液体施肥装置施肥机理的试验研究
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摘要
我国是世界上化肥生产和消费的大国，2003年化肥施用量达到4411.8万吨，但在生产和施用的化肥中，液体肥料所占比重相当小，绝大部分是固体肥料。在国际上，液体肥料在一些发达国家已经得到了较为普遍的应用。本文在大量液体肥料生产和使用资料的基础上，对国内外不同液体肥料的施肥机械的现状和发展进行了综述；并根据液体施肥装置的技术要求和本研究的需求，设计并制造了穴施液体肥料施肥装置试验台。本文重点是针对液体施肥装置的施肥参数进行试验研究，本论文进行了以下试验研究工作：
1．本研究进行了喷针流量的单因素试验研究，即探讨电机转速、喷孔直径、曲柄转速、喷液量总控制开关阀和自控喷液阀内阀芯轴的调整对喷针流量的影响；进行了泵口压力的单因素试验研究，探讨电机转速、喷针的喷孔直径、曲柄转速对泵口压力的影响。进行了两喷针流量均匀度的试验，探讨两喷针的流量差与电机转速、曲柄转速和喷针喷孔直径的关系；
2．本研究采用了三因素五水平的二次正交旋转组合设计实验方法对液体施肥装置的施肥参数进行了试验研究，三因素为带动泵的电机转速、曲柄转速和喷孔直径，以喷针流量、两喷针的流量差和泵口压力为研究的目标；
3．利用Design-Expert Version软件对电机转速、曲柄转速和喷孔直径进行参数优化，在满足喷针流量范围、泵口压力范围和允许的两喷针流量差范围时，得出三者的最优组合方案：
4．在施肥装置试验台上进行了田间模拟试验，观察了不同的电机转速和不同的喷孔直径条件下，喷针入土后的作业状态，测取此时的喷针流量，并与喷针尚未入土时的流量进行了对比分析，同时进行了穴施肥扩散现象的观察；
5．本研究所取得的试验结果为进一步开发变量液态施肥机提供了重要的理论依据。
Our country is a super state on manufacturing and consuming the chemical fertilizer in theworld, 44,118,000 tons chemical fertilizers was used in 2003, but the proportion of Liquid fertilizeris smaller than that of the solid fertilizer in the chemical fertilizer manufacture and application. Oninternational, liquid fertilizer has already acquired general application in some developed countries.This paper analyzes the present situation and development tendency of fertilizer machinery todifferent domestic and foreign liquid fertilizer based on collecting massive manufacture and usedata of liquid fertilizers. This paper has designed and made fertilizer drill unit test-bed for apertureapplication of liquid fertilizers according to the specification requirement and the need for theequipment. The key point is the fertilizer parameters of experimental study.
This paper has been carried out the following experiment research work:
1. This paper does single factor experiment research on spray needle flow-rate, that isinquiring into the impact on spray needle flow-rate of the thereinafter factors: electrical machineryrotational speed, spout aperture diameter, crank rotational speed, hydro jet liquid measure generalcontrol switch valve and the adjustment at inner valve core axletree of self-guided hydro jet valve.Proceeding single factor experiment research on pumping aperture pressure, it researches into theimpact on pumping aperture pressure of the thereinafter factors: electrical machinery rotationalspeed, spout aperture diameter and crank rotational speed. This paper also does experimentresearch on two spray needle flow-rate evenness degrees, and researches the relationship betweenthe rotational of two spray needle's flux difference and electrical machinery rotational speed, crankrotational speed and spout aperture diameter.
2. The three factors five horizontal quadratic orthogonal rotational united design experimentmethod was used to research fertilize parameters of liquid fertilizer drill unit. The three factors areelectrical machinery rotational speed, crank rotational speed and spout aperture diameter, and themultiple targets are spray needle flow-rate, two spray needles' flux difference and pumpingaperture pressure.
3. Soft-ware Design-Expert Version 6.10 was applicable to find the optimum combinationscheme which the triple gushing needle rate of flow, pump mouth pressure and two spray needles'flux difference reached allowed extent.
4. Proceeding field simulation soil box test at fertilizer drill unit test-bed, it researches intodifferent electrical machinery rotational speed and spray aperture diameter for spray needle resiststop up situation and measures spray needle flow-rate behind it be buried when spray needlefertilizer application operation in aperture application, and contrasts the spray needle flow-ratebetween spray needle before and behind it be buried. The depth and aperture of fertilizationdistance has been measured and experimental research to aperture application fertilizer spreadsituation in soil has been done.
5. The test result this paper supplies sufficient theory gist for further developing variableliquid state fertilizer machine.
1．本研究进行了喷针流量的单因素试验研究，即探讨电机转速、喷孔直径、曲柄转速、喷液量总控制开关阀和自控喷液阀内阀芯轴的调整对喷针流量的影响；进行了泵口压力的单因素试验研究，探讨电机转速、喷针的喷孔直径、曲柄转速对泵口压力的影响。进行了两喷针流量均匀度的试验，探讨两喷针的流量差与电机转速、曲柄转速和喷针喷孔直径的关系；
2．本研究采用了三因素五水平的二次正交旋转组合设计实验方法对液体施肥装置的施肥参数进行了试验研究，三因素为带动泵的电机转速、曲柄转速和喷孔直径，以喷针流量、两喷针的流量差和泵口压力为研究的目标；
3．利用Design-Expert Version软件对电机转速、曲柄转速和喷孔直径进行参数优化，在满足喷针流量范围、泵口压力范围和允许的两喷针流量差范围时，得出三者的最优组合方案：
4．在施肥装置试验台上进行了田间模拟试验，观察了不同的电机转速和不同的喷孔直径条件下，喷针入土后的作业状态，测取此时的喷针流量，并与喷针尚未入土时的流量进行了对比分析，同时进行了穴施肥扩散现象的观察；
5．本研究所取得的试验结果为进一步开发变量液态施肥机提供了重要的理论依据。
Our country is a super state on manufacturing and consuming the chemical fertilizer in theworld, 44,118,000 tons chemical fertilizers was used in 2003, but the proportion of Liquid fertilizeris smaller than that of the solid fertilizer in the chemical fertilizer manufacture and application. Oninternational, liquid fertilizer has already acquired general application in some developed countries.This paper analyzes the present situation and development tendency of fertilizer machinery todifferent domestic and foreign liquid fertilizer based on collecting massive manufacture and usedata of liquid fertilizers. This paper has designed and made fertilizer drill unit test-bed for apertureapplication of liquid fertilizers according to the specification requirement and the need for theequipment. The key point is the fertilizer parameters of experimental study.
This paper has been carried out the following experiment research work:
1. This paper does single factor experiment research on spray needle flow-rate, that isinquiring into the impact on spray needle flow-rate of the thereinafter factors: electrical machineryrotational speed, spout aperture diameter, crank rotational speed, hydro jet liquid measure generalcontrol switch valve and the adjustment at inner valve core axletree of self-guided hydro jet valve.Proceeding single factor experiment research on pumping aperture pressure, it researches into theimpact on pumping aperture pressure of the thereinafter factors: electrical machinery rotationalspeed, spout aperture diameter and crank rotational speed. This paper also does experimentresearch on two spray needle flow-rate evenness degrees, and researches the relationship betweenthe rotational of two spray needle's flux difference and electrical machinery rotational speed, crankrotational speed and spout aperture diameter.
2. The three factors five horizontal quadratic orthogonal rotational united design experimentmethod was used to research fertilize parameters of liquid fertilizer drill unit. The three factors areelectrical machinery rotational speed, crank rotational speed and spout aperture diameter, and themultiple targets are spray needle flow-rate, two spray needles' flux difference and pumpingaperture pressure.
3. Soft-ware Design-Expert Version 6.10 was applicable to find the optimum combinationscheme which the triple gushing needle rate of flow, pump mouth pressure and two spray needles'flux difference reached allowed extent.
4. Proceeding field simulation soil box test at fertilizer drill unit test-bed, it researches intodifferent electrical machinery rotational speed and spray aperture diameter for spray needle resiststop up situation and measures spray needle flow-rate behind it be buried when spray needlefertilizer application operation in aperture application, and contrasts the spray needle flow-ratebetween spray needle before and behind it be buried. The depth and aperture of fertilizationdistance has been measured and experimental research to aperture application fertilizer spreadsituation in soil has been done.
5. The test result this paper supplies sufficient theory gist for further developing variableliquid state fertilizer machine.
引文
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成大先．2004．机械设计手册[M]．北京：化学工业出版社．220-260
程亨曼，孙文峰，陈宝昌．2005．多功能液态深施机的设计[J]．农机化研究．(1)：173-174
崔明胜．2003．液体化肥前景好[J]．农业知识．15-17
崔漠慎．1993．高压水射流．北京[M]：煤炭工业出版社．9-10
崔小兵等．2004．新型有机液肥应用技术实验初探．安徽农学通报[J]．6-10
董志勇．1997．冲击射流[M]．北京：海洋出版社．170-178
董志勇．2005．射流力学[M]．北京：科学出版社．69-75
冯海全．2002．液体微粒化性能试验及其计算模型的研究[D]．内蒙古农业大学．5-7
冯元琦，张鑫．1996．液氨直接施肥[M]．北京：化学工业出版社．74-78
冯元琦．2001．美国高浓度液体肥料——无水液氨[J]．化肥设计．(1)：59-60
冯元琦．2005．中国化肥圆满走过百年[J]．中国农资．(3)：46-48
付尚云等．2004．追施液态氮(N)素化肥的方法研究[J]．农机化研究．69-75
韩惠霖．1990．喷射理论及应用[M]．杭州：浙江大学出版社．120-125
侯亚红．2005．中国化肥的应用现状及合理施用[J]．西藏农业科技．27(1)：20-23
胡笑涛．2001．地下灌溉灌水均匀度研究[D]．中国农业大学．30-36
黄蕾．2006．中国化肥的未来发展方向[J]．中国科技财富．(4)：104-108
黄燕．2005．液体肥料施用设备参数的试验研究ID]．大庆：黑龙江八一农垦大学．20-35
蒋恩臣．2003．农业生产机械化[D]．中国农业出版社．120-130
李宝筏主编．2003．农业机械学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社．221-226
李家康等．2001．对我国化肥使用前景的剖析[J]．磷肥与氮肥．60-68
李云伏．2006．几个重要农业基础研究方向的探讨[J]．中国科学基金．79-82
李白华，柯保康．1991．农业机械学[M]．北京：中国农业出版社．120-122
梁瑞风等．2001．大豆叶面喷施液肥试验示范研究[J]．农业系统科学与综台研究．50-52
刘成全等．1997．冲击射流作用下壁面压力分布特性的试验研究[J]．工业设计．18-12．
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