麻疯树仁粕对肉鸡生产性能、健康影响及机理研究
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摘要
本研究在可利用氨基酸平衡的基础上考察了不同水平未脱毒麻疯树仁粕(NDJKM)对肉鸡健康的影响,探讨了营养措施缓解麻疯树仁粕毒性的可能性,并进一步研究了采用有机溶剂制得的脱毒麻疯树仁粕(DJKM)在肉鸡饲粮中的适宜添加量及其对肉鸡I相代谢酶CYP450的影响。研究共包括四个试验。
试验一不同水平未脱毒麻疯树仁粕对1-21d肉鸡生产性能和健康的影响
本试验研究不同水平的未脱毒麻疯树仁粕对1-21d肉鸡生产性能和健康(血清生化指标、免疫学指标、组织病理变化)的影响。采用单因子试验设计,选用875只健康1日龄的艾维茵公鸡,随机分为5个处理,麻疯树仁粕等蛋白替代饲粮豆粕,添加量分别为0%、3%、6%、9%和12%,每个处理7个重复,每个重复25只鸡(笼养),试验期为21天。结果表明：①NDJKM导致肉鸡死亡,9%和12%NDJKM组在试验的第二周结束时肉鸡全部死亡,3%和6%NDJKM组肉鸡在试验结束时的死亡率分别为14.86%和58.86%,NDJKM水平越高,肉鸡死亡越快；②与对照组相比,饲喂3%和6%NDJKM饲粮的1-21日龄肉鸡BWG和AFI呈线性显著地下降(P<0.05),BWG分别降低了59.06%和77.50%,AFI分别降低了47.59%和59.51%；③DJKM导致21日龄肉鸡血清Ca和UA含量显著增加(P<0.05),血清K含量呈线性增加(P<0.05),血清P、TG和TP的含量均显著地下降(P<0.05),血清CHOL、 GLU、 IgA、 IgG和IgM的浓度呈线性下降(P<0.05),外周血液中CD3"、CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞百分比显著地下降(P<0.05)；肝脏、肾脏和肺脏的细胞凋亡率显著地增加(P<0.05)；④NDJKM导致21日龄肉鸡肝脏、肾脏、肺脏和胸腺出现明显的病理变化,饲粮中添加3%NDJKM对法氏囊无影响,添加6%NDJKM时造成法氏囊出血。
本研究结果提示,饲粮中NDJKM水平为3%-12%时都会导致1-21d肉鸡死亡,生产性能下降,肉鸡内脏器官和免疫器官结构和功能损伤,部分血清生化指标异常。
试验二不同水平未脱毒麻疯树仁粕对22-42d肉鸡生产性能和健康的影响
本试验研究不同水平的未脱毒麻疯树仁粕对22-42d肉鸡生产性能和健康(血清生化指标、免疫学指标、组织病理变化)的影响。采用单因子试验设计,试验用肉鸡为艾维茵公鸡,1-21d饲喂实验一的基础饲粮。22日龄时,选取192只健康鸡只,按初始体重无差异原则随机分为3处理。试验从22日龄开始,42日龄结束,共进行21天。麻疯树仁粕等蛋白替代饲粮豆粕,添加量分别为0%、3%和6%,每个处理8个重复,每个重复8只鸡(笼养),试验期为21天。结果表明：①对照组在试验期间没有鸡只死亡和淘汰,3%和6%NDJKM饲粮组肉鸡在试验结束时的死亡分别为26.56%和46.88%,淘汰率分别为0和20.32-%,临床症状与试验一相同；②与对照组相比较,随着饲粮中NDJKM含量的增加,42日龄肉鸡BW、BWG和AFI呈线性显著地下降(P<0.05),BW分别降低了52.68%和64.29%,BWG分别降低了75.47%和91.19%,AFI分别降低了62.29%和79.46%；③与对照组相比较,NDJKM导致42日龄肉鸡血清K和UA含量显著地增加(P<0.05),血清P和TG含量显著地下降(P<0.05),血清Ca. CHO、 GLU、 TP、 IgA、 IgG和IgM含量均呈线性下降(P<0.05),3%NDJKM显著增加外周血液CD3+和CD4+T淋巴细胞百分率(P<0.05),6%NDJKM显著降低外周血液中CD3+和CD4+T淋巴细胞百分率(P<0.05),肝脏、肾脏和肺脏的细胞凋亡率显著地增加(P<0.05)；④DJKM导致42日龄肉鸡肝脏、肾脏和肺脏出现明显的病理变化。
本研究结果提示,饲粮中NDJKM3%和6%均导致22-42d肉鸡死亡,生产性能下降,内脏器官和免疫器官结构和功能损伤,部分血清生化指标异常。
试验三维生素和硒缓解麻疯树仁粕对肉鸡毒性的研究
本试验研究维生素C、E和硒以及三者共同添加对麻疯树仁粕毒性的缓解作用。以不添加麻疯树仁粕的试验组为对照组,以试验一添加3%NDJKM的饲粮为基础饲粮组,在3%NDJKM饲粮的基础上分别添加200mg/kg VC、25mg/kg VE、0.15mg/kg Se以及三者共同添加形成另外4个试验组。每个试验组6个重复,每个重复20只鸡,试验期为42天。结果表明：①与对照组相比,3%NDJKM以及在其基础上添加VC、VE、Se以及三者共同添加显著降低了1-21d肉鸡的BWG和AFI显著降低(P<0.05)；7d肉鸡十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度和隐窝深度无差异(P>0.05),21d肉鸡十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度显著降低(P<0.05)、隐窝深度显著增加(P<0.05)；7d和21d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠的CYP450含量、CYP2H1和CYP3A37基因mRNA表达水平均显著下降(P<0.05)；②与基础饲粮组相比较,添加VC、 VE、 Se以及三者共同添加对1-21d肉鸡的BWG和AFI、7d和21d肉鸡十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度和隐窝深度、肝脏、十二指肠和空肠的CYP450含量、CYP2H1和CYP3A37基因的mRNA表达水平均无影响(P>0.05),但有提高21d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠CYP45含量、7d和21d肉鸡十二指肠CYP2H1和CYP3A37基因表达的趋势。
本研究结果提示,饲粮中添加3%NDJ-KM可引起1-42d肉鸡死亡,生产性能降低,小肠粘膜损伤,肠道I相代谢酶CYP450酶系的含量和CYP2H1和CYP3A37的基因表达降低。添力(?)VC、 VE、 Se不能缓解JKM对肉鸡的毒性作用。
试验四脱毒麻疯树仁粕对肉鸡生产性能和CYP450影响的研究
试验采用单因子试验设计,研究DJKM对肉鸡生产性能和CYP450的影响。试验共设5个处理,DJKM等蛋白替代饲粮中豆粕蛋白,替代水平分别为0%、6.25%、12.5%、25%、50%,按完全随机区组设计进行分组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复15只鸡(笼养),试验期为42天。结果表明：(1)与对照组相比,DJKM替代饲粮中6.25%和12.5%豆粕蛋白时对42d肉鸡的增重、采食量和料肉比、十二指肠绒毛高度和空肠的绒毛高度和隐窝深度无影响(P>0.05),显著增加了十二指肠的隐窝深度(P<0.05)；对21d和42d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠PKC的活性无影响(P>0.05)；替代25%和50%豆粕蛋白时显著降低了42d肉鸡的增重和采食量、十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,显著增加了42d肉鸡十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度、21d和42d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠PKC的活性(P<0.05)；(2)与对照组相比,DJKM替代饲粮中6.25%豆粕蛋白时,21d和42d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠的CYP450含量没有受到影响(P>0.05),替代饲粮中豆粕蛋白12.5%、25%和50%时,肝脏、十二指肠和空肠的CYP450含量显著增加(P<0.05)；(3)与对照组相比,DJKM替代饲粮中6.25%时,21d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠、42d肉鸡肝脏和二指肠的CYP2H1和CYP3A37的基因表达没有受到影响(P>0.05),42d肉鸡空肠CYP3A37基因表达显著提高(P<0.05)；替代豆粕蛋白12.5%时,对21d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠CYP2H1的基因表达、肝脏、十二指肠和空肠CYP3A37的基因表达无影响(P>0.05),空肠CYP2H1的基因表达显著提高(P<0.05),对42d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠CYP2H1的基因表达、十二指肠CYP3A37的基因表达无影响(P>0.05),肝脏和空肠CYP3A37的基因表达显著提高(P<0.05)；替代豆粕蛋白25%时,21d和42d肉鸡脏、十二指肠和空肠的CYP2H1和CYP3A37的基因表达显著提高(P<0.05)；与替代25%豆粕蛋白组相比较,DJKM替代饲粮中50%豆粕蛋白时,21d和42d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠的CYP2H1和CYP3A37的基因表达均显著下降(P<0.05),但高于或相当于对照组水平；(4)用饲粮中佛波酯水平对1-21日龄肉鸡的增重回归求得佛波酯在1-21日龄肉鸡饲粮中的最大耐受剂量为11.87mg／kg,即本试验制得的DJKM在肉鸡饲粮中的最高水平为5.14%；佛波酯在22-42日龄肉鸡饲粮中的最大耐受剂量为17.62mg／kg,即本试验制得的DJKM在肉鸡饲粮中的最高水平为7.63%。
结果提示,DJKM可以替代豆粕应用于肉鸡的饲粮。DJKM在1-21日龄肉鸡饲粮中的最高水平为5.14%,即肉鸡对饲粮中佛波酯的最大耐受剂量为11.87mg／kg；DJKM在22-42日龄肉鸡饲粮中的最高水平为7.63%,即肉鸡对饲粮中佛波酯的最大耐受剂量为17.62mg／kg；
Four experiments were conducted in this study to investigate effects of Jatropha curcas kernel meals (JKM) containing phorbol esters on health and detoxification enzymes system of broilers as well as the feasibility of vitamin and selenium remitting toxicity of NDJKM to broilers.
Exp.1Effects of different levels of NDJKM in diets on performace and health in1-21d broilers
This study was conducted in this experiment to investigate the effects of different levels of NDJKM in diets on performance and health (serum biochemical indicators, immune indicators, pathologic changes) of1-21d broilers. The study was conducted by using single factor design. A total of875one-day-old male avain chickens were selected and randomly allocated by BW to5groups with6replicates of25broilers each, and fed diets containing0,3,6,9, and12%NDJKM for21days, respectively. The results were as followed:①NDJKM in diets leaded to the death of chicks. At the end of2wk in experiment period, except sampling, all boroilers fed diets containing9%and12%NDJKM died or were been dropout. The mortality rate of broilers fed diets containing3%and6%NDJKM were14.86%,58.86%, respectively. The higher NDJKM level in diets, the sooner broiler died.②The performance in broilers fed diets containing NDJKM at3%-6%was decresed. Compared with control, average weight gain (BWG) in d21broilers fed diets with3%and6%NDJKM were decreased59.06%and77.50%respectively, and average feed intake (AFI) were decreased47.59%and59.51%respectivly.③Compared with control, Ca and UA contents in serum in d21broilers fed diets containg NDJKM increased significantly (P＜0.05), serum K contents increased linearly, the contents of P, TG, and TP in serum increased significantly(P＜0.05), serum CHOL, GLU, IgA, IgG, and IgM contents decreased linearly when dietary NDJKM increased (P＜0.05), the percentage of CD3+CD4+, and CD8+T lymphocytes decreased significantly (P＜0.05), the apoptosis rate in liver, kidney, lung in increased significantly (P＜0.05).④Pathologic changes in liver, kidney, lung, and thymus in d21broilers fed diets containing NDJKM were obversed. No any of pathologic change in bursa of Fabricius in d21broilers fed diets with3%NDJKM was obversed, but the hemorrhage and hyperemia in bursa of Fabricius were only found in broilers fed diets with6%NDJKM. It was concluded that the feeding diets containing NDJKM at3%-12%can lead to the death, reduce performance, damage to strcture and function of internal organs and immune organs, and change serum biochemical parameters in1-21d broilers.
Exp.2Effects of different levels of NDJKM in diets on performace and health in22-42d broilers
This study was conducted in this experiment to investigate the effects of different levels of NDJKM in diets on performance and health (serum biochemical indicators, immune indicators, pathologic changes) of22-42d broilers. The study was conducted by using single factor design.A total of19222d-old male avain broiles which fed basal diets in Exp.1from one-day-old were selected and randomly allocated by BW to3groups with8replicates of8broilers each, and fed diets containing0,3, and6%NDJKM for21days, respectively. The results were as followed:①No birds were died in control treatment, the mortality rate of broiler fed diets containg3%and6%NDJKM at the end of experiment were26.60%and67.20%, respectively, and the dropout rate wer0%and20.32%respectively; The clinical signs of broilers in this experiment are the same as Exp.1.②The performance in broilers fed diets containing NDJKM was decresed. Compared with control, BWG in broilers fed diets with3%and6%JKM were decreased75.16%and91.08%, respectively, and AFI were decreased49.83%and79.46%, respectively.③Compared with control, K and UA contents in serum in d42broilers fed diets containg NDJKM increased significantly (P＜0.05), the contents of P and TG in serum decreased significantly(P＜0.05), serum K contents increased linearly, the contents of P and TG in serum increased significantly(P＜0.05), serum Ca, CHOL, GLU, TP, IgA, IgG, and IgM contents decreased linearly (P＜0.05), the percentage of CD3+and CD4+T lymphocytes in creased significantly when broilers fed diets with3%NDJKM (P＜0.05) and decreased significantly when broilers fed diets with6%NDJKM, the apoptosis rate in liver, kidney, lung in increased significantly (P＜0.05).④Pathologic changes in liver, kidney, lung, and thymus in d42broilers fed diets containing NDJKM were obversed. It was concluded that the feeding diets containing JKM at3%and6%can lead to the death, reduce performance, damage to structur and function of internal organs and immune organs, and influence serum biochemical parameters in22-42d broilers.
Exp.3The study on Vitamin and selenium remitting toxicity Jatropha curcas kernel meal to broilers
The study was conduced to investigate the feasibility of vitamin and selenium remitting toxicity of JKM to broilers. The control diets didn't contain JKM. The diets containing3%JKM in Exp.1was the basal diets. The another four diets were formulated by adding200mg/kg VC,25mg/kg VE,0.15mg/kg Se as well as the triplicity into basal diets. A total of720one-day-old male avain chickens were selected and randomly allocated by BW to6groups with6replicates of20broilers each, and fed experimental diets for21days, respectively. The results were as followed:①Compared contron, BWG and AFI decreased significantly when1-21d broilers fed diets containing3%JKM, added vitamin and selenium (P＜0.05), the villus height in duodenum and jejunum in d21broilers decreased significantly and crypt depth increased significantly (P＜0.05) and had no beed affected on d7broilers, the CYP450contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in d7and d21broilers decreased significantly (P＜0.05), expression of cytochrome P2H1(CYP2H1) and cytochrome P3A37(CYP3A37) mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in d7and d21broilers down-regulated (P<0.05).②Compared with basal diets, when broilers fed diets with vitamin and selenium, there were no difference in BWG and AFI, the villus height and crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum, the CYP450contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum, and the expression of cytochrome P2H1(CYP2H1) and cytochrome P3A37(CYP3A37) mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in d7and d 21broilers. But compared basal diets treatment, the expression of cytochrome P2H1(CYP2H1) and cytochrome P3A37(CYP3A37) mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum were increased trend when broiler fed diets with vitamin and selenium. It was concluded that the feeding diets containing3%JKM can lead to death of1-42d broilers, reduce performance damage intestinal mucosal morphology, decrease small intestinal CYP450contents and the expression of CYP2H1and CYP3A37mRNA. Moreover, the diets added vitamin and selenium had no effective on bad health of broiles generated by3%JKM.
Exp.4Effects of detoxificated Jatropha curcas kernel meal on performance and CPY450contents in broilers
This study was conducted to investigate effects of DJKM on performance and CYP450contents in broilers. A total of450one-day-old male avain chickens were selected and randomly allocated by BW to5groups with6replicates of15broilers each, and fed diets with0,6.25,12.5,25, and50%of soy bean meal (SBM) protein replaced by JKM for21days, respectively. The results were as followed:1) Compared with control, BWG, AFI, F/G, villus height in duodenum, and villus height and crypt depth in jejunum were no difference when42d broilers fed diets with6.25%and12.5%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05), but crypt depth in duodenum increased significantly (P＜0.05). PKC contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum were no changes when broilers fed diets with6.25%and12.5%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05) compared with control. When broilers fed diets with25%and50%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM, BWG, AFI, and villus height in duodenum and jejunum in42d broilers decreased significantly (P＜0.05), crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum in42d broilers and PKC contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in21d and42d broilers increased singnificantly (P＜0.05).2) Compared with control, CYP450contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in21d and42d broilers were no changes when broilers fed diets with6.25%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05). CYP450contents significantly increased when broilers fed diets with12.5%, 25%, and50%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＜0.05).3) Compared with control, expression of CYP2H1and CYP3A37mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in21d broilers and in liver and duodenum in42d broilers were no difference when broilers fed diets with6.25%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05), but expression of CYP3A37mRNA in jejunum of42d broilers increased significantly (P＜0.05). Expression of CYP2H1mRNA in liver and duodenum and expression of CYP3A37mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in21d broilers as well as expression of CYP2H1mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum and expression of CYP3A37mRNA in duodenum in42d broilers were no difference when broilers fed diets with12.5%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05), but expression of CYP2H1mRNA in jejunum of21d broilers and expression of CYP3A37mRNA in liver and jejunum of42d broilers increased significantly (P＜0.05). Expression of CYP2H1and CYP3A37mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum significantly increased when broilers fed diets with25%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＜0.05). Compared with25%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM treatment, expression of CYP2H1and CYP3A37mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum significantly down-regulated when broilers fed diets with50%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＜0.05), but superior or equal to control treatment.4) Based on BWG in broilers, DJKM levels in diets in1-21d broiles is5.14%, and the maximum tolerated dose of phorbol esters in the diet that is for broilers is11.87mg.kg-1; DJKM levels in diets in22-42d broiles is7.63%, and the maximum tolerated dose of phorbol esters in the diet that is for broilers is17.62mg.kg-1.These results indicated that DJKM can be used in diets for broilers as protein feed.
试验一不同水平未脱毒麻疯树仁粕对1-21d肉鸡生产性能和健康的影响
本试验研究不同水平的未脱毒麻疯树仁粕对1-21d肉鸡生产性能和健康(血清生化指标、免疫学指标、组织病理变化)的影响。采用单因子试验设计,选用875只健康1日龄的艾维茵公鸡,随机分为5个处理,麻疯树仁粕等蛋白替代饲粮豆粕,添加量分别为0%、3%、6%、9%和12%,每个处理7个重复,每个重复25只鸡(笼养),试验期为21天。结果表明：①NDJKM导致肉鸡死亡,9%和12%NDJKM组在试验的第二周结束时肉鸡全部死亡,3%和6%NDJKM组肉鸡在试验结束时的死亡率分别为14.86%和58.86%,NDJKM水平越高,肉鸡死亡越快；②与对照组相比,饲喂3%和6%NDJKM饲粮的1-21日龄肉鸡BWG和AFI呈线性显著地下降(P<0.05),BWG分别降低了59.06%和77.50%,AFI分别降低了47.59%和59.51%；③DJKM导致21日龄肉鸡血清Ca和UA含量显著增加(P<0.05),血清K含量呈线性增加(P<0.05),血清P、TG和TP的含量均显著地下降(P<0.05),血清CHOL、 GLU、 IgA、 IgG和IgM的浓度呈线性下降(P<0.05),外周血液中CD3"、CD4+和CD8+T淋巴细胞百分比显著地下降(P<0.05)；肝脏、肾脏和肺脏的细胞凋亡率显著地增加(P<0.05)；④NDJKM导致21日龄肉鸡肝脏、肾脏、肺脏和胸腺出现明显的病理变化,饲粮中添加3%NDJKM对法氏囊无影响,添加6%NDJKM时造成法氏囊出血。
本研究结果提示,饲粮中NDJKM水平为3%-12%时都会导致1-21d肉鸡死亡,生产性能下降,肉鸡内脏器官和免疫器官结构和功能损伤,部分血清生化指标异常。
试验二不同水平未脱毒麻疯树仁粕对22-42d肉鸡生产性能和健康的影响
本试验研究不同水平的未脱毒麻疯树仁粕对22-42d肉鸡生产性能和健康(血清生化指标、免疫学指标、组织病理变化)的影响。采用单因子试验设计,试验用肉鸡为艾维茵公鸡,1-21d饲喂实验一的基础饲粮。22日龄时,选取192只健康鸡只,按初始体重无差异原则随机分为3处理。试验从22日龄开始,42日龄结束,共进行21天。麻疯树仁粕等蛋白替代饲粮豆粕,添加量分别为0%、3%和6%,每个处理8个重复,每个重复8只鸡(笼养),试验期为21天。结果表明：①对照组在试验期间没有鸡只死亡和淘汰,3%和6%NDJKM饲粮组肉鸡在试验结束时的死亡分别为26.56%和46.88%,淘汰率分别为0和20.32-%,临床症状与试验一相同；②与对照组相比较,随着饲粮中NDJKM含量的增加,42日龄肉鸡BW、BWG和AFI呈线性显著地下降(P<0.05),BW分别降低了52.68%和64.29%,BWG分别降低了75.47%和91.19%,AFI分别降低了62.29%和79.46%；③与对照组相比较,NDJKM导致42日龄肉鸡血清K和UA含量显著地增加(P<0.05),血清P和TG含量显著地下降(P<0.05),血清Ca. CHO、 GLU、 TP、 IgA、 IgG和IgM含量均呈线性下降(P<0.05),3%NDJKM显著增加外周血液CD3+和CD4+T淋巴细胞百分率(P<0.05),6%NDJKM显著降低外周血液中CD3+和CD4+T淋巴细胞百分率(P<0.05),肝脏、肾脏和肺脏的细胞凋亡率显著地增加(P<0.05)；④DJKM导致42日龄肉鸡肝脏、肾脏和肺脏出现明显的病理变化。
本研究结果提示,饲粮中NDJKM3%和6%均导致22-42d肉鸡死亡,生产性能下降,内脏器官和免疫器官结构和功能损伤,部分血清生化指标异常。
试验三维生素和硒缓解麻疯树仁粕对肉鸡毒性的研究
本试验研究维生素C、E和硒以及三者共同添加对麻疯树仁粕毒性的缓解作用。以不添加麻疯树仁粕的试验组为对照组,以试验一添加3%NDJKM的饲粮为基础饲粮组,在3%NDJKM饲粮的基础上分别添加200mg/kg VC、25mg/kg VE、0.15mg/kg Se以及三者共同添加形成另外4个试验组。每个试验组6个重复,每个重复20只鸡,试验期为42天。结果表明：①与对照组相比,3%NDJKM以及在其基础上添加VC、VE、Se以及三者共同添加显著降低了1-21d肉鸡的BWG和AFI显著降低(P<0.05)；7d肉鸡十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度和隐窝深度无差异(P>0.05),21d肉鸡十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度显著降低(P<0.05)、隐窝深度显著增加(P<0.05)；7d和21d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠的CYP450含量、CYP2H1和CYP3A37基因mRNA表达水平均显著下降(P<0.05)；②与基础饲粮组相比较,添加VC、 VE、 Se以及三者共同添加对1-21d肉鸡的BWG和AFI、7d和21d肉鸡十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度和隐窝深度、肝脏、十二指肠和空肠的CYP450含量、CYP2H1和CYP3A37基因的mRNA表达水平均无影响(P>0.05),但有提高21d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠CYP45含量、7d和21d肉鸡十二指肠CYP2H1和CYP3A37基因表达的趋势。
本研究结果提示,饲粮中添加3%NDJ-KM可引起1-42d肉鸡死亡,生产性能降低,小肠粘膜损伤,肠道I相代谢酶CYP450酶系的含量和CYP2H1和CYP3A37的基因表达降低。添力(?)VC、 VE、 Se不能缓解JKM对肉鸡的毒性作用。
试验四脱毒麻疯树仁粕对肉鸡生产性能和CYP450影响的研究
试验采用单因子试验设计,研究DJKM对肉鸡生产性能和CYP450的影响。试验共设5个处理,DJKM等蛋白替代饲粮中豆粕蛋白,替代水平分别为0%、6.25%、12.5%、25%、50%,按完全随机区组设计进行分组,每个处理6个重复,每个重复15只鸡(笼养),试验期为42天。结果表明：(1)与对照组相比,DJKM替代饲粮中6.25%和12.5%豆粕蛋白时对42d肉鸡的增重、采食量和料肉比、十二指肠绒毛高度和空肠的绒毛高度和隐窝深度无影响(P>0.05),显著增加了十二指肠的隐窝深度(P<0.05)；对21d和42d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠PKC的活性无影响(P>0.05)；替代25%和50%豆粕蛋白时显著降低了42d肉鸡的增重和采食量、十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,显著增加了42d肉鸡十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度、21d和42d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠PKC的活性(P<0.05)；(2)与对照组相比,DJKM替代饲粮中6.25%豆粕蛋白时,21d和42d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠的CYP450含量没有受到影响(P>0.05),替代饲粮中豆粕蛋白12.5%、25%和50%时,肝脏、十二指肠和空肠的CYP450含量显著增加(P<0.05)；(3)与对照组相比,DJKM替代饲粮中6.25%时,21d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠、42d肉鸡肝脏和二指肠的CYP2H1和CYP3A37的基因表达没有受到影响(P>0.05),42d肉鸡空肠CYP3A37基因表达显著提高(P<0.05)；替代豆粕蛋白12.5%时,对21d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠CYP2H1的基因表达、肝脏、十二指肠和空肠CYP3A37的基因表达无影响(P>0.05),空肠CYP2H1的基因表达显著提高(P<0.05),对42d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠CYP2H1的基因表达、十二指肠CYP3A37的基因表达无影响(P>0.05),肝脏和空肠CYP3A37的基因表达显著提高(P<0.05)；替代豆粕蛋白25%时,21d和42d肉鸡脏、十二指肠和空肠的CYP2H1和CYP3A37的基因表达显著提高(P<0.05)；与替代25%豆粕蛋白组相比较,DJKM替代饲粮中50%豆粕蛋白时,21d和42d肉鸡肝脏、十二指肠和空肠的CYP2H1和CYP3A37的基因表达均显著下降(P<0.05),但高于或相当于对照组水平；(4)用饲粮中佛波酯水平对1-21日龄肉鸡的增重回归求得佛波酯在1-21日龄肉鸡饲粮中的最大耐受剂量为11.87mg／kg,即本试验制得的DJKM在肉鸡饲粮中的最高水平为5.14%；佛波酯在22-42日龄肉鸡饲粮中的最大耐受剂量为17.62mg／kg,即本试验制得的DJKM在肉鸡饲粮中的最高水平为7.63%。
结果提示,DJKM可以替代豆粕应用于肉鸡的饲粮。DJKM在1-21日龄肉鸡饲粮中的最高水平为5.14%,即肉鸡对饲粮中佛波酯的最大耐受剂量为11.87mg／kg；DJKM在22-42日龄肉鸡饲粮中的最高水平为7.63%,即肉鸡对饲粮中佛波酯的最大耐受剂量为17.62mg／kg；
Four experiments were conducted in this study to investigate effects of Jatropha curcas kernel meals (JKM) containing phorbol esters on health and detoxification enzymes system of broilers as well as the feasibility of vitamin and selenium remitting toxicity of NDJKM to broilers.
Exp.1Effects of different levels of NDJKM in diets on performace and health in1-21d broilers
This study was conducted in this experiment to investigate the effects of different levels of NDJKM in diets on performance and health (serum biochemical indicators, immune indicators, pathologic changes) of1-21d broilers. The study was conducted by using single factor design. A total of875one-day-old male avain chickens were selected and randomly allocated by BW to5groups with6replicates of25broilers each, and fed diets containing0,3,6,9, and12%NDJKM for21days, respectively. The results were as followed:①NDJKM in diets leaded to the death of chicks. At the end of2wk in experiment period, except sampling, all boroilers fed diets containing9%and12%NDJKM died or were been dropout. The mortality rate of broilers fed diets containing3%and6%NDJKM were14.86%,58.86%, respectively. The higher NDJKM level in diets, the sooner broiler died.②The performance in broilers fed diets containing NDJKM at3%-6%was decresed. Compared with control, average weight gain (BWG) in d21broilers fed diets with3%and6%NDJKM were decreased59.06%and77.50%respectively, and average feed intake (AFI) were decreased47.59%and59.51%respectivly.③Compared with control, Ca and UA contents in serum in d21broilers fed diets containg NDJKM increased significantly (P＜0.05), serum K contents increased linearly, the contents of P, TG, and TP in serum increased significantly(P＜0.05), serum CHOL, GLU, IgA, IgG, and IgM contents decreased linearly when dietary NDJKM increased (P＜0.05), the percentage of CD3+CD4+, and CD8+T lymphocytes decreased significantly (P＜0.05), the apoptosis rate in liver, kidney, lung in increased significantly (P＜0.05).④Pathologic changes in liver, kidney, lung, and thymus in d21broilers fed diets containing NDJKM were obversed. No any of pathologic change in bursa of Fabricius in d21broilers fed diets with3%NDJKM was obversed, but the hemorrhage and hyperemia in bursa of Fabricius were only found in broilers fed diets with6%NDJKM. It was concluded that the feeding diets containing NDJKM at3%-12%can lead to the death, reduce performance, damage to strcture and function of internal organs and immune organs, and change serum biochemical parameters in1-21d broilers.
Exp.2Effects of different levels of NDJKM in diets on performace and health in22-42d broilers
This study was conducted in this experiment to investigate the effects of different levels of NDJKM in diets on performance and health (serum biochemical indicators, immune indicators, pathologic changes) of22-42d broilers. The study was conducted by using single factor design.A total of19222d-old male avain broiles which fed basal diets in Exp.1from one-day-old were selected and randomly allocated by BW to3groups with8replicates of8broilers each, and fed diets containing0,3, and6%NDJKM for21days, respectively. The results were as followed:①No birds were died in control treatment, the mortality rate of broiler fed diets containg3%and6%NDJKM at the end of experiment were26.60%and67.20%, respectively, and the dropout rate wer0%and20.32%respectively; The clinical signs of broilers in this experiment are the same as Exp.1.②The performance in broilers fed diets containing NDJKM was decresed. Compared with control, BWG in broilers fed diets with3%and6%JKM were decreased75.16%and91.08%, respectively, and AFI were decreased49.83%and79.46%, respectively.③Compared with control, K and UA contents in serum in d42broilers fed diets containg NDJKM increased significantly (P＜0.05), the contents of P and TG in serum decreased significantly(P＜0.05), serum K contents increased linearly, the contents of P and TG in serum increased significantly(P＜0.05), serum Ca, CHOL, GLU, TP, IgA, IgG, and IgM contents decreased linearly (P＜0.05), the percentage of CD3+and CD4+T lymphocytes in creased significantly when broilers fed diets with3%NDJKM (P＜0.05) and decreased significantly when broilers fed diets with6%NDJKM, the apoptosis rate in liver, kidney, lung in increased significantly (P＜0.05).④Pathologic changes in liver, kidney, lung, and thymus in d42broilers fed diets containing NDJKM were obversed. It was concluded that the feeding diets containing JKM at3%and6%can lead to the death, reduce performance, damage to structur and function of internal organs and immune organs, and influence serum biochemical parameters in22-42d broilers.
Exp.3The study on Vitamin and selenium remitting toxicity Jatropha curcas kernel meal to broilers
The study was conduced to investigate the feasibility of vitamin and selenium remitting toxicity of JKM to broilers. The control diets didn't contain JKM. The diets containing3%JKM in Exp.1was the basal diets. The another four diets were formulated by adding200mg/kg VC,25mg/kg VE,0.15mg/kg Se as well as the triplicity into basal diets. A total of720one-day-old male avain chickens were selected and randomly allocated by BW to6groups with6replicates of20broilers each, and fed experimental diets for21days, respectively. The results were as followed:①Compared contron, BWG and AFI decreased significantly when1-21d broilers fed diets containing3%JKM, added vitamin and selenium (P＜0.05), the villus height in duodenum and jejunum in d21broilers decreased significantly and crypt depth increased significantly (P＜0.05) and had no beed affected on d7broilers, the CYP450contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in d7and d21broilers decreased significantly (P＜0.05), expression of cytochrome P2H1(CYP2H1) and cytochrome P3A37(CYP3A37) mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in d7and d21broilers down-regulated (P<0.05).②Compared with basal diets, when broilers fed diets with vitamin and selenium, there were no difference in BWG and AFI, the villus height and crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum, the CYP450contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum, and the expression of cytochrome P2H1(CYP2H1) and cytochrome P3A37(CYP3A37) mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in d7and d 21broilers. But compared basal diets treatment, the expression of cytochrome P2H1(CYP2H1) and cytochrome P3A37(CYP3A37) mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum were increased trend when broiler fed diets with vitamin and selenium. It was concluded that the feeding diets containing3%JKM can lead to death of1-42d broilers, reduce performance damage intestinal mucosal morphology, decrease small intestinal CYP450contents and the expression of CYP2H1and CYP3A37mRNA. Moreover, the diets added vitamin and selenium had no effective on bad health of broiles generated by3%JKM.
Exp.4Effects of detoxificated Jatropha curcas kernel meal on performance and CPY450contents in broilers
This study was conducted to investigate effects of DJKM on performance and CYP450contents in broilers. A total of450one-day-old male avain chickens were selected and randomly allocated by BW to5groups with6replicates of15broilers each, and fed diets with0,6.25,12.5,25, and50%of soy bean meal (SBM) protein replaced by JKM for21days, respectively. The results were as followed:1) Compared with control, BWG, AFI, F/G, villus height in duodenum, and villus height and crypt depth in jejunum were no difference when42d broilers fed diets with6.25%and12.5%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05), but crypt depth in duodenum increased significantly (P＜0.05). PKC contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum were no changes when broilers fed diets with6.25%and12.5%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05) compared with control. When broilers fed diets with25%and50%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM, BWG, AFI, and villus height in duodenum and jejunum in42d broilers decreased significantly (P＜0.05), crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum in42d broilers and PKC contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in21d and42d broilers increased singnificantly (P＜0.05).2) Compared with control, CYP450contents in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in21d and42d broilers were no changes when broilers fed diets with6.25%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05). CYP450contents significantly increased when broilers fed diets with12.5%, 25%, and50%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＜0.05).3) Compared with control, expression of CYP2H1and CYP3A37mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in21d broilers and in liver and duodenum in42d broilers were no difference when broilers fed diets with6.25%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05), but expression of CYP3A37mRNA in jejunum of42d broilers increased significantly (P＜0.05). Expression of CYP2H1mRNA in liver and duodenum and expression of CYP3A37mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum in21d broilers as well as expression of CYP2H1mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum and expression of CYP3A37mRNA in duodenum in42d broilers were no difference when broilers fed diets with12.5%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＞0.05), but expression of CYP2H1mRNA in jejunum of21d broilers and expression of CYP3A37mRNA in liver and jejunum of42d broilers increased significantly (P＜0.05). Expression of CYP2H1and CYP3A37mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum significantly increased when broilers fed diets with25%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＜0.05). Compared with25%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM treatment, expression of CYP2H1and CYP3A37mRNA in liver, duodenum, and jejunum significantly down-regulated when broilers fed diets with50%of SBM protein replaced by DJKM (P＜0.05), but superior or equal to control treatment.4) Based on BWG in broilers, DJKM levels in diets in1-21d broiles is5.14%, and the maximum tolerated dose of phorbol esters in the diet that is for broilers is11.87mg.kg-1; DJKM levels in diets in22-42d broiles is7.63%, and the maximum tolerated dose of phorbol esters in the diet that is for broilers is17.62mg.kg-1.These results indicated that DJKM can be used in diets for broilers as protein feed.
引文
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