security, fast, the transportation amount big, and energy conservation environmental protection advantages. It has become the most main transportation tool on land passengers and cargo to transport by, reside in the monopoly status since the 18th century.
The rail is the soul of railroad. Along with railroad high speed, heavy load developing set the more and more high request for the rail quality. Generally speaking includes two aspects, increasing the rail single heavy and enhancing the quality. The heavy rail refers to the rail used on the high-speed railway and heavily loaded railway (the concept of the modern heavily loaded railway was definite in September of 1986 by the International Heavily Loaded Association (IHHA), the heavily loaded railway must be able to let the loading capacity of every train exceed 5000t, great train in 21t passes. And the transporting amount wants more than 20 million tons circuit to be called the heavily loaded railway every year), generally mean the rail making above 50kg/m a key point only.
" Rolling skin" refers to scarring defects in the rail surface scar skin or ichthyoids Flake metal sheets appear at the production of heavy rail, metal matrix and connected, At the head, the waist and the base the rail the partial adherence metal thin laminated shape incrustation forms. The scar flaw outline is irregular, the concomitance scar flaw has many cracks, the scar flaw extends when compares the depth to the bottom of the rail depth, the straightening rail would have the bottom crack flaw. Therefore, although the scar and the crack nature are different, but the two are interlinked, sometimes retains the scar characteristic, sometimes appears the curving crack bunch, sometimes a combination of both, this related with the scar's size, depth and distortion degree. Rolling skin mainly has pack scar, point clip scar, massive scarring, and other types of jagged scar
In this paper uses the technical route which the big production and the laboratory unify. Takes a sample in the big production, in the laboratory using the Metallographic microscope, the electron probe X-pray microscope, and electron microscope to observe the heavy axle flaw test specimen the macroscopic and the microscopic appearance ,analysis of the qualitative and quantitative relationship. The examination project mainly has: Chemical composition analysis; Surface defect metallographic analysis. The inclusion, the organization examine; Pearly piece spacing; Flaw ingredient analysis and so on. The findings showed that in the heavy axle surface scar formation concerns with the production of the crack formation and the decarburization. Meanwhile in smelting and in the casting process, the inevitable production inclusion, it also causes the factor which the scar forms. Combining references, we give scarring defect prevention measures, including purifying liquid steel and reasonable heating time and rolling process, and so on.
引文
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[4] 涛雅，李凯．重轨钢成分与性能相关关系研究[J]．钢铁．2002．10．
[5] 李苹．高速线材盘条结疤缺陷判定探讨[J]．冶金标准化与质量．1998．7．
[6] 冯宝锐，王元清等．我国铁路钢轨断裂事故分析及其影响因素．[J]低温建筑技术．2005．
[7] 刘玠．连铸及炉外精炼自动化[M]．北京：冶金工业出版社．2006．1～101．
[8] 刘越表，郭金梅．提高重轨质量的途径．[J]包钢科技．2003．8．
[9] 胡晴莽．攀钢钢轨生产技术改造方案的研究与实施．工程硕士学位论文．重庆大学．2001．4～14．
[10] 钱健清．对马钢开发高速重轨的分析．[J]钢铁研究．2000．11．
[11] 刘重庆，张连有．国外铁路主要技术领域发展水平与趋势．[M]北京：中国铁道出版社．1994．1～10．
[12] R Y Deroche. The Second Internationl Heavy Haul Railway Conference. 1982.9. Colorado U.S.A.
[13] 张银花，周清跃等．进口及国产钢轨外观质量的对比研究．[J]中国铁道科学．2004．4．
[14] 杉野、键山等著．张锦译．钢轨钢中有害夹杂的检验方法．《AREA BULL》1988．V89．N716
[15] 许庆太．50kg／m钢轨轨底缺陷的检验和分析．[J]鞍钢技术．1997．4．
[16] 邱高晔．合金弹簧钢坯表面“结疤”缺陷的研究．江西冶金．1997 Vol．17．No．3 June．
[17] 钱卫忠，金玉静，陈彬．线材表面结疤的控制．[J]江苏冶金．2003．6_
[18] 任安超，吉玉，蒋跃东．钢轨表面结疤缺陷的检验和分析．[J]武汉工程职业技术学院学报．2005．Vol．17 No．3 September．
[19] 董志洪．高技术铁路与钢轨．[M]北京：冶金工业出版社．2003．110～143．
[20] 董志洪．世界H型钢与钢轨生产技术．[M]北京：冶金工业出版社．1999．44～50．
[21] 李桂军，李茂林．攀钢重轨钢生产工艺的完善．[J]钢铁钒钛．2001．9．
[22] 王传雅．钢轨钢的现状和发展趋势．[J]特殊钢．1994．6．
[23] 黄平安．铁路未来发展趋势与国内重轨厂家的相关性分析及对策．[J]中国冶金．1997．6．
[24] 佟国杰．国内外重轨生产新技术及鞍钢重轨生产工艺改造初探．冶金译丛．1999．
[25] Stanescu M S, Control of Surface Carbon Content in Heating of Steel. Heat Treating. 1991. (8):577.
[26] 三本木贡治等著，王舒黎等译．炼钢技术．[M]北京：冶金工业出版社．1980．53～60．
[27] 李炜．重轨的高精度轧制技术现状．[J]钢铁钒钛．1995 Vol．16，No．3 September．
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