混合动力汽车复合储能系统参数匹配与控制策略研究
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摘要
现有的混合动力汽车(HEV,Hybrid Electric Vehicle)大多采用蓄电池作为其车载储能源,但蓄电池储能的HEV在加速、爬坡或再生制动时突发大功率的能力由于蓄电池较低的比功率而受到限制。鉴于此,结合高比能量储能源和高比功率储能源的复合储能技术引起了一定的重视,可以同时满足HEV运行过程中对能量和功率的双重要求。本身即为多能量源交通工具的HEV,引入复合储能之后,不但HEV的能量流变得更加错综复杂,也为其参数匹配与控制策略的设计带来新的挑战。而车载复合储能源的参数匹配和控制策略是改善HEV性能的核心技术,除与整车动力性能与经济性能息息相关外,还直接关系到整车成本与质量。因此,对其进行深入研究十分必要。本文针对混合动力汽车和复合储能系统的工作特性,就混合动力汽车及复合储能系统建模方法、复合储能系统的参数匹配以及控制策略等理论和应用问题进行了研究。
配备复合储能技术的HEV,是涉及蓄电池、超级电容、燃油等多能量源的复杂系统。为了更清晰描述系统内部的能量流动关系,并为系统控制策略的制定提供参考,本文从能量流和功率链的角度,引入能量宏观表达法(EMR,Energetic Macroscopic Representation)对混合动力整车和复合储能系统进行了建模,并借助反转规则得到了系统的控制方案。重点研究了基于试验的电池建模方法。采用EMR所建模型的能量流动情况变得更加清晰、直观,更具条理性,有利于系统整体建模和控制的规范化,为研究复合储能系统的参数匹配与控制策略奠定了基础。
对混合动力汽车复合储能系统中两种储能源功率和能量的合理分配问题进行研究。研究了整车设计指标、整车控制策略、目标行驶工况对动力系统功率和能量需求以及影响,分别从功率和能量角度对复合储能系统的参数匹配进行分析研究,并根据不同优化目标,对初步匹配结果进行优化。在此基础上,提出了HEV复合储能系统参数匹配的方法,在满足电动系统功率和能量要求的前提下,充分考虑了整车的燃油经济性、动力性以及整车使用成本问题。考虑到混合度对复合储能系统参数匹配的影响,考察了三种不同混合度混合动力汽车的复合储能系统参数优化匹配结果,并给出了复合储能源的混合比。
复合储能HEV合理而有效的控制策略可以提高系统效率,改善蓄电池的使用寿命。本文在对复合储能HEV的能量流动模式分析的基础上,提出了复合储能系统的控制策略。对复合储能HEV的系统效率进行了较为详细的分析,在非线性比例因子分配控制策略的基础上,充分考虑系统各部件的效率,提出了基于动态规划全局最优的控制策略,在不降低原HEV燃油经济性的前提下,较非线性比例因子分配策略,电池循环次数进一步降低,其循环寿命得到有效改善,以上海工况为例,再生制动能量回收比例提高了3%。
给出了基于EMR的复合储能系统控制方案,搭建了实验平台。最后对由镍氢电池组、超级电容组和DC/DC变换器构成的复合储能系统基本工作模式和特定工况进行了实验研究,验证了本文所建仿真模型以及所提出控制策略的正确性和有效性。
本文通过对复合储能系统的仿真与实验研究,旨在探索适合于混合动力汽车的车载储能技术,并在车载复合储能源的合理优化匹配和控制方面提供一定的指导,为混合动力汽车突破电源技术瓶颈创造基础条件。
Batteries have been used as main energy storage devices in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) for many years. However due to their lower specific power, the ability to capture and provide bursts of high power during acceleration, hill-climbing and regenerative braking is limited. Hence the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) which combines both merits of batteries and ultracapacitors is becoming a promising option for short-term high-power applications. The use of ultracapacitors in combination with batteries allows the primary HEV energy storage unit to be optimized for both energy and power. As a new type of transportation with multi-energy sources for HEV itself, not only the energy flows become more complex, but also new challenge is brought to its parameters matching and control strategy after introducing ultracapacitors. While as an important means to improve HEV dynamic performance as well as economic performance, the design of parameters matching and control strategy for HESS is the core technology of HEV. Therefore thorough and further study is necessary. In this paper, the working features of HEV and HESS are investigated deeply, based on which the theories and application issues involving the modeling method, the parameters matching and control strategies for HEV system and HESS have been studied.
HEV equipped with HESS is a complex system which related to battery, ultracapacitor, fuel and other energy sources. In order to describe the energy flows in HEV more clearly and provide a reference to develop the control strategy of HESS, Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) is introduced to analyze and build modeling for HEV in view of energy flows and power chains. Moreover a control strategy is obtained by specific inversion rules. The battery modeling method based on experiments is put more attention. The energy flows of the model with EMR become much clearer, intuitive, and it establishes a foundation for the study of parameters matching as well as the development of control strategies.
The problems for the power and energy sharing in HESS are studied. First of all, the influences on power and energy requirements for the whole vehicle by the design goals, performances of HEV as well as specific driving cycles are analyzed. In view of the power and energy, the parameters matching for HESS are investigated. Moreover, according to different optimization objectives, the initial results of parameters matching are optimized. On this basis, a method of HESS parameters matching which takes vehicle fuel economy, accelerating performance and vehicle using costs into account is provided. The optimization results of parameters matching for three HEVs with different hybridization factors are presented. The hybridization ratios of HESS are also concluded.
A reasonable and effective control strategy for HEV with HESS can improve the system efficiency and battery service life. On the basis of analyzing the energy flow modes of HEV, a control strategy namely nonlinear proportion factor dynamic coordination is proposed. Based on the analysis of the above control strategy, a dynamic programming-based global optimal control strategy which fully considered the efficiency of each component in HEV is presented. To compare with the nonlinear proportion factor dynamic coordination strategy, the fuel consumption is not increased. The cycle numbers of battery are further decreased which benefits its cycle life improvement. Take shanghai drive cycle as example, the regenerative energy callback ratio improves 3%.
Based on EMR control algorithm, the experiment platform is also established. Finally, experiments for HESS consisting of Ni-MH battery pack, ultracapacitor stack and DC/DC converter are conducted under basic modes and specific city drive cycles to verify the correctness and effectiveness of established simulation model as well as the proposed control strategy.
The paper aims to explore proper energy storage technology for HEV. The research results provide some guidance for the parameter matching and control of the hybrid energy storage sources. It creates basic conditions to break through the bottleneck of the HEV energy sources in future.
配备复合储能技术的HEV,是涉及蓄电池、超级电容、燃油等多能量源的复杂系统。为了更清晰描述系统内部的能量流动关系,并为系统控制策略的制定提供参考,本文从能量流和功率链的角度,引入能量宏观表达法(EMR,Energetic Macroscopic Representation)对混合动力整车和复合储能系统进行了建模,并借助反转规则得到了系统的控制方案。重点研究了基于试验的电池建模方法。采用EMR所建模型的能量流动情况变得更加清晰、直观,更具条理性,有利于系统整体建模和控制的规范化,为研究复合储能系统的参数匹配与控制策略奠定了基础。
对混合动力汽车复合储能系统中两种储能源功率和能量的合理分配问题进行研究。研究了整车设计指标、整车控制策略、目标行驶工况对动力系统功率和能量需求以及影响,分别从功率和能量角度对复合储能系统的参数匹配进行分析研究,并根据不同优化目标,对初步匹配结果进行优化。在此基础上,提出了HEV复合储能系统参数匹配的方法,在满足电动系统功率和能量要求的前提下,充分考虑了整车的燃油经济性、动力性以及整车使用成本问题。考虑到混合度对复合储能系统参数匹配的影响,考察了三种不同混合度混合动力汽车的复合储能系统参数优化匹配结果,并给出了复合储能源的混合比。
复合储能HEV合理而有效的控制策略可以提高系统效率,改善蓄电池的使用寿命。本文在对复合储能HEV的能量流动模式分析的基础上,提出了复合储能系统的控制策略。对复合储能HEV的系统效率进行了较为详细的分析,在非线性比例因子分配控制策略的基础上,充分考虑系统各部件的效率,提出了基于动态规划全局最优的控制策略,在不降低原HEV燃油经济性的前提下,较非线性比例因子分配策略,电池循环次数进一步降低,其循环寿命得到有效改善,以上海工况为例,再生制动能量回收比例提高了3%。
给出了基于EMR的复合储能系统控制方案,搭建了实验平台。最后对由镍氢电池组、超级电容组和DC/DC变换器构成的复合储能系统基本工作模式和特定工况进行了实验研究,验证了本文所建仿真模型以及所提出控制策略的正确性和有效性。
本文通过对复合储能系统的仿真与实验研究,旨在探索适合于混合动力汽车的车载储能技术,并在车载复合储能源的合理优化匹配和控制方面提供一定的指导,为混合动力汽车突破电源技术瓶颈创造基础条件。
Batteries have been used as main energy storage devices in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) for many years. However due to their lower specific power, the ability to capture and provide bursts of high power during acceleration, hill-climbing and regenerative braking is limited. Hence the hybrid energy storage system (HESS) which combines both merits of batteries and ultracapacitors is becoming a promising option for short-term high-power applications. The use of ultracapacitors in combination with batteries allows the primary HEV energy storage unit to be optimized for both energy and power. As a new type of transportation with multi-energy sources for HEV itself, not only the energy flows become more complex, but also new challenge is brought to its parameters matching and control strategy after introducing ultracapacitors. While as an important means to improve HEV dynamic performance as well as economic performance, the design of parameters matching and control strategy for HESS is the core technology of HEV. Therefore thorough and further study is necessary. In this paper, the working features of HEV and HESS are investigated deeply, based on which the theories and application issues involving the modeling method, the parameters matching and control strategies for HEV system and HESS have been studied.
HEV equipped with HESS is a complex system which related to battery, ultracapacitor, fuel and other energy sources. In order to describe the energy flows in HEV more clearly and provide a reference to develop the control strategy of HESS, Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) is introduced to analyze and build modeling for HEV in view of energy flows and power chains. Moreover a control strategy is obtained by specific inversion rules. The battery modeling method based on experiments is put more attention. The energy flows of the model with EMR become much clearer, intuitive, and it establishes a foundation for the study of parameters matching as well as the development of control strategies.
The problems for the power and energy sharing in HESS are studied. First of all, the influences on power and energy requirements for the whole vehicle by the design goals, performances of HEV as well as specific driving cycles are analyzed. In view of the power and energy, the parameters matching for HESS are investigated. Moreover, according to different optimization objectives, the initial results of parameters matching are optimized. On this basis, a method of HESS parameters matching which takes vehicle fuel economy, accelerating performance and vehicle using costs into account is provided. The optimization results of parameters matching for three HEVs with different hybridization factors are presented. The hybridization ratios of HESS are also concluded.
A reasonable and effective control strategy for HEV with HESS can improve the system efficiency and battery service life. On the basis of analyzing the energy flow modes of HEV, a control strategy namely nonlinear proportion factor dynamic coordination is proposed. Based on the analysis of the above control strategy, a dynamic programming-based global optimal control strategy which fully considered the efficiency of each component in HEV is presented. To compare with the nonlinear proportion factor dynamic coordination strategy, the fuel consumption is not increased. The cycle numbers of battery are further decreased which benefits its cycle life improvement. Take shanghai drive cycle as example, the regenerative energy callback ratio improves 3%.
Based on EMR control algorithm, the experiment platform is also established. Finally, experiments for HESS consisting of Ni-MH battery pack, ultracapacitor stack and DC/DC converter are conducted under basic modes and specific city drive cycles to verify the correctness and effectiveness of established simulation model as well as the proposed control strategy.
The paper aims to explore proper energy storage technology for HEV. The research results provide some guidance for the parameter matching and control of the hybrid energy storage sources. It creates basic conditions to break through the bottleneck of the HEV energy sources in future.
引文
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