天然气管道清管过程水合物生成预测技术研究
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摘要
对天然气管道进行清管,可提高管道输送效率,降低管道腐蚀速率,确保管道安全运行。然而清管操作又伴有很高的风险,清管过程易发生清管器卡堵、丢球、甚至爆管等事故。特别是近年来随着我国天然气管道里程的飞速增长,天然气管道清管过程中的事故越来越多。其中,天然气管道清管过程发生的水合物堵塞清管器事故已经多次出现,严重影响管道的正常运行,解决该工程实际问题迫在眉睫。
利用带射流孔的清管器对天然气管道进行清管,天然气经过射流孔产生的冲击力可使清管器前面堆积的各种污物发生扰动,防止积聚堵塞管道。但是,当天然气经过清管器射流孔后发生节流,气体温度降低,如果清管过程的参数控制不当,使得清管器头部区域达到水合物生成条件,如果管道中含有液态水,则会发生水合物堵塞清管器事故。
针对工程实际中已经发生的清管过程水合物卡堵事故案例分析,运用天然气管道运行及清管器运动仿真模拟理论,天然气水合物初始生成条件预测理论,以及气液两相管流的相关理论,分析清管器在天然气管道中的运动过程,利用流体力学、热力学等相关知识建立天然气管道清管过程的数学模型。根据相平衡理论,建立天然气水合物初始生成条件模型。当利用清管运动模型模拟计算得到天然气管道清管过程中全线压力和温度参数后,将这些参数代入水合物初始生成条件模型,判断其是否符合水合物生成条件。
因为清管过程管道运行条件的差异,分别建立了清管过程稳态、瞬态模拟模型。利用热力学理论对模型中各项系数进行等价变换处理,提高模型的计算准确性。在对清管器的运动模型进行分析的过程中,建立带射流孔清管器前后的压降规律模型,并经过实例分析得到：清管器射流孔直径、管道内径、清管操作压力等参数对清管器运动的影响规律。以及清管器发球启动过程、清管器在管道中发生卡堵事故后,管道运行参数的变化规律。
首次基于气液两相流理论,建立了天然气管道中液态水的积液量估算模型及应用技术方法。根据天然气管道的相关运行参数及高程数据即可计算得到积液量。根据积液量判断是否足够生成水合物并堵塞管道,并可估算需要添加多少抑制剂方能防止天然气管道清管过程生成水合物。
本文首次建立了一套天然气管道清管过程水合物生成预测的技术方法,在天然气管道清管之前利用该技术方法对清管过程进行模拟分析,确保实际操作参数不在水合物生成条件区域。并根据模拟结果编写天然气管道清管方案,确保天然气管道清管过程安全、有效。实例计算表明所建立的清管过程水合物生成条件模拟结果符合工程实际。
After the pigging operation of Natural gas pipeline has been executed, the transfer efficiency of the pipeline will be improved, and the corrosion rate of pipeline will be reduced, the operation safety of pipeline will be ensured too. However, pigging operations associated with high risk. There are several serious accidents take place frequently, such as pig blocked, the pig's signal lost, or even pipes are bursted. Especially with the rapid growth of China's natural gas pipeline mileage in recent years, the accidents in the process of gas pipeline pigging operation are increasing. Among them, the accident has occured several times, which hydrate formation and blocking pipeline in the process of natural gas pipeline pigging operation. The normal operation safety of the pipeline have been seriously affected, to solve the actual problem is pressing.
In order to prevent the pipeline is blocked by the dirts, when the gas pipeline pigging operation has been implemented with by-pass holes pigs, the dirts which accumulated in front of the pig will be dispersed, under the jet action of gas through the by-pass holes. However, because the effection of throttling effect, the gas temperature is decreased after it passed through the holes on the pig. If the parameters of the pigging operation are not properly controlled, there are hydrate formation conditions in the area of pig's head. And if contains some liquid water in the pipeline too, the accident of hydrate plugging pigging device will be occurred.
The accident cases of hydrate formation and blocking the pig in the actual project operation have been analyzed. The simulation theory of natural gas pipeline operation, pig movement, and the prediction theory of gas hydrate initial formation conditions, as well as the theory of gas-liquid two-phase pipe flow have been used to analyze the movement of pig in gas pipeline. And combining fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and other related knowledge, the mathematical model of the natural gas pipeline pigging operation has been established. According to equilibrium theory, the gas hydrate initial formation conditions model has been established. When the gas pipeline pigging operation has been done, the pressure and temperature parameters have been calculated by using the pigging model. These parameters have been compared with the hydrate initial formation conditions, in order to determine whether have some hydrate generated in the process of pigging operation.
Considering the differences of the pipeline pigging operating conditions, the steady-state and transient pigging simulation model have been established respectively. And in order to improve the calculation accuracy of the model, the coefficients of equations in the simulation model are transformed equivalently by using the Thermodynamic theory. The pressure drop model has been established, when the gas pass through the by-pass holes on the pig. According to the results of actual example analyzed and calculated, the impacting law of the parameters such as the diameter of by-pass holes, pipe diameter, and the pressure of pigging operation on the pig's movement has been gotten. Except that, in the process of the pig is launching and the pig is blocking in the pipeline, the pipeline operation parameters's variation has been analyzed respectively.
Based on the theory of gas-liquid two-phase pipe flow, the estimation model and application method of determine the water volume which accumulated in the low lying pipeline have been established for the first time. The water volume can be calculated by the natural gas pipeline operating parameters and elevation data. According to the accumulated water volume to determine whether sufficient to generate hydrate and the pipeline is blocked. In addition, the amount of inhibitors which has been added to prevent hydrate formation in the process of pipeline pigging operation has been determined by the accumulated water volume.
The technic method which has been used to simulate and predict hydrate formation in the process of pipeline pigging operation has been established for the first time. Before the gas pipeline pigging operation has been done, the technic method has been used to simulate and analyze the pipeline pigging operation, and ensure that the actual operating parameters are not in the hydrate formation conditions region. Then the pipeline pigging implement scheme has been determined according to the simulation results, in order to ensure the safety and efficiency of natural gas pipeline pigging operation. According to the calculated results of actural example, the technic method which has been used to simulate and predict hydrate formation in the process of pipeline pigging operation accords with the engineering requirement.
利用带射流孔的清管器对天然气管道进行清管,天然气经过射流孔产生的冲击力可使清管器前面堆积的各种污物发生扰动,防止积聚堵塞管道。但是,当天然气经过清管器射流孔后发生节流,气体温度降低,如果清管过程的参数控制不当,使得清管器头部区域达到水合物生成条件,如果管道中含有液态水,则会发生水合物堵塞清管器事故。
针对工程实际中已经发生的清管过程水合物卡堵事故案例分析,运用天然气管道运行及清管器运动仿真模拟理论,天然气水合物初始生成条件预测理论,以及气液两相管流的相关理论,分析清管器在天然气管道中的运动过程,利用流体力学、热力学等相关知识建立天然气管道清管过程的数学模型。根据相平衡理论,建立天然气水合物初始生成条件模型。当利用清管运动模型模拟计算得到天然气管道清管过程中全线压力和温度参数后,将这些参数代入水合物初始生成条件模型,判断其是否符合水合物生成条件。
因为清管过程管道运行条件的差异,分别建立了清管过程稳态、瞬态模拟模型。利用热力学理论对模型中各项系数进行等价变换处理,提高模型的计算准确性。在对清管器的运动模型进行分析的过程中,建立带射流孔清管器前后的压降规律模型,并经过实例分析得到：清管器射流孔直径、管道内径、清管操作压力等参数对清管器运动的影响规律。以及清管器发球启动过程、清管器在管道中发生卡堵事故后,管道运行参数的变化规律。
首次基于气液两相流理论,建立了天然气管道中液态水的积液量估算模型及应用技术方法。根据天然气管道的相关运行参数及高程数据即可计算得到积液量。根据积液量判断是否足够生成水合物并堵塞管道,并可估算需要添加多少抑制剂方能防止天然气管道清管过程生成水合物。
本文首次建立了一套天然气管道清管过程水合物生成预测的技术方法,在天然气管道清管之前利用该技术方法对清管过程进行模拟分析,确保实际操作参数不在水合物生成条件区域。并根据模拟结果编写天然气管道清管方案,确保天然气管道清管过程安全、有效。实例计算表明所建立的清管过程水合物生成条件模拟结果符合工程实际。
After the pigging operation of Natural gas pipeline has been executed, the transfer efficiency of the pipeline will be improved, and the corrosion rate of pipeline will be reduced, the operation safety of pipeline will be ensured too. However, pigging operations associated with high risk. There are several serious accidents take place frequently, such as pig blocked, the pig's signal lost, or even pipes are bursted. Especially with the rapid growth of China's natural gas pipeline mileage in recent years, the accidents in the process of gas pipeline pigging operation are increasing. Among them, the accident has occured several times, which hydrate formation and blocking pipeline in the process of natural gas pipeline pigging operation. The normal operation safety of the pipeline have been seriously affected, to solve the actual problem is pressing.
In order to prevent the pipeline is blocked by the dirts, when the gas pipeline pigging operation has been implemented with by-pass holes pigs, the dirts which accumulated in front of the pig will be dispersed, under the jet action of gas through the by-pass holes. However, because the effection of throttling effect, the gas temperature is decreased after it passed through the holes on the pig. If the parameters of the pigging operation are not properly controlled, there are hydrate formation conditions in the area of pig's head. And if contains some liquid water in the pipeline too, the accident of hydrate plugging pigging device will be occurred.
The accident cases of hydrate formation and blocking the pig in the actual project operation have been analyzed. The simulation theory of natural gas pipeline operation, pig movement, and the prediction theory of gas hydrate initial formation conditions, as well as the theory of gas-liquid two-phase pipe flow have been used to analyze the movement of pig in gas pipeline. And combining fluid mechanics, thermodynamics, and other related knowledge, the mathematical model of the natural gas pipeline pigging operation has been established. According to equilibrium theory, the gas hydrate initial formation conditions model has been established. When the gas pipeline pigging operation has been done, the pressure and temperature parameters have been calculated by using the pigging model. These parameters have been compared with the hydrate initial formation conditions, in order to determine whether have some hydrate generated in the process of pigging operation.
Considering the differences of the pipeline pigging operating conditions, the steady-state and transient pigging simulation model have been established respectively. And in order to improve the calculation accuracy of the model, the coefficients of equations in the simulation model are transformed equivalently by using the Thermodynamic theory. The pressure drop model has been established, when the gas pass through the by-pass holes on the pig. According to the results of actual example analyzed and calculated, the impacting law of the parameters such as the diameter of by-pass holes, pipe diameter, and the pressure of pigging operation on the pig's movement has been gotten. Except that, in the process of the pig is launching and the pig is blocking in the pipeline, the pipeline operation parameters's variation has been analyzed respectively.
Based on the theory of gas-liquid two-phase pipe flow, the estimation model and application method of determine the water volume which accumulated in the low lying pipeline have been established for the first time. The water volume can be calculated by the natural gas pipeline operating parameters and elevation data. According to the accumulated water volume to determine whether sufficient to generate hydrate and the pipeline is blocked. In addition, the amount of inhibitors which has been added to prevent hydrate formation in the process of pipeline pigging operation has been determined by the accumulated water volume.
The technic method which has been used to simulate and predict hydrate formation in the process of pipeline pigging operation has been established for the first time. Before the gas pipeline pigging operation has been done, the technic method has been used to simulate and analyze the pipeline pigging operation, and ensure that the actual operating parameters are not in the hydrate formation conditions region. Then the pipeline pigging implement scheme has been determined according to the simulation results, in order to ensure the safety and efficiency of natural gas pipeline pigging operation. According to the calculated results of actural example, the technic method which has been used to simulate and predict hydrate formation in the process of pipeline pigging operation accords with the engineering requirement.
引文
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