严重塑性变形锆金属的微结构演化与性能研究
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摘要
强度和塑性是结构材料两个重要的力学性能参数，一种优秀的结构材料应该同时具有高强度和高塑性的特点。但是，强度和塑性却往往呈现倒置的关系。虽然很多方法都能大幅度提高金属材料的强度，但是往往制备出的材料塑性都比较差。这是因为金属材料塑性变形的载体是位错，而传统强化机制的共同点就是通过阻碍位错运动来实现的。本文以六方结构锆金属为研究对象，以提高强塑性为目的，以液氮低温冷轧结合热退火和高压变形为手段，研究了严重塑性变形锆金属的微结构随变形工艺和后处理工艺参数的演化，并系统地研究了微结构、位错组态和力学性能之间的关系。
利用液氮低温冷轧结合真空热退火，制备出了具有多尺度结构的锆金属。在该多尺度结构锆中，粗晶体积分数为~24%，超细晶为~56%，纳米尺度晶粒和亚晶为~20%。与已报道的结果相比，该多尺度结构锆金属表现出强度和塑性同步提高的特点，其抗拉强度和均匀延伸率分别为~658MPa和~8.5%。系统研究了多尺度结构的形成机制及其与力学性能的关系。
研究了液氮低温冷轧应变速率对退火锆金属微结构演化的影响。研究表明，液氮低温冷轧变形工艺的高应变速率能够有效提高位错存储密度，进而提高再结晶形核率并促进晶粒的异常长大，这有利于多尺度结构的形成。
通过改变液氮低温冷轧应变速率调控了严重塑性变形锆金属中的位错组态，得到了具有不同位错组态和力学性能的液氮低温变形锆板材，提出了通过调控位错组态来调控材料力学性能的观点。研究了位错组态与力学性能之间的关系，并将高应变速率变形样品的高强度归因于高位错密度带来的位错森林强化作用，将高塑性归因于板条位错组态中预存位错的开动。
利用高压限制变形对液氮低温变形锆金属进行了微结构调控。在液氮低温冷轧锆中发现了机械退火现象，即材料的强度、位错密度随压缩应变的增大而降低，塑性随压缩应变的增大而增大。利用该机械退火现象，制备出了具有高强塑性的纳米结构锆金属，其抗拉强度和均匀延伸率分别为~843MPa和~6.7%。研究了液氮低温冷轧变形锆金属中机械退火现象形成的原因，以及机械退火样品的微结构与力学性能的关系。
发现了液氮低温冷轧锆中一种反常的位错团簇现象。该现象不同于传统再结晶过程中位错重新组合、湮没的规律，大量位错以团簇的形式稳定存在于完全再结晶的样品中。这种位错团簇结构的存在不仅提高了材料的强度，而且提高了材料的加工硬化能力，并通过在拉伸变形过程中的结构演化，为塑性变形提供贡献。通过引入位错团簇结构，获得了综合性能优异的锆金属，并系统研究了位错团簇结构的形成、演化及其与力学性能的关系。
Strength and ductility are two important parameters of structural materials, and both ofhigh strength and ductility are desirable for structural applications. Unfortunately, strengthand ductility are exclusive. One metal can be strong, or ductile, but rarely both at the sametime. Although many technologies have been employed to improve the strength of metals,but these metals always exhibit poor ductility due to the limited motion of dislocations.The reason is that dislocations are carriers of plastic deformation and their motion ishindered in these strengthened metals. In the present study, we chose Zr as a model metalto study the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the metal withcryorolling deformation, high pressure confinement deformation and thermal annealingparameters, in order to enhance the strength and ductility simultaneously.
In the present study, a multimodal grain structure composed of coarse grains (~24%),ultrafine grains (~56%), and nanoscale grains or subgrains (~20%) has been formed in hcppure Zr by employing cryorolling combined with subsequent low-temperature annealing.The multimodal structured Zr exhibits a high ultimate tensile strength (~658MPa) andlarge uniform elongation (~8.5%), demonstrating a good combination of high strength andductility. The formation mechanism of multimodal structure and the deformationmechanism of multimodal structured Zr are discussed in-depth.
The effect of strain rate on the microstructures of cryorolled Zr before and afterannealing has been investigated. The dislocation density increases with increasing strainrate, resulting in different microstructures after annealing via increasing recrystallizationnucleation rate and prompting the abnormal growth of grains.
The dislocation configuration of cryorolled Zr has been tailored by using various strainrate cryorolling. Dislocation configurations have a significant effect on mechanicalproperties of cryorolled Zr, which can be used to optimization of mechanical properties ofsevere deformed metals, a simultaneous increase in strength and ductility is obtained athigh strain rate of=2.24s-1. The increases in strength can be attributed to high-densitydislocations, and the increase in ductility to the motion of preexisting dislocations in lamellar configuration.
An abnormal mechanical annealing behavior, i.e. a significant reduction in dislocationdensity and strength with increasing compression strain, has been observed in thecryorolled Zr suffered high-pressure (HP) confinement deformation. A good combinationof high strength and ductility has been achieved in the mechanically annealed sample. Thisunusual mechanical annealing behavior results from the motion of preexistinghigh-density dislocations in the cryorolled Zr under high stress. The formation mechanismof nanoscale grains and subgrains are discussed deeply.
Abundant dislocation clusters formed in the cryorolled Zr after500℃thermalannealing, which can’t be explained by conventional recrystallization theory. Dislocationclusters become smaller and multiple upon tensile deformation, contributing to the strainhardening and plastic deformation of the sample. A good combination of high strength andductility has been obtained in the coarse-grained Zr sample. The formation mechanism,deformation mechanism and the relation between dislocation cluster and mechanicalproperties have been discussed.
利用液氮低温冷轧结合真空热退火，制备出了具有多尺度结构的锆金属。在该多尺度结构锆中，粗晶体积分数为~24%，超细晶为~56%，纳米尺度晶粒和亚晶为~20%。与已报道的结果相比，该多尺度结构锆金属表现出强度和塑性同步提高的特点，其抗拉强度和均匀延伸率分别为~658MPa和~8.5%。系统研究了多尺度结构的形成机制及其与力学性能的关系。
研究了液氮低温冷轧应变速率对退火锆金属微结构演化的影响。研究表明，液氮低温冷轧变形工艺的高应变速率能够有效提高位错存储密度，进而提高再结晶形核率并促进晶粒的异常长大，这有利于多尺度结构的形成。
通过改变液氮低温冷轧应变速率调控了严重塑性变形锆金属中的位错组态，得到了具有不同位错组态和力学性能的液氮低温变形锆板材，提出了通过调控位错组态来调控材料力学性能的观点。研究了位错组态与力学性能之间的关系，并将高应变速率变形样品的高强度归因于高位错密度带来的位错森林强化作用，将高塑性归因于板条位错组态中预存位错的开动。
利用高压限制变形对液氮低温变形锆金属进行了微结构调控。在液氮低温冷轧锆中发现了机械退火现象，即材料的强度、位错密度随压缩应变的增大而降低，塑性随压缩应变的增大而增大。利用该机械退火现象，制备出了具有高强塑性的纳米结构锆金属，其抗拉强度和均匀延伸率分别为~843MPa和~6.7%。研究了液氮低温冷轧变形锆金属中机械退火现象形成的原因，以及机械退火样品的微结构与力学性能的关系。
发现了液氮低温冷轧锆中一种反常的位错团簇现象。该现象不同于传统再结晶过程中位错重新组合、湮没的规律，大量位错以团簇的形式稳定存在于完全再结晶的样品中。这种位错团簇结构的存在不仅提高了材料的强度，而且提高了材料的加工硬化能力，并通过在拉伸变形过程中的结构演化，为塑性变形提供贡献。通过引入位错团簇结构，获得了综合性能优异的锆金属，并系统研究了位错团簇结构的形成、演化及其与力学性能的关系。
Strength and ductility are two important parameters of structural materials, and both ofhigh strength and ductility are desirable for structural applications. Unfortunately, strengthand ductility are exclusive. One metal can be strong, or ductile, but rarely both at the sametime. Although many technologies have been employed to improve the strength of metals,but these metals always exhibit poor ductility due to the limited motion of dislocations.The reason is that dislocations are carriers of plastic deformation and their motion ishindered in these strengthened metals. In the present study, we chose Zr as a model metalto study the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the metal withcryorolling deformation, high pressure confinement deformation and thermal annealingparameters, in order to enhance the strength and ductility simultaneously.
In the present study, a multimodal grain structure composed of coarse grains (~24%),ultrafine grains (~56%), and nanoscale grains or subgrains (~20%) has been formed in hcppure Zr by employing cryorolling combined with subsequent low-temperature annealing.The multimodal structured Zr exhibits a high ultimate tensile strength (~658MPa) andlarge uniform elongation (~8.5%), demonstrating a good combination of high strength andductility. The formation mechanism of multimodal structure and the deformationmechanism of multimodal structured Zr are discussed in-depth.
The effect of strain rate on the microstructures of cryorolled Zr before and afterannealing has been investigated. The dislocation density increases with increasing strainrate, resulting in different microstructures after annealing via increasing recrystallizationnucleation rate and prompting the abnormal growth of grains.
The dislocation configuration of cryorolled Zr has been tailored by using various strainrate cryorolling. Dislocation configurations have a significant effect on mechanicalproperties of cryorolled Zr, which can be used to optimization of mechanical properties ofsevere deformed metals, a simultaneous increase in strength and ductility is obtained athigh strain rate of=2.24s-1. The increases in strength can be attributed to high-densitydislocations, and the increase in ductility to the motion of preexisting dislocations in lamellar configuration.
An abnormal mechanical annealing behavior, i.e. a significant reduction in dislocationdensity and strength with increasing compression strain, has been observed in thecryorolled Zr suffered high-pressure (HP) confinement deformation. A good combinationof high strength and ductility has been achieved in the mechanically annealed sample. Thisunusual mechanical annealing behavior results from the motion of preexistinghigh-density dislocations in the cryorolled Zr under high stress. The formation mechanismof nanoscale grains and subgrains are discussed deeply.
Abundant dislocation clusters formed in the cryorolled Zr after500℃thermalannealing, which can’t be explained by conventional recrystallization theory. Dislocationclusters become smaller and multiple upon tensile deformation, contributing to the strainhardening and plastic deformation of the sample. A good combination of high strength andductility has been obtained in the coarse-grained Zr sample. The formation mechanism,deformation mechanism and the relation between dislocation cluster and mechanicalproperties have been discussed.
引文
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