热功复合驱动逆循环机理与HFC/酰胺类工质对汽液相平衡研究
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摘要
热功复合驱动逆循环由于可以利用低品位热作为驱动热源获取高品位的冷,以及采用无臭氧消耗潜力和全球变暖潜力的天然工质,受到越来越多的关注。本文着眼于低温废热、太阳能等低品位热在制冷领域的应用,从能的品位出发,在理论上研究热功复合驱动逆循环的循环耦合和能量互补机理,并通过模拟结果进行了验证；同时开展了HFC/酰胺类新型工质对的探索与研究。其主要研究内容如下：
首先,开展了热转换系统能的品位研究,基于功、热和冷的品位分析,指出逆循环系统的热转换遵从能的品位匹配原则,低品位热驱动的吸收式循环通常用于制取低品位的冷,消耗机械功的压缩式循环用于制取高品位的冷,不同品位的逆循环之间的组合可以提高系统的热力学完善度,具有节能效果。
其次,基于对吸收式循环基本特性的分析,获得了关于极限制冷温度和行为转变现象的新认知；并以此为基础,分析了热功复合驱动制冷循环的循环耦合和能量互补过程,揭示了其中极值存在和演变的本质机理,为循环变工况特性研究和参数优化建立了基础。理论上,热功复合驱动制冷循环可视为吸收子循环与压缩子循环的耦合,两个子循环在复合驱动制冷过程中始终存在着能量互补和竞争。随着压缩机出口压力的变化,复合制冷循环的热利用率先是快速升高,达到一最大值后不断降低。也就是说,在出口压力不断变化的过程中存在一个最佳功热比,使得复合制冷循环热利用率最佳,性能最优。
再次,以R134a-DMF热功复合驱动制冷循环的模拟分析,验证了能的品位匹配和能量互补的原理,详细阐明了热功复合驱动制冷循环存在两个子循环的梯级制冷构型的节能本质。结果表明,由于复合制冷循环存在吸收子循环的热压缩作用,将制冷温度从环境温度降到一定值,而压缩子循环通过机械功的作用进一步获得低温效果,在这过程中复合制冷循环表现出两个子循环的能量互补和梯级的制冷构型,使循环获得低品位热独立驱动的吸收制冷循环无法获得的低温制冷效果,而这常常是通过消耗更多电能的压缩制冷循环才能得到。
此外,对于HFC+酰胺体系,筛选出了R152a+DMF和R152a+DMAC两个体系作为潜在替代工质对；采用静态法测定了在293.15K-353.15K温度范围以及0.1～2.0MPa压力范围内的汽液相平衡数据；以NRTL模型对实验数据进行关联,计算结果与实验结果构成了较好的吻合,表明两个体系的VLE数据均可以用NRTL模型进行关联。另外,从分子结构出发,用氢键理论解释了HFC制冷剂与酰胺类吸收剂亲和性存在的差异；结合制冷剂的热物性,将实验体系R152a+DMF和R152a+DMAC与常用体系的循环性能进行了比较,结果表明,R152a+DMF和R152a+DMAC均具有作为吸收式工质对的潜力。
最后,着眼于热功复合驱动逆循环在分布式能源系统的应用,基于对写字楼和饭店类建筑夏季典型日逐时冷负荷需求分布特点和北京夏季太阳能辐射特点的分析,构建了太阳能/功复合驱动逆循环与压缩制冷循环组成的复合供冷模式对写字楼和饭店类建筑夏季进行供冷。通过计算,对复合供冷模式与常规的压缩制冷循环供冷模式的能耗进行了比较,证实了太阳能/功复合驱动逆循环在实际应用的节能效果,具有一定的应用潜力。
The hybrid reverse cycle can obtain high-grade cold using low-grade heat as driving heat source and can use environment friendly working pairs with non-ozone-depleting potential and low-global warming potential. These virtues make it attracting more and more attention recent years. The paper focuses on the applications of low-temperature waste heat, such as solar energy and other low-grade heat, in the field of refrigeration. Base on the energy level, the cycle coupling and energy complementary mechanism of the hybrid reverse cycle was analyzed and verified by simulation. Furthermore, the HFC/amides new working pairs for absorption cycle were also studied. The main contents can be seen as follows:
First, on the analysis of the energy level of work, heat and cold in the heat conversion system, and proposed that heat conversion in the reverse cycle system comply with energy matching principle. Usually, the absorption cycle powered by the low-grade heat is used to producing low-grade cold, and the compression cycle with mechanical work consumption is used for the production of high-grade cold. However, the hybrid reverse cycle combined with different energy level cycle can improve thermodynamic perfectibility of the cycle and exhibit energy-saving effect.
Second, on the characteristic analysis of absorption cycle, the new cognitive of two fundamental concepts, the ultimate refrigerating temperature and behavior turning phenomenon, were obtained. On the basis of that, cycle coupling and energy complementary was analyzed and mechanism of the extreme value existence and evolution was revealed for the hybrid reverse cycle. This will be the foundation for variable condition characteristics and parameters optimization of the cycle. Theoretically, the hybrid refrigeration cycle can be considered as a coupling configuration of a vapor compression sub-system and an absorption sub-system. The two sub-systems compete in their contribution to the whole refrigeration system. With the change of compressor outlet pressure (pout), the coefficient of performance (ω) of hybrid cycle increases speedily to a maximum value at first, and then decreases. It means that during the change of pout, an optimum value (popt) of the pout exists and cycle performance and thermal efficiency is optimal.
Third, through simulating and analyzing the R134a-DMF hybrid refrigeration cycle, the principle of energy matching and energy complementary had been validated, and the energy-saving essence for the cascade refrigerating configuration between the internal sub-cycles was explained clearly. It can be inferred that the solution sub-cycle is responsible for making the refrigeration temperature from ambient temperature down to some value with the thermal compression, while the compression sub-cycle is responsible for making the refrigeration temperature down to lower temperature. In the process, the hybrid cycle exhibit energy complement and cascade refrigerating configuration between the internal sub-cycles, and than make the cycle obtain lower temperature refrigeration effect, where it cannot be achieved in the independent absorption refrigeration cycle, and it is usually obtain by compression cycle with more mechanical work consumed.
Furthermore, for HFC+amides systems, R152a+DMF and R152a+DMAC were selected as potential working pairs. The VLE data of R152a+DMF and R152a+DMAC were measured by the static analytical method at temperatures from20℃to80℃and pressure from0.1to2.0MPa. All experimental data were correlated by the NRTL activity coefficient model. The calculated results are in essential agreement with the experimental data. It indicates that the NRTL model can be used to express the VLE behaviors for binary systems R152a+DMF and R152a+DMAC. In addition, the difference of the affinity of the HFC refrigerant and amides absorbent was explained through the hydrogen theory. With combination of the thermal properties, comparing the cycle performance of the experimental system R152a+DMF and R152a+DMAC and commonly used system, and the results show that R152a+DMF and R152a+DMAC have the potential as absorption cycle working pairs.
Finally, based on the analysis of the hourly cooling loads on typical day for office and hotel building and hourly solar radiation intensity on typical day for Beijing in summer, a new cooling mode which combine with hybrid reverse cycle and compression cycle was established and use to cooling office and hotel building. With the calculation, energy consumption between the new cooling mode and the conventional compression cycle cooling mode was compared and the results show that the hybrid reverse cycle exhibit energy-saving effect in the practical application. It means that hybrid reverse cycle has the application potential in distributed energy systems.
首先,开展了热转换系统能的品位研究,基于功、热和冷的品位分析,指出逆循环系统的热转换遵从能的品位匹配原则,低品位热驱动的吸收式循环通常用于制取低品位的冷,消耗机械功的压缩式循环用于制取高品位的冷,不同品位的逆循环之间的组合可以提高系统的热力学完善度,具有节能效果。
其次,基于对吸收式循环基本特性的分析,获得了关于极限制冷温度和行为转变现象的新认知；并以此为基础,分析了热功复合驱动制冷循环的循环耦合和能量互补过程,揭示了其中极值存在和演变的本质机理,为循环变工况特性研究和参数优化建立了基础。理论上,热功复合驱动制冷循环可视为吸收子循环与压缩子循环的耦合,两个子循环在复合驱动制冷过程中始终存在着能量互补和竞争。随着压缩机出口压力的变化,复合制冷循环的热利用率先是快速升高,达到一最大值后不断降低。也就是说,在出口压力不断变化的过程中存在一个最佳功热比,使得复合制冷循环热利用率最佳,性能最优。
再次,以R134a-DMF热功复合驱动制冷循环的模拟分析,验证了能的品位匹配和能量互补的原理,详细阐明了热功复合驱动制冷循环存在两个子循环的梯级制冷构型的节能本质。结果表明,由于复合制冷循环存在吸收子循环的热压缩作用,将制冷温度从环境温度降到一定值,而压缩子循环通过机械功的作用进一步获得低温效果,在这过程中复合制冷循环表现出两个子循环的能量互补和梯级的制冷构型,使循环获得低品位热独立驱动的吸收制冷循环无法获得的低温制冷效果,而这常常是通过消耗更多电能的压缩制冷循环才能得到。
此外,对于HFC+酰胺体系,筛选出了R152a+DMF和R152a+DMAC两个体系作为潜在替代工质对；采用静态法测定了在293.15K-353.15K温度范围以及0.1～2.0MPa压力范围内的汽液相平衡数据；以NRTL模型对实验数据进行关联,计算结果与实验结果构成了较好的吻合,表明两个体系的VLE数据均可以用NRTL模型进行关联。另外,从分子结构出发,用氢键理论解释了HFC制冷剂与酰胺类吸收剂亲和性存在的差异；结合制冷剂的热物性,将实验体系R152a+DMF和R152a+DMAC与常用体系的循环性能进行了比较,结果表明,R152a+DMF和R152a+DMAC均具有作为吸收式工质对的潜力。
最后,着眼于热功复合驱动逆循环在分布式能源系统的应用,基于对写字楼和饭店类建筑夏季典型日逐时冷负荷需求分布特点和北京夏季太阳能辐射特点的分析,构建了太阳能/功复合驱动逆循环与压缩制冷循环组成的复合供冷模式对写字楼和饭店类建筑夏季进行供冷。通过计算,对复合供冷模式与常规的压缩制冷循环供冷模式的能耗进行了比较,证实了太阳能/功复合驱动逆循环在实际应用的节能效果,具有一定的应用潜力。
The hybrid reverse cycle can obtain high-grade cold using low-grade heat as driving heat source and can use environment friendly working pairs with non-ozone-depleting potential and low-global warming potential. These virtues make it attracting more and more attention recent years. The paper focuses on the applications of low-temperature waste heat, such as solar energy and other low-grade heat, in the field of refrigeration. Base on the energy level, the cycle coupling and energy complementary mechanism of the hybrid reverse cycle was analyzed and verified by simulation. Furthermore, the HFC/amides new working pairs for absorption cycle were also studied. The main contents can be seen as follows:
First, on the analysis of the energy level of work, heat and cold in the heat conversion system, and proposed that heat conversion in the reverse cycle system comply with energy matching principle. Usually, the absorption cycle powered by the low-grade heat is used to producing low-grade cold, and the compression cycle with mechanical work consumption is used for the production of high-grade cold. However, the hybrid reverse cycle combined with different energy level cycle can improve thermodynamic perfectibility of the cycle and exhibit energy-saving effect.
Second, on the characteristic analysis of absorption cycle, the new cognitive of two fundamental concepts, the ultimate refrigerating temperature and behavior turning phenomenon, were obtained. On the basis of that, cycle coupling and energy complementary was analyzed and mechanism of the extreme value existence and evolution was revealed for the hybrid reverse cycle. This will be the foundation for variable condition characteristics and parameters optimization of the cycle. Theoretically, the hybrid refrigeration cycle can be considered as a coupling configuration of a vapor compression sub-system and an absorption sub-system. The two sub-systems compete in their contribution to the whole refrigeration system. With the change of compressor outlet pressure (pout), the coefficient of performance (ω) of hybrid cycle increases speedily to a maximum value at first, and then decreases. It means that during the change of pout, an optimum value (popt) of the pout exists and cycle performance and thermal efficiency is optimal.
Third, through simulating and analyzing the R134a-DMF hybrid refrigeration cycle, the principle of energy matching and energy complementary had been validated, and the energy-saving essence for the cascade refrigerating configuration between the internal sub-cycles was explained clearly. It can be inferred that the solution sub-cycle is responsible for making the refrigeration temperature from ambient temperature down to some value with the thermal compression, while the compression sub-cycle is responsible for making the refrigeration temperature down to lower temperature. In the process, the hybrid cycle exhibit energy complement and cascade refrigerating configuration between the internal sub-cycles, and than make the cycle obtain lower temperature refrigeration effect, where it cannot be achieved in the independent absorption refrigeration cycle, and it is usually obtain by compression cycle with more mechanical work consumed.
Furthermore, for HFC+amides systems, R152a+DMF and R152a+DMAC were selected as potential working pairs. The VLE data of R152a+DMF and R152a+DMAC were measured by the static analytical method at temperatures from20℃to80℃and pressure from0.1to2.0MPa. All experimental data were correlated by the NRTL activity coefficient model. The calculated results are in essential agreement with the experimental data. It indicates that the NRTL model can be used to express the VLE behaviors for binary systems R152a+DMF and R152a+DMAC. In addition, the difference of the affinity of the HFC refrigerant and amides absorbent was explained through the hydrogen theory. With combination of the thermal properties, comparing the cycle performance of the experimental system R152a+DMF and R152a+DMAC and commonly used system, and the results show that R152a+DMF and R152a+DMAC have the potential as absorption cycle working pairs.
Finally, based on the analysis of the hourly cooling loads on typical day for office and hotel building and hourly solar radiation intensity on typical day for Beijing in summer, a new cooling mode which combine with hybrid reverse cycle and compression cycle was established and use to cooling office and hotel building. With the calculation, energy consumption between the new cooling mode and the conventional compression cycle cooling mode was compared and the results show that the hybrid reverse cycle exhibit energy-saving effect in the practical application. It means that hybrid reverse cycle has the application potential in distributed energy systems.
引文
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