固形有机基质的理化特性及其与营养液相互作用
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摘要
有机基质栽培作为无土栽培的主要方向之一，近年来越来越受到人们的普遍关注，但由于缺乏对基质理化性状及其化学稳定性的系统了解，在基质的使用和营养液管理上还存在着一定的经验性和盲目性。
本研究通过对6种固形有机物料(泥炭、砻糠、木屑、鸡粪、草屑和风化煤)及无机物料珍珠岩的理化特性，有机物料过饱和持水时化学成分的变化及有机基质对营养液有效成分的影响所进行的研究，力求为有机基质的复配和基质栽培过程中的营养液管理提供较为可靠的理论依据。
对有机物料的物理性状：比重、容重、孔隙度、含水量等指标，以及化学成分NH_4-N、NO_3-N、速效磷和速效的四种金属元素(K、Ca、Mg和Fe)含量进行了测试。按照理想化栽培基质对理化性状的要求，以理想基质适宜指标为标准化数据并考虑物料的成本，进行多元综合评判。建议用鸡粪+泥炭+砻糠+风化煤(或木屑、草屑、珍珠岩)以一定比例进行复合为宜。
对上述6种有机物料分别在15、25、35℃下120％过饱和持水时，4、12、36、108、324h时浸液的化学成分NH_4-N、NO_3-N、速效磷和速效的四种金属元素(K、Ca、Mg和Fe)含量进行了测定。结果表明，几种物料浸液中的上述矿质元素含量在108h以后基本趋于稳定。在忽略基质间相互影响的前提下，建议在复合基质栽培前进行5d的浸水预处理，待浸液中各矿质养分含量稳定后，基质上添加的营养液按下列公式进行初步调整C_调=C_理-C_(浸液)，从而使基质内各成分含量稳定在近理想状态，之后仍按标准营养液配方补充营养液。
对上述6种固形有机基质在4、12、36、108、324h时营养液浸液中化学有效成分NH_4-N、NO_3-N、P、K、Ca、Na、Mg和Fe含量(25℃)进行了测定。结果表明，不同基质营养液浸液中各矿质养分在36～108h基本趋于稳定。但不同有机基质对营养液中矿质营养的影响有所不同，砻糠的营养液中总有效氮增量为负值，其余五种有机基质上的增量为正值；对于营养液中有效磷的增量，在鸡粪、风化煤上出现正值，而其他基质则相反。风化煤上的K~+增量为负值，其他五种均为正值。各基质上的Ca~(2+)增量均为负值，其中以草屑和砻糠变化较大，而鸡粪和风化煤对营养液中Ca~(2+)的影响甚小。鸡粪、木屑、砻糠、泥炭和草屑上出现了正的Mg~(2+)增量，而风化煤则反之。因此，建议使用校正系数λ对上述调整营养液的配方进行修正。并建议有机基质栽培过程中营养液的管理分段进行，首先进行基质的浸水5d的预处理，在基质中各有效成分稳定后，定植作物，定植1周内营养液添加使用修正后的营养液配方，之后栽培过程中使用标准营养液配方对基质中营养液进行补充。
根据上述结果，以“年丰”番茄和意大利不结球散叶莴苣为试验材料，使用泥炭：砻糠：珍珠岩：鸡粪=2：2：2：1的复配基质，容重为0.36g／ml，比重为1.94g／ml，总孔隙度为81.44％，pH为6.28，EC为1.89mS／cm。根据对基质研究提出的计算方法，通过精确计算获得与上述复配基质相符合的修正营养液配方：NH_4H_2PO_4为1mol／L、Ca(H_2PO_4)_2为3mol／L，进行分段管理。结果表明，使用预处理后的复合基质，并以修正营养液和标准配
东北农业大学农学硕士学位论文
一
方营养液进行分段管理的番茄和离苔，主要生理指标均优于土壤栽培和常规基质栽培。
Organic mediums culture is primary one of the soilless culture; they got more and more advertence these years. But owing to lake of comprehension on their Physical-chemical characteristic and chemic stability of organic mediums, it wasn't very apt in using mediums and management of nutrient solution.
Using chicken manure, sawdust, charred rice husk, cradled turfgrass, peatmoss, weathered coal and perlite as experiment materials, physical-chemical characteristic of seven materiels, chemic components of organic mediums when they had saturable water, and valid components of nutrient solution which was effected by organic mediums had been studied in this papers to give a recipe of organic mediums and management of nutrient solution during the planting with these mediums.
The several materiels characteristics were studied, such as bulk density, specific gravity, total porosity, saturable water capacity, containing water capacity, PH, EC, NH4-N, NO3-N, available P and four available metals (K, Ca, Mg, Fe). According to ideal physical and chemical characteristics in growing medium, and with a view to the costs, a feasible scheme was put forward to mix as a certain ratios with chicken manure+peatmoss+charred rice husk+weathered coal (or sawdust, or cradled turfgrass, or perlite).
These organic mediums were treated with various temperatures and hours. The chemic components ,such as NH4-N, NO3-N, available P and four available mental(K, Ca, Mg, Fe)were mensurated when their saturable water capacity was 120%. The results shows that content of mineral elements in several infusing solutions of organic medium were steady after 108 hour. According to the result that was gotten when water capacity was saturable in mediums, and losing sight of the effect among organic mediums, the best scheme was got, that is, multiple mediums needed to pre-dispose before used to plant. Put the organic mediums in water for five days , when all mineral element of organic materials are steady ,Add nutrient solution amended by this formula, C1 =C2-C3 to mediums to make all content of components in approximate ideal situation. From then on , add nutrient solution according to standard nutrient solution scheme. (C1 means content of rectified nutrient solution; C2 means content of ideal nutrient solution; C3 means
content of extracted water of organic materiels.)
In addition, the chemic components in infusing nutrient solution of six organic mediums were mensurated at different time. The result as follow, after 36-108 hours all mineral elements in different infusing nutrient solutions was mainly steady. But mineral elements in nutrient solution which were affected by different organic mediums were different, increased content of total valid nitrogen in nutrient solution of charred rice husk was negative, by contraries, the others were plus. Increased content of effective P in nutrient solution of weathered coal and chicken manure were plus, the others are negative. Increased content of effective K in nutrient solution of weathered coal was plus, the others are negative. All increased content of Ca2+ were negative in mediums. Among them, the change was bigger than others in cradled turfgrass and charred rice husk. In chicken manure, sawdust, charred rice husk, peatmoss and cradled turfgrass. increased content of Mg2+ is plus, but it is negative in weathered coal. So c
orrectional coefficient λ., is essential for former scheme of nutrient solution. Management and scheme to nutrient solution is different at different period. When all mineral elements were steady after mediums in infusing water, transplant plants. Add the amended nutrient solution in a week, then use standard scheme of nutrient solution to supply.
On account of above-mentioned result, using tomato, "nianfeng" and loose leaved lettuce (Italy) as test material, we make multiple mediums (peatmoss: charred rice: husk: perlite: chicken manure )as cultivated soil with 2:2:2:1. Its bulk density is 0.36g/ml; specific gravity, 1.94g/ml: total porosity, 81.44%; pH, 6.28; EC. 1.89
本研究通过对6种固形有机物料(泥炭、砻糠、木屑、鸡粪、草屑和风化煤)及无机物料珍珠岩的理化特性，有机物料过饱和持水时化学成分的变化及有机基质对营养液有效成分的影响所进行的研究，力求为有机基质的复配和基质栽培过程中的营养液管理提供较为可靠的理论依据。
对有机物料的物理性状：比重、容重、孔隙度、含水量等指标，以及化学成分NH_4-N、NO_3-N、速效磷和速效的四种金属元素(K、Ca、Mg和Fe)含量进行了测试。按照理想化栽培基质对理化性状的要求，以理想基质适宜指标为标准化数据并考虑物料的成本，进行多元综合评判。建议用鸡粪+泥炭+砻糠+风化煤(或木屑、草屑、珍珠岩)以一定比例进行复合为宜。
对上述6种有机物料分别在15、25、35℃下120％过饱和持水时，4、12、36、108、324h时浸液的化学成分NH_4-N、NO_3-N、速效磷和速效的四种金属元素(K、Ca、Mg和Fe)含量进行了测定。结果表明，几种物料浸液中的上述矿质元素含量在108h以后基本趋于稳定。在忽略基质间相互影响的前提下，建议在复合基质栽培前进行5d的浸水预处理，待浸液中各矿质养分含量稳定后，基质上添加的营养液按下列公式进行初步调整C_调=C_理-C_(浸液)，从而使基质内各成分含量稳定在近理想状态，之后仍按标准营养液配方补充营养液。
对上述6种固形有机基质在4、12、36、108、324h时营养液浸液中化学有效成分NH_4-N、NO_3-N、P、K、Ca、Na、Mg和Fe含量(25℃)进行了测定。结果表明，不同基质营养液浸液中各矿质养分在36～108h基本趋于稳定。但不同有机基质对营养液中矿质营养的影响有所不同，砻糠的营养液中总有效氮增量为负值，其余五种有机基质上的增量为正值；对于营养液中有效磷的增量，在鸡粪、风化煤上出现正值，而其他基质则相反。风化煤上的K~+增量为负值，其他五种均为正值。各基质上的Ca~(2+)增量均为负值，其中以草屑和砻糠变化较大，而鸡粪和风化煤对营养液中Ca~(2+)的影响甚小。鸡粪、木屑、砻糠、泥炭和草屑上出现了正的Mg~(2+)增量，而风化煤则反之。因此，建议使用校正系数λ对上述调整营养液的配方进行修正。并建议有机基质栽培过程中营养液的管理分段进行，首先进行基质的浸水5d的预处理，在基质中各有效成分稳定后，定植作物，定植1周内营养液添加使用修正后的营养液配方，之后栽培过程中使用标准营养液配方对基质中营养液进行补充。
根据上述结果，以“年丰”番茄和意大利不结球散叶莴苣为试验材料，使用泥炭：砻糠：珍珠岩：鸡粪=2：2：2：1的复配基质，容重为0.36g／ml，比重为1.94g／ml，总孔隙度为81.44％，pH为6.28，EC为1.89mS／cm。根据对基质研究提出的计算方法，通过精确计算获得与上述复配基质相符合的修正营养液配方：NH_4H_2PO_4为1mol／L、Ca(H_2PO_4)_2为3mol／L，进行分段管理。结果表明，使用预处理后的复合基质，并以修正营养液和标准配
东北农业大学农学硕士学位论文
一
方营养液进行分段管理的番茄和离苔，主要生理指标均优于土壤栽培和常规基质栽培。
Organic mediums culture is primary one of the soilless culture; they got more and more advertence these years. But owing to lake of comprehension on their Physical-chemical characteristic and chemic stability of organic mediums, it wasn't very apt in using mediums and management of nutrient solution.
Using chicken manure, sawdust, charred rice husk, cradled turfgrass, peatmoss, weathered coal and perlite as experiment materials, physical-chemical characteristic of seven materiels, chemic components of organic mediums when they had saturable water, and valid components of nutrient solution which was effected by organic mediums had been studied in this papers to give a recipe of organic mediums and management of nutrient solution during the planting with these mediums.
The several materiels characteristics were studied, such as bulk density, specific gravity, total porosity, saturable water capacity, containing water capacity, PH, EC, NH4-N, NO3-N, available P and four available metals (K, Ca, Mg, Fe). According to ideal physical and chemical characteristics in growing medium, and with a view to the costs, a feasible scheme was put forward to mix as a certain ratios with chicken manure+peatmoss+charred rice husk+weathered coal (or sawdust, or cradled turfgrass, or perlite).
These organic mediums were treated with various temperatures and hours. The chemic components ,such as NH4-N, NO3-N, available P and four available mental(K, Ca, Mg, Fe)were mensurated when their saturable water capacity was 120%. The results shows that content of mineral elements in several infusing solutions of organic medium were steady after 108 hour. According to the result that was gotten when water capacity was saturable in mediums, and losing sight of the effect among organic mediums, the best scheme was got, that is, multiple mediums needed to pre-dispose before used to plant. Put the organic mediums in water for five days , when all mineral element of organic materials are steady ,Add nutrient solution amended by this formula, C1 =C2-C3 to mediums to make all content of components in approximate ideal situation. From then on , add nutrient solution according to standard nutrient solution scheme. (C1 means content of rectified nutrient solution; C2 means content of ideal nutrient solution; C3 means
content of extracted water of organic materiels.)
In addition, the chemic components in infusing nutrient solution of six organic mediums were mensurated at different time. The result as follow, after 36-108 hours all mineral elements in different infusing nutrient solutions was mainly steady. But mineral elements in nutrient solution which were affected by different organic mediums were different, increased content of total valid nitrogen in nutrient solution of charred rice husk was negative, by contraries, the others were plus. Increased content of effective P in nutrient solution of weathered coal and chicken manure were plus, the others are negative. Increased content of effective K in nutrient solution of weathered coal was plus, the others are negative. All increased content of Ca2+ were negative in mediums. Among them, the change was bigger than others in cradled turfgrass and charred rice husk. In chicken manure, sawdust, charred rice husk, peatmoss and cradled turfgrass. increased content of Mg2+ is plus, but it is negative in weathered coal. So c
orrectional coefficient λ., is essential for former scheme of nutrient solution. Management and scheme to nutrient solution is different at different period. When all mineral elements were steady after mediums in infusing water, transplant plants. Add the amended nutrient solution in a week, then use standard scheme of nutrient solution to supply.
On account of above-mentioned result, using tomato, "nianfeng" and loose leaved lettuce (Italy) as test material, we make multiple mediums (peatmoss: charred rice: husk: perlite: chicken manure )as cultivated soil with 2:2:2:1. Its bulk density is 0.36g/ml; specific gravity, 1.94g/ml: total porosity, 81.44%; pH, 6.28; EC. 1.89
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42 吴建繁，王运华．无公害蔬菜营养与施肥研究进展．植物学通报．2000，17(6)：492～503
43 吴建繁，王运华．无公害蔬菜营养与施肥研究进展．植物学通报．2000，17(6)：492～503
44 吴志行，凌丽娟，张义平．蔬菜无土栽培育苗基质选用理论与技术的研究．农业工程学报．1988，3：20～28
45 吴志行，凌丽娟等．番茄快速育苗基质理化特性的分析．南京农学院学报．1982，4：131～139
46 杨永岗，瞿海，胡霭堂．泥炭和牛粪对土壤中微量元素活性的影响．土壤通报．1999，30(5)：214～216
47 杨振明，阎飞，韩丽梅．土壤钾素研究的新进展．吉林农业大大学报．1998，20(3)：99～
106
48 于广建，奥岩松，李盛萱．蔬菜无土栽培研究第一报．北方园艺．1992，1：127～30
49 于广建，奥岩松，王秀．蔬菜无土栽培研究第二报．北方园艺．1992．2：18～19
50 张德威，牟咏花，徐志豪等．几种无土栽培基质的理化性质．浙江农业学报．1993，5(3)：166～171
51 张伟强．无土栽培及其发展前景．福建果树．2002，2：20～22
52 章利民，朱凯．城市固体废弃物在园林生产中的应用．江苏林业科技．2000，27增刊：87～90
53 赵亮，董玉霞．黄瓜无土栽培基质筛选．北方园艺．1997，(6)：49～50
54 赵秀兰，郑绍建，王勤，胡霭堂．氮素形态对营养液pH值及磷锌和磷铁间颉颃作用的影响．西南农业大学学报．1998，20(1)：1～4
55 Alex X.Niemiera, Ted,, Biiderback E., Carol E.Leda. Pine Bark Physical Characteristics Influence Pour-Through Nitrogen Concentrations. Hortscience. 1994,29(7): 789-791
56 Alexander X. Niemiera, Robert D. Wright. Influence of Temperature on Nitrification in a Pine Bark Medium. Hortscience. 1987, 22(4): 615-616
57 Bunt A.C., Adams P. Some Critical Comparisons of Peat-Sand and Loam-Based Compost,with Special Reference to the Interpretation of Physical and Chemical Analyses. Plant and Soil. 1966, 2:213-221
58 Carlile W.R, Papado Poulos A.P. The Effects of Enviroment Lobby on the Selection and Use of Growing Media. Acta Hort. 1999, 481:587-596
59 Chen, Y.Inbar, Y., Hadar. Y. Composted Agricultural Wastes as Potting Media for Ornamental Plants. Soil Science. 1988, 145(4): 298-303
60 De Boodt M, Verdondk O.The Physical Properties of the Substrates in Hort. Acta Hort. 1983,26:37～44.
61 Fischer, P. Composts from Residues of anaerobically Treated Household Waste and Their Suitability in Growing Media Acta Holt. 1997, 450:229-235
62 Fisher P., Schmitz H.J., Compost from Residues of Anaerobically Treated Household Waste and Their Suitability Growing Media. Acta Hort. 1997, 450:229-235
63 Francis Lemaire. The Problem of the Biostability in Organic Substrates. Acta Hort. 1997,450:63-69
64 Gerry Hood. Canadian Peat Harvesting and Its Effects on the Environment. Acta Hort. 1999,481:597-603
65 Gruda N., Schnitzler. W.H.The Influence of Organic Substrates Growth and Physiological Parameters of Vegetable Seedlings. Acta Hort. 1997, 450:487-494
66 Jiang weijie,Liu Wei,Yu Hongjun,Zheng Guanghua. Development of Soilless Culture in Mainland China.农业工程学报．2001，17(1)：10～15
67 Kadirvelu, K Utilization of Various Agricultural Wastes for Activated Carbon Preparation and Application for the Removal of Dyes and Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions.
Bioresource Technology.2003, 87(1): 129-132
68 Kadirvelu, K, Kavipriya, M. Utilization of Various Agricultural Wastes for Activated Carbon Preparation and Application for the Removal of Dyes and Metal lons from Aqueous Solutions. Bioresource Technology.2003, 187(1): 29-132
69 Klock-Moore, Kimberly A, Fitzpatrick, Georage E, Gladis Zinati, Container Production of Ornamental Horticulture Crops. BioCycle. 2000, 41(11): 58-61
70 Klove, Bjom. Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads in Peat Mining Wastewater.Water Research. 2001,35(10): 2353-2362
71 Leslie K.Manning, Robert Robert R.Tripepi, Alton G.Campbell, Suitability of Composted Bluegrass Residues as an Amendment in Container Media. Hortscience. 1995, 30(2): 277-280
72 Michael, Raviv. Horticulture Use of Composted Material. ActaHort. 1998, 469:225～233
73 Menzies N.W., Aitken R.L., Evaluation of Fly as a Component of Potting Substrates. Scientia Horticulturae. 1996(67): 87-99
74 Michael R.Evans, Sreenivas Konduru, Robert H.Stamps. Source Variation in Physical and Chemical Properties of Coconut Coir Dust. Horsciences. 1996, 31(6): 965-967
75 Munoo Prasad. Physical, Chemical And Biological Properties of Coir Dust. Acta Hort. 1997,450:21-27
76 Nicole De Rouin, Jean Caron, Leon E. Parent. Influence of Some Artificial Substrate on Productive and DRIS Diagnosis of Greenhouse Tomatos. Acta Hort. 1988, 221:45～52.
77 Nilsson, Marie-Louise. Major Extractable Organic Compounds in the Biologically Degradable Fraction of Fresh, Composted And Anaerobically Digested Household Waste.Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section B, Soil & Plant Science. 2000, 50(2):77-81
78 Okada H., Ferris H. Effect of Temperature on Growth and Nitrogen Mineralization of Fungi And Fungal-Feeding Nematodes. Plant and Soil.2001, 234:253-262
79 Ordovas J., armona E.C, M.T. Moreno M.C.Ortega, Characteristics of and lnternal Porosity of Cork Container Media. Hortscience. 1996,31(7): 177-179
80 Papadopoulos A.P. Research Centre Harrow, Ontario. Growing Greenhouse Seedless Cucumbers in Soil And in Soilless Media. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Publication. 1997, 1902:1-79
81 Papadopoulos A.P. Growing Greenhouse Tomatoes in Soil and in Soilless Media. Agriculture Canada Publication. 1999, 1865:1-77
82 Penningsfeld F. Substrated for Protected Cropping. Acta Hort. 1978,82:13～22.
83 Prasad M, Maher M J. Physical and Chemical Properties of Fractionated Peat. Acta Hort. 1993,342:257～264.
84 Ronald F. Walden, Robert D.Wright, Interactions of High Temperature and Exposure Time Influence Nitrification in a Pine Bark Medium. Hortscience, 1995, 30(5): 1026-1028
85 Raymond P. Poincelot. Horticulture: Principles and Pratical Applications, 1980, 160-161
86 Sarmar, D.C., Forster, C.F. Continuous Adsorption and Desorption of Chromium Ions by
Sphagnum Moss Peat. Process Biochemistry. 1995,30, (4): 293-298
87 Scott M. in Westigations into Peat-Free.Grower. 1996, 7, 26-27
88 Sharma D.C., Forster, C.F. Continuous Adsorption and Desorption of Chromium Ions by\ Sphagnum Moss Peat Process Biochemistry. 1995, 30(4): 293-298
89 Simkovic ivan. Preparation of Anion Exchangers from Beech Sawdust and Wheat Straw Industrial Crops and Product. 1999,10(3): 167-173
90 Smith C.Coir: a Viable Alternative to Peat for Potting. The Horticulturist. 1995, 3: 12-28
91 Sterrett. S.B.R.L.Chaney, C.W. Reynolds, F. D. Schales, L. W. Douglass, Transplant Quality and Metal Concentrations in Vegetable Transplants Grown in Media Containing Sewage Sludge Compost. HortScience. 1982, 17(2): 920-922
92 Trochoulias T., Burton, Ellen A.J. White, The Use of Bagasse as a Potting Medium for Ornamentls. Scientia Horticulturae. 1990,42:161-167
93 Warncke D.D.Analyzing Greenhouse Growing Media by the Saturation Extraction Media.HortScience, 1986, 21(2): 223-225
94 Wever G.C.de Kreij.Coir as a New Substrate Makes a Soectacular Entry. Vakblad von Bloemsterij. 1994, 29:42-45
95 Yeafer T.H.. Wright R.D., S.J.Donohue.Comparison of Pour-through and Saturated Pine Bark Extract N, P, K, and pH Levels. J.Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 1983, 108(1): 112-114
2 李春喜，王志和，王文林编著．生物统计学．第二版．科学出版社．2000：81～93
3 李合生主编．植物生理生化实验原理和技术．高等教育出版社．2000：119～13
4 李韵珠，李保国编著．土壤溶质运移．科学出版社．1998：1～91
5 刘士哲．现代实用无土栽培技术．中国农业出版社．2001：147～177
6 沈其荣主编．土壤肥料学通论．高校出版社．2002：169～259
7 沃尔克 N．土壤微生物学．郝文英．科学出版社．1981：73～169
8 肖 B．T．主编，冯兆林译．土壤物理条件与植物生长．科学出版社．1965，257～298
9 谢建吕主编．钾与中国农业．河海大学出版社．2000：53～65
10 邢禹贤编著．新型无土栽培原来与技术．中国农业出版社．2002：112～124
11 休伊特．E．J．植物营养研究的砂培与水培法．科学出版社．1965：8～47
12 中科院南京土壤研究所．土壤理化分析．第二版．上海科技出版社．1980：81～532
13 查丁石．不同基质和营养液对茄子的育苗效果．上海农业学报．1998，14(10)：63～66
14 陈贵林，高秀瑞．椰壳粉与蛭石不同配比基质对黄瓜幼苗生长的影响．中国蔬菜．2000，2：15～18
15 陈世俭．泥炭和堆肥对几种污染土壤中化学活性的影响．土壤学报．2000，37(2)：280～283
16 陈世俭．铜污染土壤添加有机物质的生物效应(黑麦草生物量的影响)．土壤与环境，2000，9(3)：183～185
17 陈振德，黄俊杰，程展旗．番茄和黄瓜无土育苗基质研究初报．土壤通报．1994，25(2)：94～95
18 陈振德等．几种常见的育苗基质主要特性的研究．土壤．1997，2：107～108
19 陈振德等．蔬菜穴盘育苗基质的选配及其理化特性的研究．农业工程学报．1998，14(2)192～197
20 郭世荣，李式军，程斐，马娜娜．有机基质在蔬菜无土栽培上的应用效果．沈阳农业大学学报．2002，31(1)：89～92
21 黄云，廖铁军，欧国武，李大林．大棚蔬菜无土栽培固体基质筛选的研究．西北农业学报．2002，11(1)：87～91
22 籍秀梅．锯末基质发酵腐熟的理化性质及对辣椒幼苗生长发育的影响．河北农业大学学报，2001，35(1)：65～68
23 巨晓棠，李生秀．土壤氮素矿化的温度水分效应．植物营养与肥料学报．1998，4(1)：37～42
24 李贵桐，赵紫娟，黄元仿，李保国．秸秆还田对土壤氮素转化的影响．植物营养与肥料学报．2002，8(2)：162～167
25 李国景等．环保型可重复利用的海棉无土栽培基质的应用研究．浙江农业学报．2001，
13(2)：61～66
26 李录久等．铵饱和沸石的增产效果及其对作物磷素营养的影响．安徽农业科学，1996增刊：14～16
27 李谦盛，郭世荣，李式军．利用工农业有机废弃物生产优质无土栽培基质．自然资源学报．2002，17(4)：515～519
28 李世清．淹水培养条件下铵态氮肥对土壤氮素的激发效应．植物营养与肥料学报．2001，7(4)：361～367
29 李式军，高丽红，庄仲连．我国无无土栽培研究新技术新成果及发展动向．长江蔬菜．1997，5：6～9
30 李天林，沈兵等．无土栽培基质培选料的参考因素与发展趋势．石河子大学学报。1999，3(3)：9～13
31 林天杰，黄建春等．稻草发酵过程理化性质变化及其作为栽培基质的研究．上海农学院学报．2000，18(2)
32 刘虎俊．NFT系统和松树皮基质栽培对草莓干物质积累的影响．西北农业学报．2001，10(3)：70～73
33 刘会玲，陈亚恒等．土壤钾素研究进展．河北农业大学学报．2002，25增刊：66～68
34 刘建玲等．土壤磷素化学行为及影响因素研究进展．河北农大学报．1993(3)37～45
35 刘培斌，郭亚洁．土壤中氮素反硝化作用及其动力学规律的实验研究．华北水利水电学报．94，4：15～19
36 孟宪民等．泥炭资源农业利用现状与前景．农业现代化研究．2000，21(3)：187～189
37 秦嘉海，陈广泉，肖占文．几种全营养混合基质的理化性质比较及在番茄生产中的应用．甘肃农业科技．2000，4，36～38
38 宋建国，林杉等．土壤易矿化有机态氮和微生物态氮作为土壤氮素生物有效性指标的评价．生态学报．2001，21(2)90～294
39 孙竹波，汪东等．我国蔬菜无土栽培研究应用进展及发展前景．北方园艺．2002，2：11～13
40 田吉林，汪寅虎．设施无土栽培基质的研究现状、存在问题与展望．上海农业学报．2000，16(4)：87～92
41 王东凯，于广建，奥岩松．蔬菜无土栽培研究第二报．北方园艺．1992，3，8～10
42 吴建繁，王运华．无公害蔬菜营养与施肥研究进展．植物学通报．2000，17(6)：492～503
43 吴建繁，王运华．无公害蔬菜营养与施肥研究进展．植物学通报．2000，17(6)：492～503
44 吴志行，凌丽娟，张义平．蔬菜无土栽培育苗基质选用理论与技术的研究．农业工程学报．1988，3：20～28
45 吴志行，凌丽娟等．番茄快速育苗基质理化特性的分析．南京农学院学报．1982，4：131～139
46 杨永岗，瞿海，胡霭堂．泥炭和牛粪对土壤中微量元素活性的影响．土壤通报．1999，30(5)：214～216
47 杨振明，阎飞，韩丽梅．土壤钾素研究的新进展．吉林农业大大学报．1998，20(3)：99～
106
48 于广建，奥岩松，李盛萱．蔬菜无土栽培研究第一报．北方园艺．1992，1：127～30
49 于广建，奥岩松，王秀．蔬菜无土栽培研究第二报．北方园艺．1992．2：18～19
50 张德威，牟咏花，徐志豪等．几种无土栽培基质的理化性质．浙江农业学报．1993，5(3)：166～171
51 张伟强．无土栽培及其发展前景．福建果树．2002，2：20～22
52 章利民，朱凯．城市固体废弃物在园林生产中的应用．江苏林业科技．2000，27增刊：87～90
53 赵亮，董玉霞．黄瓜无土栽培基质筛选．北方园艺．1997，(6)：49～50
54 赵秀兰，郑绍建，王勤，胡霭堂．氮素形态对营养液pH值及磷锌和磷铁间颉颃作用的影响．西南农业大学学报．1998，20(1)：1～4
55 Alex X.Niemiera, Ted,, Biiderback E., Carol E.Leda. Pine Bark Physical Characteristics Influence Pour-Through Nitrogen Concentrations. Hortscience. 1994,29(7): 789-791
56 Alexander X. Niemiera, Robert D. Wright. Influence of Temperature on Nitrification in a Pine Bark Medium. Hortscience. 1987, 22(4): 615-616
57 Bunt A.C., Adams P. Some Critical Comparisons of Peat-Sand and Loam-Based Compost,with Special Reference to the Interpretation of Physical and Chemical Analyses. Plant and Soil. 1966, 2:213-221
58 Carlile W.R, Papado Poulos A.P. The Effects of Enviroment Lobby on the Selection and Use of Growing Media. Acta Hort. 1999, 481:587-596
59 Chen, Y.Inbar, Y., Hadar. Y. Composted Agricultural Wastes as Potting Media for Ornamental Plants. Soil Science. 1988, 145(4): 298-303
60 De Boodt M, Verdondk O.The Physical Properties of the Substrates in Hort. Acta Hort. 1983,26:37～44.
61 Fischer, P. Composts from Residues of anaerobically Treated Household Waste and Their Suitability in Growing Media Acta Holt. 1997, 450:229-235
62 Fisher P., Schmitz H.J., Compost from Residues of Anaerobically Treated Household Waste and Their Suitability Growing Media. Acta Hort. 1997, 450:229-235
63 Francis Lemaire. The Problem of the Biostability in Organic Substrates. Acta Hort. 1997,450:63-69
64 Gerry Hood. Canadian Peat Harvesting and Its Effects on the Environment. Acta Hort. 1999,481:597-603
65 Gruda N., Schnitzler. W.H.The Influence of Organic Substrates Growth and Physiological Parameters of Vegetable Seedlings. Acta Hort. 1997, 450:487-494
66 Jiang weijie,Liu Wei,Yu Hongjun,Zheng Guanghua. Development of Soilless Culture in Mainland China.农业工程学报．2001，17(1)：10～15
67 Kadirvelu, K Utilization of Various Agricultural Wastes for Activated Carbon Preparation and Application for the Removal of Dyes and Metal Ions from Aqueous Solutions.
Bioresource Technology.2003, 87(1): 129-132
68 Kadirvelu, K, Kavipriya, M. Utilization of Various Agricultural Wastes for Activated Carbon Preparation and Application for the Removal of Dyes and Metal lons from Aqueous Solutions. Bioresource Technology.2003, 187(1): 29-132
69 Klock-Moore, Kimberly A, Fitzpatrick, Georage E, Gladis Zinati, Container Production of Ornamental Horticulture Crops. BioCycle. 2000, 41(11): 58-61
70 Klove, Bjom. Characteristics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loads in Peat Mining Wastewater.Water Research. 2001,35(10): 2353-2362
71 Leslie K.Manning, Robert Robert R.Tripepi, Alton G.Campbell, Suitability of Composted Bluegrass Residues as an Amendment in Container Media. Hortscience. 1995, 30(2): 277-280
72 Michael, Raviv. Horticulture Use of Composted Material. ActaHort. 1998, 469:225～233
73 Menzies N.W., Aitken R.L., Evaluation of Fly as a Component of Potting Substrates. Scientia Horticulturae. 1996(67): 87-99
74 Michael R.Evans, Sreenivas Konduru, Robert H.Stamps. Source Variation in Physical and Chemical Properties of Coconut Coir Dust. Horsciences. 1996, 31(6): 965-967
75 Munoo Prasad. Physical, Chemical And Biological Properties of Coir Dust. Acta Hort. 1997,450:21-27
76 Nicole De Rouin, Jean Caron, Leon E. Parent. Influence of Some Artificial Substrate on Productive and DRIS Diagnosis of Greenhouse Tomatos. Acta Hort. 1988, 221:45～52.
77 Nilsson, Marie-Louise. Major Extractable Organic Compounds in the Biologically Degradable Fraction of Fresh, Composted And Anaerobically Digested Household Waste.Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica. Section B, Soil & Plant Science. 2000, 50(2):77-81
78 Okada H., Ferris H. Effect of Temperature on Growth and Nitrogen Mineralization of Fungi And Fungal-Feeding Nematodes. Plant and Soil.2001, 234:253-262
79 Ordovas J., armona E.C, M.T. Moreno M.C.Ortega, Characteristics of and lnternal Porosity of Cork Container Media. Hortscience. 1996,31(7): 177-179
80 Papadopoulos A.P. Research Centre Harrow, Ontario. Growing Greenhouse Seedless Cucumbers in Soil And in Soilless Media. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada Publication. 1997, 1902:1-79
81 Papadopoulos A.P. Growing Greenhouse Tomatoes in Soil and in Soilless Media. Agriculture Canada Publication. 1999, 1865:1-77
82 Penningsfeld F. Substrated for Protected Cropping. Acta Hort. 1978,82:13～22.
83 Prasad M, Maher M J. Physical and Chemical Properties of Fractionated Peat. Acta Hort. 1993,342:257～264.
84 Ronald F. Walden, Robert D.Wright, Interactions of High Temperature and Exposure Time Influence Nitrification in a Pine Bark Medium. Hortscience, 1995, 30(5): 1026-1028
85 Raymond P. Poincelot. Horticulture: Principles and Pratical Applications, 1980, 160-161
86 Sarmar, D.C., Forster, C.F. Continuous Adsorption and Desorption of Chromium Ions by
Sphagnum Moss Peat. Process Biochemistry. 1995,30, (4): 293-298
87 Scott M. in Westigations into Peat-Free.Grower. 1996, 7, 26-27
88 Sharma D.C., Forster, C.F. Continuous Adsorption and Desorption of Chromium Ions by\ Sphagnum Moss Peat Process Biochemistry. 1995, 30(4): 293-298
89 Simkovic ivan. Preparation of Anion Exchangers from Beech Sawdust and Wheat Straw Industrial Crops and Product. 1999,10(3): 167-173
90 Smith C.Coir: a Viable Alternative to Peat for Potting. The Horticulturist. 1995, 3: 12-28
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