柴油机通过分段喷射组织均质预混合燃烧的试验研究
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摘要
能源和环境保护是人类面临的两大问题，因此内燃机的高效洁净燃烧作为一项重要的“绿色工程”技术，已在各国引起广泛兴趣。
为改善柴油机的排放、降低燃油消耗率，近几年柴油机采用了废气涡轮增压中冷、优化缸内气体流动、排气再循环、改进喷油率曲线及电控高压喷射等新技术，同时开发了可变进气涡流比、可变涡轮喷嘴环面积以及电控排气再循环等电控可变技术。
本论文是通过对原135型柴油机的喷油装置进行改造，利用两个喷油泵来进行分段喷油，并根据模拟计算选取合适的喷油提前角和预喷油量，在试验机上组织柴油机的均质预混合燃烧，来实现降低排放和燃油消耗率的目的。通过实验表明：由于采用预喷射，先期形成稀薄预混合气，使主喷射的着火滞燃期缩短，燃烧迅速，降低了柴油机燃烧的初期压力和温度，因而柴油机的最高爆压、燃油消耗率和排放都得到了改善，尤其NOx排放降低最为明显。
Nowadays, the protection of resources and environment are two major problems to the mankind. So the high-effected clean combustion which is one of the green-engineering technologies, has been paid more attention by many countries.
To improve the emission and reduce the rate of the fuel consumption of the diesel engine, many new technologies have been adopted, such as inter-cooling, optimizing the flowing of the air in the cylinder, exhaust gas recirculation, optimizing the fuel injection rate curve and electronic-controlled high-pressure injection, etc. At the same time, many electronic-controlled alterable parts, such as intake swirl rate, alterable swirl nozzle and exhaust recycling, etc., have been developed.
To realize two aims mentioned above, this paper utilizes two fuel injection pumps to finish stage split injection on the basis of the original injection sets of the 135 diesel engine. According the simulating calculation, appropriate fuel injection advance angle and the fuel quality of pre-injection were selected to finish the all-nature pre-mixing combustion of the diesel on the testing machine. The experiment indicates that, because the thin pre-mixing gas can be formed in the pre-injection stages, the fuel pre-injection can shorten the ignition delay period of the main injection, hasten the combustion speed, avoid the sudden rise of the pressure and the temperature in diesel' s initial combustion stage, reduce the burst pressure and the rate of fuel consumption of the diesel, especially reduce the emission rate of NOx.
为改善柴油机的排放、降低燃油消耗率，近几年柴油机采用了废气涡轮增压中冷、优化缸内气体流动、排气再循环、改进喷油率曲线及电控高压喷射等新技术，同时开发了可变进气涡流比、可变涡轮喷嘴环面积以及电控排气再循环等电控可变技术。
本论文是通过对原135型柴油机的喷油装置进行改造，利用两个喷油泵来进行分段喷油，并根据模拟计算选取合适的喷油提前角和预喷油量，在试验机上组织柴油机的均质预混合燃烧，来实现降低排放和燃油消耗率的目的。通过实验表明：由于采用预喷射，先期形成稀薄预混合气，使主喷射的着火滞燃期缩短，燃烧迅速，降低了柴油机燃烧的初期压力和温度，因而柴油机的最高爆压、燃油消耗率和排放都得到了改善，尤其NOx排放降低最为明显。
Nowadays, the protection of resources and environment are two major problems to the mankind. So the high-effected clean combustion which is one of the green-engineering technologies, has been paid more attention by many countries.
To improve the emission and reduce the rate of the fuel consumption of the diesel engine, many new technologies have been adopted, such as inter-cooling, optimizing the flowing of the air in the cylinder, exhaust gas recirculation, optimizing the fuel injection rate curve and electronic-controlled high-pressure injection, etc. At the same time, many electronic-controlled alterable parts, such as intake swirl rate, alterable swirl nozzle and exhaust recycling, etc., have been developed.
To realize two aims mentioned above, this paper utilizes two fuel injection pumps to finish stage split injection on the basis of the original injection sets of the 135 diesel engine. According the simulating calculation, appropriate fuel injection advance angle and the fuel quality of pre-injection were selected to finish the all-nature pre-mixing combustion of the diesel on the testing machine. The experiment indicates that, because the thin pre-mixing gas can be formed in the pre-injection stages, the fuel pre-injection can shorten the ignition delay period of the main injection, hasten the combustion speed, avoid the sudden rise of the pressure and the temperature in diesel' s initial combustion stage, reduce the burst pressure and the rate of fuel consumption of the diesel, especially reduce the emission rate of NOx.
引文
[1] 高海洋，曹惠玲，董锡强，柴油机预混合燃烧技术，车用发动机，2001．6．
[2] 李勤，现代内燃机排气污染物的测量与控制，机械工业出版社，1998．
[3] 宋振寰，采用分段喷油改善柴油机排放的研究，大连理工大学学报，1998．1．
[4] 白露，欧阳明高，周炜，大众1.9升TDI发动机研究报告，国际车用柴油机技术研讨会论文集，2000．
[5] 黄雄健，柴油机排放污染物的控制．《内燃机》2002．3．
[6] 周玉明，内燃机废气排放及控制技术人民交通出版社，2001．10．
[7] 张琳，浅谈降低直喷式柴油机NOx排放的方法．济南交通高等专科学校校报2002．3．
[8] 蒋德明，内燃机的涡轮增压，机械工业出版社．，1986．
[9] 朱大鑫，涡轮增压与涡轮增压器，机械工业出版社，1992．
[10] 蒋德明，内燃机原理，西安交通大学出版社，1981．
[11] 黄毅泉，内燃机代用燃料，大连理工大学出版社，1994．7．
[12] 许锋，吴卫兵等，乳化油在1135柴油机上的应用，内燃机工程，2002．12．
[13] 蒋德明，高等内燃机原理，西安交通大学出版社，2002．
[14] 张素宁，王建伟，杨润生，改善柴油机燃烧及排放的措施，移动电源与车辆，2001．2．
[15] 广安博之，新井雅隆，柴油机的燃油喷雾特性(内燃机燃烧译文集)，上海交通大学出版社，1985．
[16] Curran H 5, Gaffurl P, Pitz W J and Westbrook C K. A Comprehensive Modeling Study of n-heptane Oxidation[5]. Combustion and Flame 114: 149-177, 1998.
[17] Heywood J B, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals[M]. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988.
[18] Kee R J, Rupley F M and Meeks E. Chemkin-Ⅲ: A Fortran Chemical Kinetics Package for Analysis of Gas Phase Chemical and Plasma Kinetics[R]. Sandia National Laboratory Report CA 94551-0969, 1996.
[19] Andrew E L, Robert J K and James A M. Senkin: A Fortran Program for Predicting Homogeneous Gas Phase Chemical Kinetics with Sensitivity Analysis[R]. Sandia National Laboratory Report CA 94551-0969, 1988.
[20] 初纶孔，柴油机供油与雾化，大连理工大学出版社，1989．12．
[21] 石度宏，柴油机喷油规律控制技术的最新发展，1997．1．
[22] 周龙保，内燃机学，机械工业出版社，1999．5．
[23] Uyehara O. Factors that Affect NO, and Particulates in Diesel Engine Exhaust, Part Ⅱ.SAE PAPER 920695,1992
[24] 蒋德明，内燃机燃烧与排放学，西安交通大学出版社，2002．
[25] 周俊杰、邱东、解茂昭等．柴油机工作过程数值计算．大连：大连理工大学出版社．1990．
[26] Allen Wand etal. Homogeneeus Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) of Diesel Fuel, SEA Paper 971676, 1997
[27] Hisashi Akagawa and etal. Approaches to Solve Problems of the Premixed Lean Diesel Combustion, SEA Paper 1999-01-0183, 1999
[28] Yoshinori Iwabuchi and etal. Trial of New Concept Diesel Combustion System Premixed Compression-Ignited Combustion, SEA Paper, 1999-01-0185,1999
[29] 杜宝国，乙醇—汽油—柴油混合燃料在柴油机上的应用研究，大连理工大学，2003，硕士学位论文．
[30] 许锋，宋振寰，实现预混合燃烧改善柴油机性能的试验研究，大连理工大学学报1996．9
[31] 胡国栋，许锋，柴油机燃烧的新发展—热混合近似等压燃烧，柴油机 1990．3
[32] 魏象仪，内燃机燃烧学，大连理工大学出版社，1992．
[33] 胡国栋，柴油机燃烧研究的展望，大连工学院学报，1982．4
[34] Hu G D. New Strategy on Diesel Combustion Development[C].SAE 900442.
[2] 李勤，现代内燃机排气污染物的测量与控制，机械工业出版社，1998．
[3] 宋振寰，采用分段喷油改善柴油机排放的研究，大连理工大学学报，1998．1．
[4] 白露，欧阳明高，周炜，大众1.9升TDI发动机研究报告，国际车用柴油机技术研讨会论文集，2000．
[5] 黄雄健，柴油机排放污染物的控制．《内燃机》2002．3．
[6] 周玉明，内燃机废气排放及控制技术人民交通出版社，2001．10．
[7] 张琳，浅谈降低直喷式柴油机NOx排放的方法．济南交通高等专科学校校报2002．3．
[8] 蒋德明，内燃机的涡轮增压，机械工业出版社．，1986．
[9] 朱大鑫，涡轮增压与涡轮增压器，机械工业出版社，1992．
[10] 蒋德明，内燃机原理，西安交通大学出版社，1981．
[11] 黄毅泉，内燃机代用燃料，大连理工大学出版社，1994．7．
[12] 许锋，吴卫兵等，乳化油在1135柴油机上的应用，内燃机工程，2002．12．
[13] 蒋德明，高等内燃机原理，西安交通大学出版社，2002．
[14] 张素宁，王建伟，杨润生，改善柴油机燃烧及排放的措施，移动电源与车辆，2001．2．
[15] 广安博之，新井雅隆，柴油机的燃油喷雾特性(内燃机燃烧译文集)，上海交通大学出版社，1985．
[16] Curran H 5, Gaffurl P, Pitz W J and Westbrook C K. A Comprehensive Modeling Study of n-heptane Oxidation[5]. Combustion and Flame 114: 149-177, 1998.
[17] Heywood J B, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals[M]. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1988.
[18] Kee R J, Rupley F M and Meeks E. Chemkin-Ⅲ: A Fortran Chemical Kinetics Package for Analysis of Gas Phase Chemical and Plasma Kinetics[R]. Sandia National Laboratory Report CA 94551-0969, 1996.
[19] Andrew E L, Robert J K and James A M. Senkin: A Fortran Program for Predicting Homogeneous Gas Phase Chemical Kinetics with Sensitivity Analysis[R]. Sandia National Laboratory Report CA 94551-0969, 1988.
[20] 初纶孔，柴油机供油与雾化，大连理工大学出版社，1989．12．
[21] 石度宏，柴油机喷油规律控制技术的最新发展，1997．1．
[22] 周龙保，内燃机学，机械工业出版社，1999．5．
[23] Uyehara O. Factors that Affect NO, and Particulates in Diesel Engine Exhaust, Part Ⅱ.SAE PAPER 920695,1992
[24] 蒋德明，内燃机燃烧与排放学，西安交通大学出版社，2002．
[25] 周俊杰、邱东、解茂昭等．柴油机工作过程数值计算．大连：大连理工大学出版社．1990．
[26] Allen Wand etal. Homogeneeus Charge Compression Ignition (HCCI) of Diesel Fuel, SEA Paper 971676, 1997
[27] Hisashi Akagawa and etal. Approaches to Solve Problems of the Premixed Lean Diesel Combustion, SEA Paper 1999-01-0183, 1999
[28] Yoshinori Iwabuchi and etal. Trial of New Concept Diesel Combustion System Premixed Compression-Ignited Combustion, SEA Paper, 1999-01-0185,1999
[29] 杜宝国，乙醇—汽油—柴油混合燃料在柴油机上的应用研究，大连理工大学，2003，硕士学位论文．
[30] 许锋，宋振寰，实现预混合燃烧改善柴油机性能的试验研究，大连理工大学学报1996．9
[31] 胡国栋，许锋，柴油机燃烧的新发展—热混合近似等压燃烧，柴油机 1990．3
[32] 魏象仪，内燃机燃烧学，大连理工大学出版社，1992．
[33] 胡国栋，柴油机燃烧研究的展望，大连工学院学报，1982．4
[34] Hu G D. New Strategy on Diesel Combustion Development[C].SAE 900442.