电控柴油机微粒排放的控制研究
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摘要
柴油机电控技术是柴油机技术发展的重要方向之一，采用电控技术是改善柴油机排放的有效措施。随着排放法规的日益严格，降低机油耗和控制微粒排放是车用高速柴油机急需解决的一项重大的课题，为了适应柴油机的环保要求，进行了全方位的研究。
本文对控制柴油机微粒的排放进行了深入的研究，采用了以改进柴油机设计为核心的机内净化措施，并与排气后处理措施相结合。降低498电控柴油机微粒的机内净化措施主要有电控燃油分配式喷射技术（包括喷油泵凸轮型线、柱塞直径和喷油压力的合理设计、出油阀类型的选取、涡流比的降低、喷油器的优化、燃烧室的优化）和VNT技术；后处理方面主要是进行了氧化催化转换器的试验研究。另外还降低了机油耗并对活塞环、活塞环槽进行了合理的优化设计。
与此同时，对柴油机电控软、硬件系统也进行了基础性的研究。
作者在498柴油机上进行了电控分配式喷油系统、VNT系统/EGR系统和氧化催化反应器的综合匹配工作，测试498柴油机能否达到EURO3排放法规，降低微粒的排放。
本文的试验工作主要有：
1）对498原机的活塞和活塞环进行相关的设计改进，试制活塞组件，用AVL403机油耗测试仪按照要求测试。
2）在498原机上匹配氧化催化反应器。通过氧化后处理系统对柴油机排放影响的试验，探索后处理系统对发动机排气烟度，加速烟度的影响。
3）在498原机上进行VNT增压器的匹配，研究发动机每个工况点下不同VNT叶片位置对发动机性能和排放的影响，主要以低速扭矩，燃油经济性，排气烟度，加速烟度作为主要优化目标，确定该工况下的最佳VNT叶片位置，制成VNT电控脉谱。并与原机微粒排放进行比较。
4）在498柴油机上进行电控泵的匹配试验。首先以典型工况的排放为依据，进行机内的优化匹配。通过对供油量和供油时刻对发动机性能和排放影响的试验研究，在电控上位机系统中，确定电控脉谱。并与原机微粒排放进行比较。
5）完成VNT与电控分配式喷射系统的联合匹配。在保持发动机动力性的前提下，研究改变VNT的关度和动态提前角的大小对发动机的排气烟度的影响，并找出规律，对VNT脉谱和燃油脉谱进行修正。
6）综合匹配电控VNT、电控泵和后处理系统后，研究发动机十三工况微粒的变化情况。并且对电控提前角脉谱进行再次修正。
7）综合匹配电控VNT及EGR、电控泵和后处理系统后，检测匹配后的498的排放值是否达到欧Ⅲ排放法规的要求。
通过试验研究，得出如下结论：
1）通过活塞组件的重新设计，将机油耗与燃油耗比控制在了1‰以内。
2）氧化催化反应器能氧化微粒中的SOF成分。
3）VNT还能大幅度降低柴油机的烟度低速排放，对改善加速烟度有良好效果。
4）电控燃油喷射系统在发动机的每一个工况选择最佳的动态提前角，与VNT的联合匹配，能精确控制空燃比，降低了排气烟度。
5）综合匹配电控VNT、电控泵和后处理系统后，微粒的排放量大大降低。
6）CA498柴油机上匹配电控分配泵、VNT及EGR系统以及氧化型后处理系统，能大幅度降低柴油机的排放。
The technology of diesel engine’s electronic control which can effectively reduce the diesel exhaust is one of the most important directions in the development of diesel technology. With the increasingly intensified limitation of exhaust regulations, the reduction on fuel consumption and the control of the particulate exhaust are the two important problems which are need to be resolved as soon as possible. An all-round study on the control of diesel particulate was conducted in order to meet the need of environment protection.
The core method of internal cleaning was taken by improving the diesel design, combined with exhaust’s aftertreatment, to study on the diesel particulate control. The main methods of reducing CA498ZL diesel engine’s particulate generation include ejecting technology of electronically controlled fuel distributing (such as the optimizing design of the cam’s profile of fuel injection pump, diameter of the column piston and the fuel ejecting pressure, the selecting of the delivery valve style, the decreasing of the swirl ratio, and the optimizing of the injector and combustion chamber, etc.) and VNT technology. The experimental study on Diesel Oxidation Catalyst was also conducted for particulate aftertreatment. Furthermore, the consumption of lubricating oil was reduced and the design of piston ring and piston ring slot was optimized. At the same time, the fundamental research on the software and the hardware system of the diesel electronic control was also conducted.
The synthetic matching of the distributing fuel injection system, VNT/EGR system and the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst was done on CA498ZL diesel engine to satisfy EURO3 standard and at the same time reduce particulate exhaust.
The main experimental work includes:
1) Improving the design of CA498ZL diesel engine’s piston and piston ring, fabricating the piston discreteness and testing the lubricating oil consumption by using AVL403 testing instrument.
2) Matching the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst with CA498ZL diesel engine. Investigating the effect of aftertreatment system on exhaust smoke and accelerating smoke by the experiment of aftertreatment.
3) Matching the VNT supercharger with CA498ZL diesel engine to investigate the effect of VNT vane’s position at different operating conditions on engine’s performance and exhaust. The optimization of torque at lower speed, fuel economy, exhaust smoke and accelerating smoke was conducted to acquire the optimal positions at different operating conditions from which the VNT map can be acquired. The result was compared with the original engine’s particulate exhaust.
4) Conducting the matching experiment of the electronically controlled pump according to the typical operating conditions. The electronic control map was determined in the computer system in accordance with the study on the effect of fuel providing and fuel providing time on
engine’s performance and exhaust. The result was also compared with the original engine’s particulate exhaust.
5) Matching of VNT and the distributing ejection system. At the premise of keeping engine’s power output, the effect of VNT’s close and dynamically advanced angle on engine’s smoke exhaust was investigated and the VNT and advanced angle maps were modified.
6) Synthetic matching of VNT, electronically controlled pump and the aftertreatment system and investigating of the variation of the particulate exhaust at 13 operating conditions. The map of the advanced angle of the electronic control was modified again.
7) Testing whether or not the CA498ZL diesel engine’s exhaust satisfies the EURO3 standard after the total matching of VNT, EGR, electronic control pump and the aftertreatment system.
The following conclusions can be drawn according to experimental analysis:
1) The ratio of the consumption of the lubricating oil and that of the fuel can be controlled less than 1‰ by redesigning the piston discreteness.
2) The Diesel Oxidation Catalyst can oxidize the SOF component of the particulate.
3) The technology of VNT can great
本文对控制柴油机微粒的排放进行了深入的研究，采用了以改进柴油机设计为核心的机内净化措施，并与排气后处理措施相结合。降低498电控柴油机微粒的机内净化措施主要有电控燃油分配式喷射技术（包括喷油泵凸轮型线、柱塞直径和喷油压力的合理设计、出油阀类型的选取、涡流比的降低、喷油器的优化、燃烧室的优化）和VNT技术；后处理方面主要是进行了氧化催化转换器的试验研究。另外还降低了机油耗并对活塞环、活塞环槽进行了合理的优化设计。
与此同时，对柴油机电控软、硬件系统也进行了基础性的研究。
作者在498柴油机上进行了电控分配式喷油系统、VNT系统/EGR系统和氧化催化反应器的综合匹配工作，测试498柴油机能否达到EURO3排放法规，降低微粒的排放。
本文的试验工作主要有：
1）对498原机的活塞和活塞环进行相关的设计改进，试制活塞组件，用AVL403机油耗测试仪按照要求测试。
2）在498原机上匹配氧化催化反应器。通过氧化后处理系统对柴油机排放影响的试验，探索后处理系统对发动机排气烟度，加速烟度的影响。
3）在498原机上进行VNT增压器的匹配，研究发动机每个工况点下不同VNT叶片位置对发动机性能和排放的影响，主要以低速扭矩，燃油经济性，排气烟度，加速烟度作为主要优化目标，确定该工况下的最佳VNT叶片位置，制成VNT电控脉谱。并与原机微粒排放进行比较。
4）在498柴油机上进行电控泵的匹配试验。首先以典型工况的排放为依据，进行机内的优化匹配。通过对供油量和供油时刻对发动机性能和排放影响的试验研究，在电控上位机系统中，确定电控脉谱。并与原机微粒排放进行比较。
5）完成VNT与电控分配式喷射系统的联合匹配。在保持发动机动力性的前提下，研究改变VNT的关度和动态提前角的大小对发动机的排气烟度的影响，并找出规律，对VNT脉谱和燃油脉谱进行修正。
6）综合匹配电控VNT、电控泵和后处理系统后，研究发动机十三工况微粒的变化情况。并且对电控提前角脉谱进行再次修正。
7）综合匹配电控VNT及EGR、电控泵和后处理系统后，检测匹配后的498的排放值是否达到欧Ⅲ排放法规的要求。
通过试验研究，得出如下结论：
1）通过活塞组件的重新设计，将机油耗与燃油耗比控制在了1‰以内。
2）氧化催化反应器能氧化微粒中的SOF成分。
3）VNT还能大幅度降低柴油机的烟度低速排放，对改善加速烟度有良好效果。
4）电控燃油喷射系统在发动机的每一个工况选择最佳的动态提前角，与VNT的联合匹配，能精确控制空燃比，降低了排气烟度。
5）综合匹配电控VNT、电控泵和后处理系统后，微粒的排放量大大降低。
6）CA498柴油机上匹配电控分配泵、VNT及EGR系统以及氧化型后处理系统，能大幅度降低柴油机的排放。
The technology of diesel engine’s electronic control which can effectively reduce the diesel exhaust is one of the most important directions in the development of diesel technology. With the increasingly intensified limitation of exhaust regulations, the reduction on fuel consumption and the control of the particulate exhaust are the two important problems which are need to be resolved as soon as possible. An all-round study on the control of diesel particulate was conducted in order to meet the need of environment protection.
The core method of internal cleaning was taken by improving the diesel design, combined with exhaust’s aftertreatment, to study on the diesel particulate control. The main methods of reducing CA498ZL diesel engine’s particulate generation include ejecting technology of electronically controlled fuel distributing (such as the optimizing design of the cam’s profile of fuel injection pump, diameter of the column piston and the fuel ejecting pressure, the selecting of the delivery valve style, the decreasing of the swirl ratio, and the optimizing of the injector and combustion chamber, etc.) and VNT technology. The experimental study on Diesel Oxidation Catalyst was also conducted for particulate aftertreatment. Furthermore, the consumption of lubricating oil was reduced and the design of piston ring and piston ring slot was optimized. At the same time, the fundamental research on the software and the hardware system of the diesel electronic control was also conducted.
The synthetic matching of the distributing fuel injection system, VNT/EGR system and the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst was done on CA498ZL diesel engine to satisfy EURO3 standard and at the same time reduce particulate exhaust.
The main experimental work includes:
1) Improving the design of CA498ZL diesel engine’s piston and piston ring, fabricating the piston discreteness and testing the lubricating oil consumption by using AVL403 testing instrument.
2) Matching the Diesel Oxidation Catalyst with CA498ZL diesel engine. Investigating the effect of aftertreatment system on exhaust smoke and accelerating smoke by the experiment of aftertreatment.
3) Matching the VNT supercharger with CA498ZL diesel engine to investigate the effect of VNT vane’s position at different operating conditions on engine’s performance and exhaust. The optimization of torque at lower speed, fuel economy, exhaust smoke and accelerating smoke was conducted to acquire the optimal positions at different operating conditions from which the VNT map can be acquired. The result was compared with the original engine’s particulate exhaust.
4) Conducting the matching experiment of the electronically controlled pump according to the typical operating conditions. The electronic control map was determined in the computer system in accordance with the study on the effect of fuel providing and fuel providing time on
engine’s performance and exhaust. The result was also compared with the original engine’s particulate exhaust.
5) Matching of VNT and the distributing ejection system. At the premise of keeping engine’s power output, the effect of VNT’s close and dynamically advanced angle on engine’s smoke exhaust was investigated and the VNT and advanced angle maps were modified.
6) Synthetic matching of VNT, electronically controlled pump and the aftertreatment system and investigating of the variation of the particulate exhaust at 13 operating conditions. The map of the advanced angle of the electronic control was modified again.
7) Testing whether or not the CA498ZL diesel engine’s exhaust satisfies the EURO3 standard after the total matching of VNT, EGR, electronic control pump and the aftertreatment system.
The following conclusions can be drawn according to experimental analysis:
1) The ratio of the consumption of the lubricating oil and that of the fuel can be controlled less than 1‰ by redesigning the piston discreteness.
2) The Diesel Oxidation Catalyst can oxidize the SOF component of the particulate.
3) The technology of VNT can great
引文
杨妙粱，《汽车发动机与环境保护》 中国物质出版社 2001
刘巽俊，谈减轻我国汽车发动机污染的使用技术，汽车技术 1997，2
蒋德明，《内燃机原理》 机械工业出版社
李勤，《现代内燃机排器污染物的测量和控制》机械工业出版社 1997
魏国凯，汽车排放法规的现状及发展，世界汽车，1999.6
蒋德明 ，《内燃机涡轮增压》 机械工业出版社，1986
顾宏中，《涡轮增压柴油机热力工程模拟计算》上海交通大学出版社 1983
陈贵堂 ，《工程热力学》 北京理工大学出版社，1997
李辉.可变几何涡轮增压器改善J6110Z柴油机低速匹配性能的研究.硕士学位论文1993
马朝臣 可调涡轮增压器改善车用柴油机低速性能研究 汽车技术 1996，2
郁秀峰 大功率车用柴油机电控增压系统的开发和应用研究 1996，5
王九如编译，高速直喷柴油机用VE分配泵的进展，油泵油嘴技术，1992年第2期
王九如，VE分配泵平面凸轮廓面分析计算及接触应力校核，无锡油泵油嘴研究所
缪雪龙、陈希颖等，CA498柴油机性能研究与改进，内燃机燃油喷射与控制，2001年第2期
何世斌、沈惠山、朱心伍，VE泵泵体加工新工艺，现代车用动力，2002年第4期
魏名山等，云内4100柴油机增压中冷机型的试验研究，内燃机工程，2002年第2期
高宗英，车用柴油机的现状与发展前景，中国内燃机学会2001年度论文集，2002
宋春荣等编，通用集成电路速查手册，山东科学技术出版社，1997
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刘巽俊，谈减轻我国汽车发动机污染的使用技术，汽车技术 1997，2
蒋德明，《内燃机原理》 机械工业出版社
李勤，《现代内燃机排器污染物的测量和控制》机械工业出版社 1997
魏国凯，汽车排放法规的现状及发展，世界汽车，1999.6
蒋德明 ，《内燃机涡轮增压》 机械工业出版社，1986
顾宏中，《涡轮增压柴油机热力工程模拟计算》上海交通大学出版社 1983
陈贵堂 ，《工程热力学》 北京理工大学出版社，1997
李辉.可变几何涡轮增压器改善J6110Z柴油机低速匹配性能的研究.硕士学位论文1993
马朝臣 可调涡轮增压器改善车用柴油机低速性能研究 汽车技术 1996，2
郁秀峰 大功率车用柴油机电控增压系统的开发和应用研究 1996，5
王九如编译，高速直喷柴油机用VE分配泵的进展，油泵油嘴技术，1992年第2期
王九如，VE分配泵平面凸轮廓面分析计算及接触应力校核，无锡油泵油嘴研究所
缪雪龙、陈希颖等，CA498柴油机性能研究与改进，内燃机燃油喷射与控制，2001年第2期
何世斌、沈惠山、朱心伍，VE泵泵体加工新工艺，现代车用动力，2002年第4期
魏名山等，云内4100柴油机增压中冷机型的试验研究，内燃机工程，2002年第2期
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