基于叶尖定时的旋转叶片振动检测及参数辨识技术
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摘要
大型旋转机械主要包括航空发动机、烟气轮机、汽轮机、鼓风机等,是航空、舰船、电力、石化、冶金等工业系统广为应用的关键设备。叶片作为大型旋转机械的核心部件,是设备安全运行和提高效率的重要保障。叶片振动是导致叶片工作失效的主要原因之一。由于叶尖定时测振属于严重的欠采样方法,振动参数辨识相对困难。本文在课题组多年研究基础上,主要致力于叶尖定时振动参数辨识算法的研究。建立了叶尖定时测振模型,通过理论和仿真分析振动信号特点,提出了新的叶片振动参数辨识方法,并通过大量现场实验数据验证,取得满意的结果。主要内容如下:
1、对旋转叶片进行受力分析,建立了整个叶尖定时测振系统模型,包括叶片组模型、激振力模型以及叶尖定时传感模型等,是叶尖定时算法理论研究和仿真分析的基础。通过仿真对比了恒速和变速下的同步振动和异步振动信号特点。
2、讨论了不同条件下叶尖定时振动信号分析处理的难点。对典型的叶尖定时算法进行了理论推导,包括速矢端迹法、双参数法、自回归方法等,分析对比了各算法优缺点,为探索欠采样下的新算法指明方向。
3、提出了基于任意角分布的多传感器叶片振动参数辨识新方法。主要针对变速下同步振动、恒速下同步振动以及恒速下异步振动三种情况分别提出了三种不同的振动参数辨识方法,并获得国家发明专利两项。对各方法进行了详细的理论推导及仿真分析,其中运用了最小二乘、曲线拟合、全相位FFT以及振动倍频遍历等算法,能够准确辨识出不同条件下叶片振动幅值、频率、倍频等参数。解决了因欠采样引起的振动参数辨识不全面、不确定性问题。
4、讨论了传感器布局对不同叶尖定时振动参数辨识算法的影响。建立传感器采样点分布范围DR这一函数对传感器布局优劣进行评价;利用明显度(ΔS%)对振动倍频遍历结果进行判定。结合实际条件,拟出了基于任意角分布的多传感器布局择优选取方法。
5、在多种旋转机械设备上完成了叶片振动检测实验,通过大量实验数据,对各种叶尖定时振动参数辨识算法进行了实验验证。实验分析结果表明了算法的可行性和有效性。
Large-sized rotating machinery such as aircraft engine, gas turbine, steam turbine, air blower etc. They are important equipments which are widely applied in aviation, ships, electric power, petrifaction, metallurgy and so on. Blades are the key component of large-sized rotating machinery and ensure the equipment working safely and high efficiency. Vibration is one of the main reasons which cause blades out of work. Vibration parameters identification is hard because the signal of BTT (Blade Tip-Timing) is badly sub-Nyquist-sampled. In this dissertation, the blade vibration parameters identification technique was discussed mainly base on the achievements of passed years. The model of the BTT system has been set up, and the feature of blade vibration signal has been analyzed in theory and simulation. New techniques for vibration parameters identification have been put forward. Many experiments to verify the technique have been done, and finally satisfied results were obtained. The main works are shown as follows:
1. After force analysis of the rotating blade had been done, model of the whole BTT system which consists of blades model, exciting force model, and BTT sensor model has been set up. The models are the basic of BTT arithmetic analyzing in theory and simulation. The characters of synchronous and asynchronous vibration of blade under constant speed or varied speed have been contrasted by simulation.
2. The difficulty of BTT signal processing under different condition has been discussed. Some typical BTT analyzing arithmetic has been deduced theoretically, such as speed-vector-end-tracking method (single parameter technique), two-parameter plot method, and autoregressive method. The merits and demerits of these methods have been analyzed, and the direction to search new method under sub-Nyquist-sampling is clear.
3. The new technique called multi-sensors arbitrarily distributed for identifying blade vibration parameters has been introduced. The technique can be divided into three methods under different situations which are synchronous vibration under vary speed, synchronous vibration under constant speed and asynchronous vibration under constant speed, and two patents of invention are obtained. These methods have been discussed in detail by theory and simulation analysis. Much arithmetic methods are used in the technique, such as least squares, curve fitting, all phases FFT, engine-order traverse and so on. The Amplitude, frequency, and engine-order of blade vibration can be identified correctly by the new technique. The problem which caused by sub-Nyquist-sampled is can not identify all vibration parameters precisely. Now it has been solved by the new technique.
4. Different distribution of sensors will affect the identified result of each method. This situation is discussed in the paper. The function of sampling point distributed range (DR) is build to evaluate the character of multi BTT sensors installation. And obvious level (ΔS %) is used for judging the result of engine-order traversing. The way to choose applicable distribution of sensors is studied out when using multi-sensors arbitrarily technique to identify vibration parameters.
5. Many blade vibration online measuring experiments have been completed on different rotating machineries. The blade vibration analyzing arithmetic has been proved by great deal of experiment data. The result shows feasibility and validity of the arithmetic.
1、对旋转叶片进行受力分析,建立了整个叶尖定时测振系统模型,包括叶片组模型、激振力模型以及叶尖定时传感模型等,是叶尖定时算法理论研究和仿真分析的基础。通过仿真对比了恒速和变速下的同步振动和异步振动信号特点。
2、讨论了不同条件下叶尖定时振动信号分析处理的难点。对典型的叶尖定时算法进行了理论推导,包括速矢端迹法、双参数法、自回归方法等,分析对比了各算法优缺点,为探索欠采样下的新算法指明方向。
3、提出了基于任意角分布的多传感器叶片振动参数辨识新方法。主要针对变速下同步振动、恒速下同步振动以及恒速下异步振动三种情况分别提出了三种不同的振动参数辨识方法,并获得国家发明专利两项。对各方法进行了详细的理论推导及仿真分析,其中运用了最小二乘、曲线拟合、全相位FFT以及振动倍频遍历等算法,能够准确辨识出不同条件下叶片振动幅值、频率、倍频等参数。解决了因欠采样引起的振动参数辨识不全面、不确定性问题。
4、讨论了传感器布局对不同叶尖定时振动参数辨识算法的影响。建立传感器采样点分布范围DR这一函数对传感器布局优劣进行评价;利用明显度(ΔS%)对振动倍频遍历结果进行判定。结合实际条件,拟出了基于任意角分布的多传感器布局择优选取方法。
5、在多种旋转机械设备上完成了叶片振动检测实验,通过大量实验数据,对各种叶尖定时振动参数辨识算法进行了实验验证。实验分析结果表明了算法的可行性和有效性。
Large-sized rotating machinery such as aircraft engine, gas turbine, steam turbine, air blower etc. They are important equipments which are widely applied in aviation, ships, electric power, petrifaction, metallurgy and so on. Blades are the key component of large-sized rotating machinery and ensure the equipment working safely and high efficiency. Vibration is one of the main reasons which cause blades out of work. Vibration parameters identification is hard because the signal of BTT (Blade Tip-Timing) is badly sub-Nyquist-sampled. In this dissertation, the blade vibration parameters identification technique was discussed mainly base on the achievements of passed years. The model of the BTT system has been set up, and the feature of blade vibration signal has been analyzed in theory and simulation. New techniques for vibration parameters identification have been put forward. Many experiments to verify the technique have been done, and finally satisfied results were obtained. The main works are shown as follows:
1. After force analysis of the rotating blade had been done, model of the whole BTT system which consists of blades model, exciting force model, and BTT sensor model has been set up. The models are the basic of BTT arithmetic analyzing in theory and simulation. The characters of synchronous and asynchronous vibration of blade under constant speed or varied speed have been contrasted by simulation.
2. The difficulty of BTT signal processing under different condition has been discussed. Some typical BTT analyzing arithmetic has been deduced theoretically, such as speed-vector-end-tracking method (single parameter technique), two-parameter plot method, and autoregressive method. The merits and demerits of these methods have been analyzed, and the direction to search new method under sub-Nyquist-sampling is clear.
3. The new technique called multi-sensors arbitrarily distributed for identifying blade vibration parameters has been introduced. The technique can be divided into three methods under different situations which are synchronous vibration under vary speed, synchronous vibration under constant speed and asynchronous vibration under constant speed, and two patents of invention are obtained. These methods have been discussed in detail by theory and simulation analysis. Much arithmetic methods are used in the technique, such as least squares, curve fitting, all phases FFT, engine-order traverse and so on. The Amplitude, frequency, and engine-order of blade vibration can be identified correctly by the new technique. The problem which caused by sub-Nyquist-sampled is can not identify all vibration parameters precisely. Now it has been solved by the new technique.
4. Different distribution of sensors will affect the identified result of each method. This situation is discussed in the paper. The function of sampling point distributed range (DR) is build to evaluate the character of multi BTT sensors installation. And obvious level (ΔS %) is used for judging the result of engine-order traversing. The way to choose applicable distribution of sensors is studied out when using multi-sensors arbitrarily technique to identify vibration parameters.
5. Many blade vibration online measuring experiments have been completed on different rotating machineries. The blade vibration analyzing arithmetic has been proved by great deal of experiment data. The result shows feasibility and validity of the arithmetic.
引文
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