北京平谷地区雨洪水地下回灌堵塞机理分析与模拟研究
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摘要
平谷作为北京市4个应急水源地之一,合理开发当地雨洪资源可为缓解北京等地水资源紧张的现状起到重要作用。地下水人工回灌方式是雨洪资源利用的重要途径,具有很好的应用前景。但是该方法仍存在许多关键问题有待突破,其中堵塞问题是制约雨洪资源地下回灌技术发展和推广的最重要因素之一。因此,开展地下回灌过程中堵塞的研究,对于预防与控制堵塞的发生、发展,保证人工回灌系统正常运行,以实现高效、安全回灌具有重要的理论及现实意义。
本文针对平谷地区实施雨洪水地下回灌过程中可能发生的主要堵塞类型开展相关研究。采用室内土柱实验与计算机模拟等方法,分析了悬浮物堵塞的发展规律,并预测了研究区不同回灌条件下悬浮物堵塞的发展过程;将水质渗滤实验结果与Phreeqc模拟相结合,对矿物沉淀化学堵塞的发展进行了评价;运用微生物生长模型计算了研究区不同雨洪水可能引起的生物堵塞程度;基于以上研究,综合评价了研究区实施雨洪水地下回灌可能产生的堵塞风险,并提出了堵塞预防与治理措施的建议。
Pinggu district, as one of the four emergency water sources in Beijing, is facing a series of issues, such as a prolonged drought, serious shortage of water resources and a continually widening gap between the water supply and its actual demand. Stormwater Harvest has both a good prospect for the development and an applicative value to alleviate water resources tension of Beijing. Groundwater Artificial Recharge (GAR) has been proved to be a promising method for regulating and storing stormwater in underground space. However, Clogging Problem was recorded to cause many recharge systems out of use in GARs all over the world. Thus, it is necessary to analyze and evaluate the degree of clogging before GAR construction in the study area, which will be of great theoretical and practical significance to maintain the stormwater GAR systems stable and safe.
This thesis focuses on the possible clogging problem that may occur during groundwater recharge with stormwater in Pinggu. Several methods were combined in this study, such as field investigation and observation, lab experiments, computer modeling, and etc. The main work includes analysis of possible clogging types, modeling of the clogging process due to suspended solids, calculation of the precipitation in chemical reactions, and bioclogging evaluation. Based on the above research, discussions on integrated clogging were furthered, and some prevention and redevelopment techniques were recommended as well. Finally, such conclusions were draw as follows:
(1) Analysis of groundwater recharge conditions, including the recharge sites, recharge water quality, and etc, represents that possible clogging is induced by suspended solid, chemical precipitation and biological organisms.
(2) To reveal the development of suspended solids clogging, a lab column experiment was conducted. In this experiment, hydraulic conductivity of the porous media increased at the beginning, followed with steady decline. The range of clogging influence is the area of 52cm below the surface, of which the section between 0cm and 10cm clogged heavily. Moreover, the clogging rate fell with depth, so the fastest rate appeared in the layer of the upper 1cm. While for the whole sand column, the clogging rate is less than any clogging layers.
(3) The mathematic model for suspended solid clogging was derived from the theories of groundwater dynamics, suspended solids migration and etc. Comsol software was applied to solve this model. Then, the comparison figures of the simulations with the experimental data illustrated modelled results had a reasonably good agreement with the observation data within the process of experiment.
(4) Clogging extention under five fixed conditions was simulated by the above model respectively. From the modeled results, we discussed the the effects of concentration of SS in recharge water and the depth of water table on clogging development. First, specific discharge will fall down to less than half of the initial value when recharging with the max concentration of SS, 273mg/L. Second, the infiltration rates between two degrees of groundwater table with 10m interval, were narrow, only 5% difference after continuously recharge of 30d.
(5) Another column experiment was carried out to simulate the water chemical evolution in vadose zone. The experimental data represented that total dissolved solid (TDS) and saturated index (SI) of recharge water increased during infiltration. Whereas, the TDS and SI of the outflows decreased with time, and went towards those values of the inflows.
(6) Based on the results of filtration experiments, Phreeqc was introduced to calculate three typical calcium precipitations after outflow mixed with groundwater in different times. The calculated results shows CaSO4 will precipitate from water, with the max mass of 0.97mol per liter water at the beginning.
(7) Bioclogging degree assessment employed microorganism growth theory and the quality relationship between the amount of biofilm and hydraulic conductivity of porous media. We evaluated Water Recourses at 8 sites, of which water in Xiyu Reservoir has the worst effect, and it can reduce the permeability of surface media down to 97.8 percent of the virgin at most. Overall, the degree of bioclogging is little in the study area.
(8) Integrated analysis was made from three aspects, including clogging area, evolution and degree. Suspended solid clogging was proved to be the major type of concern. Consequently, preventive and redevelopment measures should be taken in terms of water quality and engineering. However, there is no effective technique to redevelop the recharge system at prevent.
本文针对平谷地区实施雨洪水地下回灌过程中可能发生的主要堵塞类型开展相关研究。采用室内土柱实验与计算机模拟等方法,分析了悬浮物堵塞的发展规律,并预测了研究区不同回灌条件下悬浮物堵塞的发展过程;将水质渗滤实验结果与Phreeqc模拟相结合,对矿物沉淀化学堵塞的发展进行了评价;运用微生物生长模型计算了研究区不同雨洪水可能引起的生物堵塞程度;基于以上研究,综合评价了研究区实施雨洪水地下回灌可能产生的堵塞风险,并提出了堵塞预防与治理措施的建议。
Pinggu district, as one of the four emergency water sources in Beijing, is facing a series of issues, such as a prolonged drought, serious shortage of water resources and a continually widening gap between the water supply and its actual demand. Stormwater Harvest has both a good prospect for the development and an applicative value to alleviate water resources tension of Beijing. Groundwater Artificial Recharge (GAR) has been proved to be a promising method for regulating and storing stormwater in underground space. However, Clogging Problem was recorded to cause many recharge systems out of use in GARs all over the world. Thus, it is necessary to analyze and evaluate the degree of clogging before GAR construction in the study area, which will be of great theoretical and practical significance to maintain the stormwater GAR systems stable and safe.
This thesis focuses on the possible clogging problem that may occur during groundwater recharge with stormwater in Pinggu. Several methods were combined in this study, such as field investigation and observation, lab experiments, computer modeling, and etc. The main work includes analysis of possible clogging types, modeling of the clogging process due to suspended solids, calculation of the precipitation in chemical reactions, and bioclogging evaluation. Based on the above research, discussions on integrated clogging were furthered, and some prevention and redevelopment techniques were recommended as well. Finally, such conclusions were draw as follows:
(1) Analysis of groundwater recharge conditions, including the recharge sites, recharge water quality, and etc, represents that possible clogging is induced by suspended solid, chemical precipitation and biological organisms.
(2) To reveal the development of suspended solids clogging, a lab column experiment was conducted. In this experiment, hydraulic conductivity of the porous media increased at the beginning, followed with steady decline. The range of clogging influence is the area of 52cm below the surface, of which the section between 0cm and 10cm clogged heavily. Moreover, the clogging rate fell with depth, so the fastest rate appeared in the layer of the upper 1cm. While for the whole sand column, the clogging rate is less than any clogging layers.
(3) The mathematic model for suspended solid clogging was derived from the theories of groundwater dynamics, suspended solids migration and etc. Comsol software was applied to solve this model. Then, the comparison figures of the simulations with the experimental data illustrated modelled results had a reasonably good agreement with the observation data within the process of experiment.
(4) Clogging extention under five fixed conditions was simulated by the above model respectively. From the modeled results, we discussed the the effects of concentration of SS in recharge water and the depth of water table on clogging development. First, specific discharge will fall down to less than half of the initial value when recharging with the max concentration of SS, 273mg/L. Second, the infiltration rates between two degrees of groundwater table with 10m interval, were narrow, only 5% difference after continuously recharge of 30d.
(5) Another column experiment was carried out to simulate the water chemical evolution in vadose zone. The experimental data represented that total dissolved solid (TDS) and saturated index (SI) of recharge water increased during infiltration. Whereas, the TDS and SI of the outflows decreased with time, and went towards those values of the inflows.
(6) Based on the results of filtration experiments, Phreeqc was introduced to calculate three typical calcium precipitations after outflow mixed with groundwater in different times. The calculated results shows CaSO4 will precipitate from water, with the max mass of 0.97mol per liter water at the beginning.
(7) Bioclogging degree assessment employed microorganism growth theory and the quality relationship between the amount of biofilm and hydraulic conductivity of porous media. We evaluated Water Recourses at 8 sites, of which water in Xiyu Reservoir has the worst effect, and it can reduce the permeability of surface media down to 97.8 percent of the virgin at most. Overall, the degree of bioclogging is little in the study area.
(8) Integrated analysis was made from three aspects, including clogging area, evolution and degree. Suspended solid clogging was proved to be the major type of concern. Consequently, preventive and redevelopment measures should be taken in terms of water quality and engineering. However, there is no effective technique to redevelop the recharge system at prevent.
引文
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[22]李广贺.水资源利用与保护[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002
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[32] Pavelic P, PJ Dillon, et al. Water quality effects on clogging rates during reclaimed water ASR in a carbonate aquifer[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2007, 334(1-2):1-16.
[33] Kelm U, S Helle. Acid leaching of malachite in synthetic mixtures of clay and zeolite-rich gangue: An experimental approach to improve the understanding of problems in heap leaching operations[J]. Applied Clay Science, 2005, 29: 187-198.
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[3] Reese A. Stormwater Paradigms[EB]. http://www.forester.net/sw_0107_stormwater.html.
[4]张胜红.美国防洪调度与洪水灾害管理[J].海河水利, 200(4):40-41.
[5] Stormwater Recycling Background Study[R]. WBM Oceanics Australia, 1999.
[6]汤喜春.雨洪资源利用的必要性及其措施探讨[J].湖南水利水电, 2005(5): 71-73.
[7]日本雨水利用技术[J].给水排水动态, 2006(2):18.
[8]李怀正,白月华等.雨水回灌地下的必要性和可行性[J].中国给水排水, 2002,18(4): 29-30.
[9] Eleni C, E Aftiasb, et al. Applying storm water management in Greek cities: learning from the European experience[J]. Desalination, 2007(210):61–68.
[10]奕永庆.雨水利用的历史现状和前景[J].中国家村水利水电, 2004(9):48-50.
[11]北京城区雨洪控制与利用技术研究与示范[R].北京:北京市科学技术委员会, 2005.
[12] Aiken GR, EL Kuniansky, et al. U.S. Geological Survey artificial recharge workshop proceedings[R]. USGS, 2002.
[13]汪熊麟等译,地下水人工补给译文集[C].地质出版社,1987.
[14]武晓峰,唐杰.地下水人工回灌与再利用[J].工程勘察. 1998,(4):37-40.
[15] Albert M, WB Ziegler. Aquifer storage and recovery in Southeast Florida[A]//Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Artificial Recharge of Ground Water[C], ASCE, 1994:311-317.
[16]上海市水文地质大队.地下水人工回灌[M].北京:地质出版社. 1997.
[17]北京水文地质工程地质大队.地下水人工回灌试验研究[J].水文地质与工程地,1980, (1):12-16.
[18]刘家祥等.北京西郊地下水人工回灌试验研究[J].水文地质与工程地质, 1988, (3): 24-28.
[19] Holl?nder HM; R Mull; et al. A concept for managed aquifer recharge using ASR-wells for sustainable use of groundwater resources in an alluvial coastal aquifer in Eastern India[J]. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 2009,34(4-5):270-278.
[20]黄金林,迟宝明等.地下储水空间雨洪资源调蓄技术研究进展[J].灌溉排水学报, 2008, 27(2):123-127.
[21] Lindsey G., L Roberts, W Page. Inspection and maintenance of infiltration facilities[J]. J.Soil Water Conservation, 1992, 47(6):481-486.
[22]李广贺.水资源利用与保护[M].北京:中国建筑工业出版社, 2002
[23]缪晓图.苏州市深层水回灌堵塞原因及对策[J].江苏地矿信息, 1999,(6):86-87.
[24] Winiarski T, JP Bedell, et al. The impact of stormwater on a soil profile in an infiltration basin[J]. Hydrogeology Journal, 2006, 14(7): 1244-1251
[25] Rinck-Pfeiffer, Stéphanie, Ragusa, et al. Interrelationships between biological, chemical, and physical processes as an analog to clogging in aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) wells[J]. Wat. Res. 2000,34 (7):2110-2118
[26] Siriwardene NR, ,A Deletic, et al. Clogging of stormwater gravel infiltrtion systems and filters-Insights from a laboratory study[J]. Water Research, 2007(41):1433-1440
[27] Allison LE. Effect of microorganisms on permeability of soil under prolonged submergence[J]. Soil Science, 1947,63(6): 439
[28] De Vries J. Soil filtration of wastewater effluent and the mechanism of pore clogging[J]. Water Pollute Control, 1972,44(2): 565 - 573
[29] Mays DC, JR Hunt. Hydrodynamic and chemical factors in clogging by montmorillonite in porous media[J]. Environmental Science&Teclinology, 2007, 41(16): 5666-5671.
[30] Katarzyna S. Clogging microstructures in the vadose zone—laboratory and field studies[J]. Hydrogeology Journal, 2006,14(6):1005-1017.
[31] Pavelic P, PJ Dillon, et al. Hydraulic evaluation of aquifer storage and recovery (ASR) with urban stormwater in a brackish limestone aquifer[J]. Hydrogeology Journal, 2006, 14(8):1544-1555.
[32] Pavelic P, PJ Dillon, et al. Water quality effects on clogging rates during reclaimed water ASR in a carbonate aquifer[J]. Journal of Hydrology, 2007, 334(1-2):1-16.
[33] Kelm U, S Helle. Acid leaching of malachite in synthetic mixtures of clay and zeolite-rich gangue: An experimental approach to improve the understanding of problems in heap leaching operations[J]. Applied Clay Science, 2005, 29: 187-198.
[34] Ripley DM. Systematic elements in the linkage of national stock market indices[J], Review of Economics and Statistics, 1973,55(3):356-361.
[35] Wood WW, RL Bassett. Water quality changes related to the development of anaerobic conditions during artificial recharge[J]. Water Resources Research, 1975,11(4):553-558.
[36] Ari RD, Huisman. Novel mechanism of cell division inhibition associated with the SOS response in Escherichia coli[J]. Journal of bacteriology, 1983,156(11):243-250
[37] Blaschke AP, KH Steiner, et al. Clogging processes in hyporheic interstices of an impounded river, the Danube at Vienna, Austria[J]. International Review of Hydrobiology, 2003, 88:397–413.
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