基于产品实例种群的演化创新设计研究
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摘要
产品创新设计特别是计算机辅助产品方案创新设计的研究方兴未艾。本文在综合分析了产品设计,特别是产品创新设计的历史、现状与未来发展方向之后,针对目前研究存在的一些主要问题,对比生物的遗传进化方式和基因工程技术,结合基于实例推理技术和演化计算技术,提出了基于产品实例种群的快速智能演化创新设计理论及方法,特别针对计算机辅助产品方案创新设计进行了深入研究,主要内容与研究成果如下:
1.在产品设计过程中,产品方案设计最具有创新性,传统的设计方法获取知识比较困难,难以进行创新设计。产品方案演化设计与生物遗传进化有相似之处。比照生物进化,本文提出了产品实例种群的概念,指出产品的进化是以产品实例种群为单位的,并对产品实例种群的建立与划分,产品实例种群的特征以及与产品族的关系进行了研究。产品实例是在满足特定设计要求下所获得的现有产品的设计结果,是科学技术知识与领域专家的经验知识的具体应用。产品实例种群是在一定时间和空间内具有相同基本功能的产品实例的集合。产品实例种群可以按实例的功能、原理、结构等形式进行分类。文中还分析了产品实例种群特有的地域性、多族性、多代性、继承性、进化性以及动态性特征,为产品实例及其种群的有效管理与建模,产品基因的提取以及产品演化设计准备了先决条件。
2.实现计算机辅助产品创新设计,关键是产品信息建模和推理技术。利用产品实例及其种群概念并吸取现有产品模型中的有益成分,本文提出了支持产品全生命周期的基于产品实例种群的多维创新设计视图映射产品模型。这种从全方位多视角出发,表达多维产品信息的模型是产品模型的高层次模型,完全支持产品全生命周期中的各个相关阶段的应用,覆盖了从产品设计、工艺设计、加工制造、保养维护、销售服务乃至产品报废回收重用等各个领域。这种模型的提出,为产品的多维创新设计提供了坚实的理论基础。
3.由此进一步建立了产品实例的功能、原理和结构三维视图映射产品模型,提出了支持产品方案创新设计的基于产品实例种群的三维创新设计视图映射产品模型,对其功能、原理和结构视图进行了深入的研究。提出了产品实例及其种群的层次分解表达方法,详细分析了产品设计知识及产品实例的知识表达信息,并采用面向对象方法加以实现,建立了产品实例树。这对充分表达复杂产品设计的层次性、分解性、继承性和动态性提供了有效方法,为进一步提取产品基因,实现产品方案演化创新设计准备了物质基础。
4.基于实例推理技术进行设计的许多系统实际上只能检索实例,没有领域专家的手工干预就不能对给定的任务完成推理,提出解决方案。以演化算法为基础的演化设计方法的出现,为自适应自动化进行基于实例的设计提供了可能。产品演化设计的核心是产品基因的获取与表达。本文提出了基于产品实例种群的产品基因获取与表达方法。产品基因是决定产品性状的基本信息单位。针对方案设计,它包含了相关产品的功能、原理、结构和物料信息,由功能基、原理基、结构基和材料基组成,决定了产品的原理解。产品实例基因组是由产品实例的全体产品基因构成的有序集合。产品基因可划分为能量型、运动型、物料型和信号型四种基因类型。基于反求工程思想,可从现有的产品种群实例出发,经过分析,抽取它所包含的方案设计知识,规范化成功能基、原理基、结构基和材料基,合成产品基因。结合产品实例树,遵循表达一致性原则,就可建立产品基因树。这种方法,克服了传统的产品设计过程特别是在方案设计阶段要获得产品设计知识的困难,特别是得到产品原理解,进而获得产品基因的困难,为快速获得产品基因提供了有效手段,有助于设计知识的规范、传承、累积和重用。结合演化算法推理,能够实现自适应自动化方案演化设计。
5.演化设计的重点是演化算子的设计和适合度函数设计,它们是进行自适应自动化演化设计的关键,是对演化个体进行演化操作,从而实现遗传进化的必要手段。本文提出了适合产品演化设计的改进、新型的演化算子和适合度函数。算子设计是和演化个体的具体形式相关的,针对产品实例基因树结构形式的演化个体,本文改进设计了最基本的选择、交叉和变异等演化算子以及树结构演化个体新型特有的插入、删除、比较等算子;提出了产品演化设计是多目标优化问题,针对这一特点,设计了支持产品方案演化设计的适合度函数,给出了演化方案设计的评价准则和评价方法;建立了基于产品实例种群进行产品方案演化创新设计的过程模型并根据不同设计需求制定了多种演化方式,从功能、原理和结构等多方面、多层次优化设计方案,提高产品方案设计的创新性。
6.开发研制了一个基于产品实例种群的快速智能演化创新设计原型系统,并通过具体实例验证了基于产品实例种群的演化创新设计理论和方法的可行性和有效性。原型系统由产品定制系统、实例种群系统、演化设计系统、知识管理系统、系统控制中心、CAD系统和产品数据中心七大模块组成。基于WEB的产品定制系统使客户可以远程定制产品,和设计者实时交流。实例种群系统负责建立、管理产品实例及其种群。演化设计系统负责提取产品实例基因,建立产品基因树,管理演化算法和演化设计操作,最终实现产品设计任务。知识管理系统建立包括通用设计知识和产品实例相关知识的产品知识库。CAD系统用来生成产品实例的三维模型。系统控制中心通过消息传递和ECA规则主动响应机制负责响应系统各种事件,控制系统运行和演化进程。产品数据中心协调各种数据库,为各个系统提供数据支持,实现在逻辑上统一的数据环境集成。
Product creative design, especially the computer aided creative design is just in the ascendant now. After analyzing the history, present and future of product design, especially that of the product creative design, aiming at some main existent problems in this research area, through contrasting the way of heredity and evolution of living creatures, the genetic engineering technique, and combining case-based reasoning technique and evolutionary computing technique, the rapid intelligent evolutionary creative design theories and method based on population of product cases is proposed in this thesis, and a thorough research is made on computer aided product scheme creative design specially. The main research results and contributions are as follows:
1. The product scheme design is the most creative phase in the whole product design process, but it is still a bottleneck because of having difficulty in obtaining knowledge by using traditional design method. Through contrasting the heredity and evolution of living creatures, the concept of population of product cases is proposed. The characteristics, division and establishment of population of product cases are researched and the relationship between population of product cases and product family is analyzed. These works prepare good preconditions for the management and modeling of population of product cases, the product gene extracting and the product evolutionary design.
2. Product information modeling and reasoning technologies are the key technologies for computer-aided creative design. Multi-dimensional creative design view map product model based on population of product cases is proposed, which support product design in whole product life cycle. This product model can represent product information in multiple aspects and views, and support all applications of each related stages in the whole life cycle of product, overlaid from product design, process planning design, manufacturing, maintenance, discarding to recycle etc. This kind of model lays a solid theoretic foundation for the product multi-dimensional creative design.
3. The three dimensional view map product model based on population of product cases is founded further, which support product scheme creative design. A complete research is carried on the function, principle and structure view. The hierarchical-decomposition representing method of product cases and populations is presented and the representing information of the knowledge in product cases is analyzed in detail, and the product case tree is set up using object-oriented method. This provides an effective method for completely expressing the hierarchy, decomposition, heredity and dynamic change of a complicated product design. It makes a physical foundation for extracting the product gene and realizing the product scheme evolutionary creative design further.
4. The emergence of evolutionary design method based on evolutionary algorithms makes automatic case-based design available. The representation and acquisition of product gene is the kernel of product evolutionary design. A new methodology of product gene representation and acquisition from population of product cases is proposed. Product gene is the basic information unit that decides product characteristics and forms. It is composed of the function base, principle base, structure base, and material base, which are formulated by scheme design knowledge extracted from product cases in populations. It decides the principle solution of product. And the product gene tree is established by using object-oriented method. The product gene can be distinguished into four types of gene: energy, movement, material and signal. This kind of method addresses the difficulty of acquiring design solution in the phase of scheme design process in traditional product design process. This provides an effective means of acquiring the product gene quickly. This design method will be helpful in the processing of knowledge formulation, heredity, accumulation, and reuse. Then combining this with the evolutionary reasoning technology, an automatic and intelligent evolutionary product scheme design based on population of product cases can be realized.
5. The design of evolutionary operator and fitness function is the key point for automatic evolutionary design. New improved evolutionary operators such as selection, crossover and mutation operators are presented for the evolutionary individuals that have the product gene tree structure form. New insert, delete and comparison operators are designed for the individuals of tree structure form. And special fitness function is designed aiming at the product evolutionary design, which is a multi-targets optimization problem. The evaluation criteria and the evaluation method of the product scheme design are given out and the process model of product scheme evolutionary creative design based on population of product cases is built up, which can constitute various evolutionary mode satisfying different design requirements. By optimizing the design scheme in multiple levels and aspects of product function, principle, and structure etc., the level of creativity in the scheme design can be improved.
6. A rapid intelligent evolutionary creative design prototype system based on population of product cases is developed. The feasibility and validity of the theory and method are proved through design examples. The prototype system is composed of seven modules: product customization system, population of cases system, evolutionary design system, knowledge management system, system control center, CAD system and product data center. The customization management system based on WEB can let customers to customize products remotely through internet, and communicate with designers online at real time. The population of product cases management system is responsible for an establishment and management of product cases and populations. Evolutionary design system is responsible for extracting product genes and establishing product gene tree, managing evolutionary algorithms and evolutionary operation, and realizing product design mission in the end. The knowledge management system is used to establish the product knowledge base including the general used design knowledge and product case related knowledge. The CAD system is used to build the 3D models of product cases. The system control center is responsible for responding to various events of the system through message transmission mechanism and active responding mechanism with ECA rules to control the system running and evolving progress. The product data center can manage various databases, providing the data support for each system, realizing unified data environment integration.
1.在产品设计过程中,产品方案设计最具有创新性,传统的设计方法获取知识比较困难,难以进行创新设计。产品方案演化设计与生物遗传进化有相似之处。比照生物进化,本文提出了产品实例种群的概念,指出产品的进化是以产品实例种群为单位的,并对产品实例种群的建立与划分,产品实例种群的特征以及与产品族的关系进行了研究。产品实例是在满足特定设计要求下所获得的现有产品的设计结果,是科学技术知识与领域专家的经验知识的具体应用。产品实例种群是在一定时间和空间内具有相同基本功能的产品实例的集合。产品实例种群可以按实例的功能、原理、结构等形式进行分类。文中还分析了产品实例种群特有的地域性、多族性、多代性、继承性、进化性以及动态性特征,为产品实例及其种群的有效管理与建模,产品基因的提取以及产品演化设计准备了先决条件。
2.实现计算机辅助产品创新设计,关键是产品信息建模和推理技术。利用产品实例及其种群概念并吸取现有产品模型中的有益成分,本文提出了支持产品全生命周期的基于产品实例种群的多维创新设计视图映射产品模型。这种从全方位多视角出发,表达多维产品信息的模型是产品模型的高层次模型,完全支持产品全生命周期中的各个相关阶段的应用,覆盖了从产品设计、工艺设计、加工制造、保养维护、销售服务乃至产品报废回收重用等各个领域。这种模型的提出,为产品的多维创新设计提供了坚实的理论基础。
3.由此进一步建立了产品实例的功能、原理和结构三维视图映射产品模型,提出了支持产品方案创新设计的基于产品实例种群的三维创新设计视图映射产品模型,对其功能、原理和结构视图进行了深入的研究。提出了产品实例及其种群的层次分解表达方法,详细分析了产品设计知识及产品实例的知识表达信息,并采用面向对象方法加以实现,建立了产品实例树。这对充分表达复杂产品设计的层次性、分解性、继承性和动态性提供了有效方法,为进一步提取产品基因,实现产品方案演化创新设计准备了物质基础。
4.基于实例推理技术进行设计的许多系统实际上只能检索实例,没有领域专家的手工干预就不能对给定的任务完成推理,提出解决方案。以演化算法为基础的演化设计方法的出现,为自适应自动化进行基于实例的设计提供了可能。产品演化设计的核心是产品基因的获取与表达。本文提出了基于产品实例种群的产品基因获取与表达方法。产品基因是决定产品性状的基本信息单位。针对方案设计,它包含了相关产品的功能、原理、结构和物料信息,由功能基、原理基、结构基和材料基组成,决定了产品的原理解。产品实例基因组是由产品实例的全体产品基因构成的有序集合。产品基因可划分为能量型、运动型、物料型和信号型四种基因类型。基于反求工程思想,可从现有的产品种群实例出发,经过分析,抽取它所包含的方案设计知识,规范化成功能基、原理基、结构基和材料基,合成产品基因。结合产品实例树,遵循表达一致性原则,就可建立产品基因树。这种方法,克服了传统的产品设计过程特别是在方案设计阶段要获得产品设计知识的困难,特别是得到产品原理解,进而获得产品基因的困难,为快速获得产品基因提供了有效手段,有助于设计知识的规范、传承、累积和重用。结合演化算法推理,能够实现自适应自动化方案演化设计。
5.演化设计的重点是演化算子的设计和适合度函数设计,它们是进行自适应自动化演化设计的关键,是对演化个体进行演化操作,从而实现遗传进化的必要手段。本文提出了适合产品演化设计的改进、新型的演化算子和适合度函数。算子设计是和演化个体的具体形式相关的,针对产品实例基因树结构形式的演化个体,本文改进设计了最基本的选择、交叉和变异等演化算子以及树结构演化个体新型特有的插入、删除、比较等算子;提出了产品演化设计是多目标优化问题,针对这一特点,设计了支持产品方案演化设计的适合度函数,给出了演化方案设计的评价准则和评价方法;建立了基于产品实例种群进行产品方案演化创新设计的过程模型并根据不同设计需求制定了多种演化方式,从功能、原理和结构等多方面、多层次优化设计方案,提高产品方案设计的创新性。
6.开发研制了一个基于产品实例种群的快速智能演化创新设计原型系统,并通过具体实例验证了基于产品实例种群的演化创新设计理论和方法的可行性和有效性。原型系统由产品定制系统、实例种群系统、演化设计系统、知识管理系统、系统控制中心、CAD系统和产品数据中心七大模块组成。基于WEB的产品定制系统使客户可以远程定制产品,和设计者实时交流。实例种群系统负责建立、管理产品实例及其种群。演化设计系统负责提取产品实例基因,建立产品基因树,管理演化算法和演化设计操作,最终实现产品设计任务。知识管理系统建立包括通用设计知识和产品实例相关知识的产品知识库。CAD系统用来生成产品实例的三维模型。系统控制中心通过消息传递和ECA规则主动响应机制负责响应系统各种事件,控制系统运行和演化进程。产品数据中心协调各种数据库,为各个系统提供数据支持,实现在逻辑上统一的数据环境集成。
Product creative design, especially the computer aided creative design is just in the ascendant now. After analyzing the history, present and future of product design, especially that of the product creative design, aiming at some main existent problems in this research area, through contrasting the way of heredity and evolution of living creatures, the genetic engineering technique, and combining case-based reasoning technique and evolutionary computing technique, the rapid intelligent evolutionary creative design theories and method based on population of product cases is proposed in this thesis, and a thorough research is made on computer aided product scheme creative design specially. The main research results and contributions are as follows:
1. The product scheme design is the most creative phase in the whole product design process, but it is still a bottleneck because of having difficulty in obtaining knowledge by using traditional design method. Through contrasting the heredity and evolution of living creatures, the concept of population of product cases is proposed. The characteristics, division and establishment of population of product cases are researched and the relationship between population of product cases and product family is analyzed. These works prepare good preconditions for the management and modeling of population of product cases, the product gene extracting and the product evolutionary design.
2. Product information modeling and reasoning technologies are the key technologies for computer-aided creative design. Multi-dimensional creative design view map product model based on population of product cases is proposed, which support product design in whole product life cycle. This product model can represent product information in multiple aspects and views, and support all applications of each related stages in the whole life cycle of product, overlaid from product design, process planning design, manufacturing, maintenance, discarding to recycle etc. This kind of model lays a solid theoretic foundation for the product multi-dimensional creative design.
3. The three dimensional view map product model based on population of product cases is founded further, which support product scheme creative design. A complete research is carried on the function, principle and structure view. The hierarchical-decomposition representing method of product cases and populations is presented and the representing information of the knowledge in product cases is analyzed in detail, and the product case tree is set up using object-oriented method. This provides an effective method for completely expressing the hierarchy, decomposition, heredity and dynamic change of a complicated product design. It makes a physical foundation for extracting the product gene and realizing the product scheme evolutionary creative design further.
4. The emergence of evolutionary design method based on evolutionary algorithms makes automatic case-based design available. The representation and acquisition of product gene is the kernel of product evolutionary design. A new methodology of product gene representation and acquisition from population of product cases is proposed. Product gene is the basic information unit that decides product characteristics and forms. It is composed of the function base, principle base, structure base, and material base, which are formulated by scheme design knowledge extracted from product cases in populations. It decides the principle solution of product. And the product gene tree is established by using object-oriented method. The product gene can be distinguished into four types of gene: energy, movement, material and signal. This kind of method addresses the difficulty of acquiring design solution in the phase of scheme design process in traditional product design process. This provides an effective means of acquiring the product gene quickly. This design method will be helpful in the processing of knowledge formulation, heredity, accumulation, and reuse. Then combining this with the evolutionary reasoning technology, an automatic and intelligent evolutionary product scheme design based on population of product cases can be realized.
5. The design of evolutionary operator and fitness function is the key point for automatic evolutionary design. New improved evolutionary operators such as selection, crossover and mutation operators are presented for the evolutionary individuals that have the product gene tree structure form. New insert, delete and comparison operators are designed for the individuals of tree structure form. And special fitness function is designed aiming at the product evolutionary design, which is a multi-targets optimization problem. The evaluation criteria and the evaluation method of the product scheme design are given out and the process model of product scheme evolutionary creative design based on population of product cases is built up, which can constitute various evolutionary mode satisfying different design requirements. By optimizing the design scheme in multiple levels and aspects of product function, principle, and structure etc., the level of creativity in the scheme design can be improved.
6. A rapid intelligent evolutionary creative design prototype system based on population of product cases is developed. The feasibility and validity of the theory and method are proved through design examples. The prototype system is composed of seven modules: product customization system, population of cases system, evolutionary design system, knowledge management system, system control center, CAD system and product data center. The customization management system based on WEB can let customers to customize products remotely through internet, and communicate with designers online at real time. The population of product cases management system is responsible for an establishment and management of product cases and populations. Evolutionary design system is responsible for extracting product genes and establishing product gene tree, managing evolutionary algorithms and evolutionary operation, and realizing product design mission in the end. The knowledge management system is used to establish the product knowledge base including the general used design knowledge and product case related knowledge. The CAD system is used to build the 3D models of product cases. The system control center is responsible for responding to various events of the system through message transmission mechanism and active responding mechanism with ECA rules to control the system running and evolving progress. The product data center can manage various databases, providing the data support for each system, realizing unified data environment integration.
引文
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