高性能ECU平台的开发及其应用研究
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摘要
现代内燃机技术的发展离不开电控技术，内燃机的科研更离不开电控技术，而且对电控系统具有很高的特殊性和随意性要求，但目前国内外市场上还没有高性能且代码完全开放的ECU平台，来满足科研的特殊性和随意性需求。鉴于此，本文采用32位多核TC1767单片机开发了一个通用化、标准化的高性能ECU平台，包括实时操作系统和通用型ECU标定系统，并利用ECU平台开展高压缩比甲醇发动机和对置式液压自由活塞发动机（OPHFPE）控制系统的研究。
在操作系统方面，本文提出了一种能完全满足OSEK标准的任务调度实时内核，在此基础上设计完成了一个完全符合OSEK标准的嵌入式实时操作系统，并实现了在TC1767单片机上的稳定运行。在TC1767上运行（120MHz）时测得，实时内核仅需约4.8KB ROM和2.7KB RAM，操作系统启动时间为31.5μs、任务切换时间为2.7μs、中断响应时间为0.7μs。
在标定系统方面，本文设计开发了一个通用型ECU标定系统，包括上位机标定软件和标定ECU中CCP驱动程序。为了实现通用化，通讯采用CCP协议，标定数据库遵循ASAP2标准，并且设计了灵活可配置的多窗口标定软件界面。标定软件采用VC++6.0开发，整个软件基于MFC的单文档多视图结构，且采用多线程的工作方式。标定软件设计了监测、标定和消息提示三大类功能窗口，能够进行MAP的在线和离线标定，并且设计了在线程序刷写功能。
利用开发的ECU平台，本文在其之上设计了一个发动机管理系统（EMS），其控制对象为一个柴油机改装的高压缩比甲醇发动机，并对其进行了实验研究。实验表明，高压缩比甲醇机在高速工况时，可以获得更大的功率输出和更高的热效率，而在中低转速时，功率略小于原机，热效率也低于原机。
针对OPHFPE的特点，本文提出了一种预测前馈加PI反馈的适用于OPHFPE控制系统的算法原理，据此原理采用Matlab/Simulink建立了控制系统模型，并通过Matlab/Real-Time Workshop将控制系统模型自动生成C代码，实现了与ECU平台的融合，形成了最终的OPHFPE控制系统。为了对控制系统进行测试，采用AMESim建立了OPHFPE发动机系统仿真模型，在此基础上组建了OPHFPE软件在环和硬件在环测试平台。在环测试表明，本文提出的OPHFPE控制系统算法原理是可行的，能够控制OPHFPE的稳定运行，并且对可能出现的各种干扰具有很好的预测和抑制作用，同时也证明了本文建立的OPHFPE发动机系统仿真模型以及软件在环和硬件在环测试平台都是可行的。
The development of modern internal combustion engine, as well as its scientificresearch cannot be separated from the electronic control technology. What’s more, thescientific research has a high specific and random requirements of electronic controlsystem, however the high-performance and completely open code ECU platformcannot be obtained between from domestic and foreign markets, to meet the specificand random demand. Given all of that, the paper will develop an universal,standardized and high-performance ECU platform using a32-bit multi-coremicrocontroller TC1767, which mainly including an embedded operation system anduniversal ECU calibration system. Moreover, the paper will carry out highcompression ratio methanol engine and opposed-piston hydraulic free piston engine(OPHFPE) control system research, using developed ECU platform.
The paper proposes a task scheduling real-time kernel, which could fully meetsOSEK standard, and an embedded real-time operation system full complying withOSEK standard was developed, basing on the proposed kernel. The developedoperation system can run on the TC1767microcontroller stably. Running on TC1767(120MHz), its performances was measured as follow: the real-time kernel onlyneeding about4.8KB ROM and2.7KB RAM, system start-up time being31.5μs,task switching time being2.7μs and interrupt response time being0.7μs.
The paper designs and develops an universal ECU calibration system, mainlyincluding upper-computer calibration software and CCP driver of calibration ECU. Inorder to achieve universal, communication employs CCP protocol, calibrationdatabase follows ASAP2standard, as well as a fexible and configurablemulti-window user interface of calibration software was designed. The calibrationsoftware was developed by VC++6.0, basing on MFC single document multi-viewstructure with using of multi-threading. The calibration software was designed to havemonitor, calibration and message prompt three categories of funciton window capableof online and offline MAP calibration, as well as online flash programming.
The engine management system (EMS) for a high compression ratio methanolengine refitted by a four-cylinder turbocharged and intercooled diesel engine wasestablished on the basis of ECU platform. Experiment study on the methanol engine was carried out under the control of EMS and calibration system. Experiments showthat the high compression ratio methanol engine has a greater power output and higherthermal efficiency in the high speed condition, while it has slightly smaller poweroutput and lower thermal efficiency in the low and middle speed condition.
On the characteristic of OPHFPE engine, the paper proposed a predictivefeedforward and PI feedback OPHFPE control system algorithm principle. Based onthe algorithm principle, the control system model was established by Matlab/Simulink,and the code of control system model was automatically generated byMatlab/Real-Time Workshop to integrate with ECU platform, forming final OPHFPEcontrol system. In order to test the control system, the OPHFPE engine systemsimulation model was established by AMESim, as well as software-in-the-loop andhardware-in-the-loop test platforms were also established. In-the-loop test showedthat the proposed OPHFPE control system algorithm principle was able to controlstable operation of OPHFPE, and had a good prediction of all sorts of possibleinterference and inhibition, and that the designed OPHFPE engine system simulationmodel and software/hardware-in-the-loop test platforms were also feasible.
在操作系统方面，本文提出了一种能完全满足OSEK标准的任务调度实时内核，在此基础上设计完成了一个完全符合OSEK标准的嵌入式实时操作系统，并实现了在TC1767单片机上的稳定运行。在TC1767上运行（120MHz）时测得，实时内核仅需约4.8KB ROM和2.7KB RAM，操作系统启动时间为31.5μs、任务切换时间为2.7μs、中断响应时间为0.7μs。
在标定系统方面，本文设计开发了一个通用型ECU标定系统，包括上位机标定软件和标定ECU中CCP驱动程序。为了实现通用化，通讯采用CCP协议，标定数据库遵循ASAP2标准，并且设计了灵活可配置的多窗口标定软件界面。标定软件采用VC++6.0开发，整个软件基于MFC的单文档多视图结构，且采用多线程的工作方式。标定软件设计了监测、标定和消息提示三大类功能窗口，能够进行MAP的在线和离线标定，并且设计了在线程序刷写功能。
利用开发的ECU平台，本文在其之上设计了一个发动机管理系统（EMS），其控制对象为一个柴油机改装的高压缩比甲醇发动机，并对其进行了实验研究。实验表明，高压缩比甲醇机在高速工况时，可以获得更大的功率输出和更高的热效率，而在中低转速时，功率略小于原机，热效率也低于原机。
针对OPHFPE的特点，本文提出了一种预测前馈加PI反馈的适用于OPHFPE控制系统的算法原理，据此原理采用Matlab/Simulink建立了控制系统模型，并通过Matlab/Real-Time Workshop将控制系统模型自动生成C代码，实现了与ECU平台的融合，形成了最终的OPHFPE控制系统。为了对控制系统进行测试，采用AMESim建立了OPHFPE发动机系统仿真模型，在此基础上组建了OPHFPE软件在环和硬件在环测试平台。在环测试表明，本文提出的OPHFPE控制系统算法原理是可行的，能够控制OPHFPE的稳定运行，并且对可能出现的各种干扰具有很好的预测和抑制作用，同时也证明了本文建立的OPHFPE发动机系统仿真模型以及软件在环和硬件在环测试平台都是可行的。
The development of modern internal combustion engine, as well as its scientificresearch cannot be separated from the electronic control technology. What’s more, thescientific research has a high specific and random requirements of electronic controlsystem, however the high-performance and completely open code ECU platformcannot be obtained between from domestic and foreign markets, to meet the specificand random demand. Given all of that, the paper will develop an universal,standardized and high-performance ECU platform using a32-bit multi-coremicrocontroller TC1767, which mainly including an embedded operation system anduniversal ECU calibration system. Moreover, the paper will carry out highcompression ratio methanol engine and opposed-piston hydraulic free piston engine(OPHFPE) control system research, using developed ECU platform.
The paper proposes a task scheduling real-time kernel, which could fully meetsOSEK standard, and an embedded real-time operation system full complying withOSEK standard was developed, basing on the proposed kernel. The developedoperation system can run on the TC1767microcontroller stably. Running on TC1767(120MHz), its performances was measured as follow: the real-time kernel onlyneeding about4.8KB ROM and2.7KB RAM, system start-up time being31.5μs,task switching time being2.7μs and interrupt response time being0.7μs.
The paper designs and develops an universal ECU calibration system, mainlyincluding upper-computer calibration software and CCP driver of calibration ECU. Inorder to achieve universal, communication employs CCP protocol, calibrationdatabase follows ASAP2standard, as well as a fexible and configurablemulti-window user interface of calibration software was designed. The calibrationsoftware was developed by VC++6.0, basing on MFC single document multi-viewstructure with using of multi-threading. The calibration software was designed to havemonitor, calibration and message prompt three categories of funciton window capableof online and offline MAP calibration, as well as online flash programming.
The engine management system (EMS) for a high compression ratio methanolengine refitted by a four-cylinder turbocharged and intercooled diesel engine wasestablished on the basis of ECU platform. Experiment study on the methanol engine was carried out under the control of EMS and calibration system. Experiments showthat the high compression ratio methanol engine has a greater power output and higherthermal efficiency in the high speed condition, while it has slightly smaller poweroutput and lower thermal efficiency in the low and middle speed condition.
On the characteristic of OPHFPE engine, the paper proposed a predictivefeedforward and PI feedback OPHFPE control system algorithm principle. Based onthe algorithm principle, the control system model was established by Matlab/Simulink,and the code of control system model was automatically generated byMatlab/Real-Time Workshop to integrate with ECU platform, forming final OPHFPEcontrol system. In order to test the control system, the OPHFPE engine systemsimulation model was established by AMESim, as well as software-in-the-loop andhardware-in-the-loop test platforms were also established. In-the-loop test showedthat the proposed OPHFPE control system algorithm principle was able to controlstable operation of OPHFPE, and had a good prediction of all sorts of possibleinterference and inhibition, and that the designed OPHFPE engine system simulationmodel and software/hardware-in-the-loop test platforms were also feasible.
引文
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