甲烷—沉积煤尘爆炸实验与大涡模拟
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摘要
瓦斯和煤尘爆炸是威胁煤矿安全生产的重大隐患之一。我国煤矿事故中因瓦斯和煤尘爆炸造成的伤亡人数是世界上其他主要采煤国家的4倍以上,重要的的原因之一就是对矿井内瓦斯和煤尘爆炸的机理和规律掌握地不够充分,造成防爆和抑爆装置未能及时动作。为此,国内外研究者针对可燃介质气相爆炸和粉尘爆炸进行了大量的实验和数值模拟工作,但瓦斯和煤尘混合爆炸问题,特别是爆炸发展过程中的气相与粉尘的耦合作用、爆炸波扬尘过程、高热煤尘快速反应动力学等机理性问题仍是该领域研究的热点和难点。
本文即针对上述问题,采用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,对管道内的甲烷气相爆炸和甲烷-煤尘混合爆炸过程进行了研究。主要工作和结论如下。
(1)搭建了甲烷-沉积煤尘爆炸实验系统,包括长径比为23的爆炸管、气体预混罐、煤粉分散槽、障碍物布置器,以及由计算机、数据采集卡、高频压力传感器和具有过载保护功能的电火花点火装置组成的实验测试控制系统,压力测试精度为0.25级,系统的动态响应时间达到了毫秒级。利用该实验系统可以开展不同障碍物布置方案下的甲烷-空气爆炸和甲烷-沉积煤尘混合爆炸实验,获得各种实验条件下的爆炸压力上升规律。
(2)进行了管道内预混甲烷-空气爆炸实验,爆炸压力随时间的变化趋势表明,压力上升过程呈现四个阶段,第一阶段压力增加不明显,该阶段约占总爆炸时间的10%到15%；接下来爆炸压力快速上升,但是该过程持续时间不到总爆炸时间的5%；然后爆炸压力上升速率减小,该过程持续时间较长；之后,爆炸压力波动上升。
(3)在管道内布置半圆形石棉板作为障碍物,探讨了障碍物对爆炸压力上升过程的影响。实验结果表明,放置障碍物导致局部爆炸压力上升速率加快,爆炸持续时间缩短；对于连续布置多个障碍物的情形,爆炸压力急剧上升,爆炸压力显著增加；考察单个障碍物位置对爆炸过程的影响,发现障碍物与点火源间距离超过一定范围后,爆炸压力-时间曲线出现多峰值。
(4)建立了甲烷-空气爆炸过程三维数值模型,采用大涡模型模拟湍流流动；采用预混燃烧模型计算化学反应过程；采用P1模型模拟辐射传热；对火焰传播和火焰锋面与固体壁面之间的动态传热过程进行耦合求解。与Kindracki和本文的实验工况进行了比较,数值模拟结果完整的反映了爆炸压力上升的四个阶段,最大爆炸压力计算值的偏差小于15.6%。
(5)对管道内甲烷-空气爆炸的过程进行了数值模拟,获得了封闭管道内甲烷爆炸的火焰传播过程：混合气体被引燃后,火焰面呈球形,面积较小,火焰速度较低,压力上升速率较低；接下来火焰面在轴向伸长,火焰面积、火焰速度和压力上升速率均增加；当火焰面接触到管道壁面而熄灭,火焰速度和压力上升速率均开始减缓；之后,在火焰面的中心出现回流,已燃气体区域的管道壁面附近产生大尺度涡,郁金香形状火焰形成,此时管道中心线火焰速度达到最小值；郁金香火焰消失过程伴随火焰速度再次增加,最后火焰速度出现波动。最大火焰速度出现在火焰面伸长阶段,对应压力上升过程的第二阶段,并随管道长径比增加近似线性增加；点火位置在管道一端时,最大火焰速度比点火源在管道中心时高约30%。
(6)在甲烷-空气爆炸数值模拟的基础上,对管道内设置障碍物条件下甲烷-空气爆炸过程进行了数值模拟研究。获得了火焰越过障碍物的传播规律,揭示了火焰传播与压力上升之间的关系。以300mm为间距,从点火端开始布置多个障碍物时,火焰速度峰值和爆炸压力随着障碍物数量的增加而增大。
(7)在管道内甲烷-空气爆炸实验的基础上,对管道底部添加沉积煤尘的混合爆炸过程进行了实验研究。无障碍物时,与甲烷-空气爆炸相比,爆炸压力上升各阶段以及压力峰值没有明显差别,只是第四阶段压力波动幅度减小；管道内连续布置多个障碍物时,气体爆炸引起沉积煤尘弥散并燃烧,甲烷-沉积煤尘混合爆炸压力大于预混甲烷-空气的爆炸压力。
(8)将气体预混燃烧模型与煤粉非预混燃烧模型相结合,建立了甲烷-空气爆炸诱导沉积煤尘分散并发生化学反应的三维数值模型,通过模拟计算获得了煤尘非稳态弥散过程的仿真图像。管道内无障碍物时,气体爆炸引起煤尘分散的高度有限,管道顶部煤尘颗粒很少；管道内添加障碍物后,爆炸过程中煤尘在障碍物前方堆积,然后被气流裹挟越过障碍物,在障碍物附近分散；均匀布置多个障碍物促使煤尘充满整个管道。
Methane and coal dust explosions are the major accidents which seriously threat the safety in the coal mining industry. The casualty caused by methane and coal dust explosions in Chinese coal mining accidents is three times more than the casualty in other main coal countries. One important reason is that the mechanisms of methane and coal dust explosions in mines are not mastered adequately, which causes the explosion-proof and explosion mitigation appliances could not be triggered timely. Therefore, a lot of experimental and numerical simulation work aimed at flammable gas and dust explosion were conducted by many scholars in the world. However, the methane and coal dust hybrid explosion, especially the interaction between gaseous phase and coal dust, the dust dispersion effect by the blast wave and coal-dust rapid response dynamics et.al during the explosion process have not been solved ideally yet. And these mechanism-based questions are still the hot spot and difficulty in the research of this field.
In view of the unresolved aspect in explosion mentioned above, methane explosion and methane-coal dust hybrid explosion in a closed pipe were studied in this thesis by the means of experiment and numerical simulation. The major work and conclusions of this thesis are as follows.
(1) A methane-deposited coal dust explosion experimental system was set up, which consists of an explosion pipe with a length to diameter (L/D) ratio of23, a gas mixing tank, coal dust dispersion slot, an obstacle distributor, computer, a data-acquisition card, a high frequency pressure sensor and an ignition system. The dynamic response time of control and data acquisition unit is less than lms, and the pressure measurement accuracy is0.25%. The methane-air explosion and methane-deposited coal dust hybrid explosion experiments under different obstacle layout schemes could be conducted in this experimental system and the explosion pressure-rising under various experimental conditions were obtained.
(2) The methane-air explosion experiments were conducted. There are four stage in the pressure time history of methane-air explosion in the pipe. In the first stage, the pressure rise can be negligible and it was approximately10%-15%of the total explosion time. In the second stage, the pressure rose rapidly and the duration of this stage was less than5%of the total explosion time. After that, the explosion pressure increased slowly and the duration was relatively long. In the last stage, the explosion pressure increased with pressure fluctuation.
(3) A semi-circular asbestos plate as obstacle was arranged in the closed explosion pipe to study the influence of obstacle on the explosion pressure. The experimental results showed that the obstacle could result in the increasing of pressure rising rate locally and the shortening of explosion duration. When multi-obstacles were amounted in the pipe, the explosion pressure increased rapidly, and the maximum explosion pressure increased significantly. Considered the influence of the distance of the single obstacle from the ignition end on the explosion process, it was found that when the distance was more than a certain value, there are multiple pressure peaks in the explosion pressure time history.
(4) A three-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the methane-air explosion process in closed pipe. The turbulent flow was calculated by the large eddy simulation model. The chemical reaction rate was computed by the premixed combustion model based on the gradient method. The radiation heat transfer was calculated by P1model. The coupled solution of dynamic heat transfer between the flame front and the solid wall, and the effect of the temperature and pressure on burning rate were included in the model. The simulated pressure time histories were in good agreement with experimental date from both published literature and our experiments. And the error between experimental and computed maximum pressure is less than15.6%.
(5) The methane-air explosion process in closed pipe was simulated numerically. The simulation results showed that the flame front experienced such a change process of hemisphere shape, stretched in axial direction, plane shape, Tulip shape, and irregular turbulent flame in sequence. Correspondingly, the flame velocity experienced a process of accelerating, decelerating, and re-accelerating. The maximum flame propagation velocity appeared in the flame stretching stage. After analyzing the flow field of flame propagation process, it was realized that there was a backflow existing in the center of the flame front and a large-scale vortex structure appeared near the wall behind the flame front when the tulip flame formed. On that basis, the influences of L/D ratio and ignition location on the maximum flame propagation velocity were discussed. The conclusions were that the flame propagation velocity increases linearly with the increasing of L/D ratio and the maximum flame velocity is30%higher with the ignition point locates at the end than at the center of the pipe.
(6) A numerical model of methane-air explosion occurred in the tube which has obstacles inside was established based on the methane-air explosion model. By simulating the methane-air explosion process under different obstacles layout schemes, the propagation rules of flame passing through the obstacles were obtained, and the relationship between the flame propagation and the explosion pressure rising was revealed. When an obstacle was located at the second stage of the pressure rising, there was only one flame speed peak due to the two superposed mechanisms of flame font elongation and cross-sectional area of the pipe reduction. When the obstacle was located at the position behind the flame decelerated, there were two flame speed peaks. When the obstacle was located at the position where the tulip flame formed, the peak of the flame speed reached to the maximum value. When the obstacle was located at the position where the tulip flame disappeared, the multi-peak phenomenon of explosion pressure were observed. When multiple obstacles were arranged in the tube from the ignition end with a spacing of300mm, the flame speed peak value and the explosion pressure significantly increased with the increasing of the number of obstacles.
(7) Based on the methane-air explosion experiment in closed pipe, the hybrid explosion experiment of deposited coal dust was conducted. Compared with the methane-air explosion, when no obstacle was arranged in the pipe, the rising trendy and pressure peak value in different stages of the explosion pressure curve have no significant dissimilarity and the pressure fluctuation of the fourth stage is reduced. When multiple obstacles were arranged in the pipe, the deposited coal dust could disperse in the gas mixture much easier and react with the oxygen in the mixture more efficiently, which leaded to the explosion pressure of methane-coal dust hybrid explosion became larger than the pressure of methane-air explosion.
(8) Combing the premixed combustion model of gas and the non-premixed combustion model of coal dust, the three-dimensional numerical model to describe the deposited coal dust dispersion and chemical reaction induced by the methane-air explosion was established. The simulation images of coal dust dispersion process in an unsteady state were obtained, and the dispersion states of coal dust in the pipe with and without obstacles were revealed. The heights of coal dust dispersion caused by gas explosion in the pipe without obstacles were limited and there were rarely coal dust at the top of the pipe. When obstacles were arranged in the pipe, coal dust would deposit in the front of the obstacles and pass through the obstacles with the help of the fast-moving explosion wave and then disperse around the obstacles. The coal dust could disperse richly in the whole pipe with a continuous layout of obstacles.
本文即针对上述问题,采用实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,对管道内的甲烷气相爆炸和甲烷-煤尘混合爆炸过程进行了研究。主要工作和结论如下。
(1)搭建了甲烷-沉积煤尘爆炸实验系统,包括长径比为23的爆炸管、气体预混罐、煤粉分散槽、障碍物布置器,以及由计算机、数据采集卡、高频压力传感器和具有过载保护功能的电火花点火装置组成的实验测试控制系统,压力测试精度为0.25级,系统的动态响应时间达到了毫秒级。利用该实验系统可以开展不同障碍物布置方案下的甲烷-空气爆炸和甲烷-沉积煤尘混合爆炸实验,获得各种实验条件下的爆炸压力上升规律。
(2)进行了管道内预混甲烷-空气爆炸实验,爆炸压力随时间的变化趋势表明,压力上升过程呈现四个阶段,第一阶段压力增加不明显,该阶段约占总爆炸时间的10%到15%；接下来爆炸压力快速上升,但是该过程持续时间不到总爆炸时间的5%；然后爆炸压力上升速率减小,该过程持续时间较长；之后,爆炸压力波动上升。
(3)在管道内布置半圆形石棉板作为障碍物,探讨了障碍物对爆炸压力上升过程的影响。实验结果表明,放置障碍物导致局部爆炸压力上升速率加快,爆炸持续时间缩短；对于连续布置多个障碍物的情形,爆炸压力急剧上升,爆炸压力显著增加；考察单个障碍物位置对爆炸过程的影响,发现障碍物与点火源间距离超过一定范围后,爆炸压力-时间曲线出现多峰值。
(4)建立了甲烷-空气爆炸过程三维数值模型,采用大涡模型模拟湍流流动；采用预混燃烧模型计算化学反应过程；采用P1模型模拟辐射传热；对火焰传播和火焰锋面与固体壁面之间的动态传热过程进行耦合求解。与Kindracki和本文的实验工况进行了比较,数值模拟结果完整的反映了爆炸压力上升的四个阶段,最大爆炸压力计算值的偏差小于15.6%。
(5)对管道内甲烷-空气爆炸的过程进行了数值模拟,获得了封闭管道内甲烷爆炸的火焰传播过程：混合气体被引燃后,火焰面呈球形,面积较小,火焰速度较低,压力上升速率较低；接下来火焰面在轴向伸长,火焰面积、火焰速度和压力上升速率均增加；当火焰面接触到管道壁面而熄灭,火焰速度和压力上升速率均开始减缓；之后,在火焰面的中心出现回流,已燃气体区域的管道壁面附近产生大尺度涡,郁金香形状火焰形成,此时管道中心线火焰速度达到最小值；郁金香火焰消失过程伴随火焰速度再次增加,最后火焰速度出现波动。最大火焰速度出现在火焰面伸长阶段,对应压力上升过程的第二阶段,并随管道长径比增加近似线性增加；点火位置在管道一端时,最大火焰速度比点火源在管道中心时高约30%。
(6)在甲烷-空气爆炸数值模拟的基础上,对管道内设置障碍物条件下甲烷-空气爆炸过程进行了数值模拟研究。获得了火焰越过障碍物的传播规律,揭示了火焰传播与压力上升之间的关系。以300mm为间距,从点火端开始布置多个障碍物时,火焰速度峰值和爆炸压力随着障碍物数量的增加而增大。
(7)在管道内甲烷-空气爆炸实验的基础上,对管道底部添加沉积煤尘的混合爆炸过程进行了实验研究。无障碍物时,与甲烷-空气爆炸相比,爆炸压力上升各阶段以及压力峰值没有明显差别,只是第四阶段压力波动幅度减小；管道内连续布置多个障碍物时,气体爆炸引起沉积煤尘弥散并燃烧,甲烷-沉积煤尘混合爆炸压力大于预混甲烷-空气的爆炸压力。
(8)将气体预混燃烧模型与煤粉非预混燃烧模型相结合,建立了甲烷-空气爆炸诱导沉积煤尘分散并发生化学反应的三维数值模型,通过模拟计算获得了煤尘非稳态弥散过程的仿真图像。管道内无障碍物时,气体爆炸引起煤尘分散的高度有限,管道顶部煤尘颗粒很少；管道内添加障碍物后,爆炸过程中煤尘在障碍物前方堆积,然后被气流裹挟越过障碍物,在障碍物附近分散；均匀布置多个障碍物促使煤尘充满整个管道。
Methane and coal dust explosions are the major accidents which seriously threat the safety in the coal mining industry. The casualty caused by methane and coal dust explosions in Chinese coal mining accidents is three times more than the casualty in other main coal countries. One important reason is that the mechanisms of methane and coal dust explosions in mines are not mastered adequately, which causes the explosion-proof and explosion mitigation appliances could not be triggered timely. Therefore, a lot of experimental and numerical simulation work aimed at flammable gas and dust explosion were conducted by many scholars in the world. However, the methane and coal dust hybrid explosion, especially the interaction between gaseous phase and coal dust, the dust dispersion effect by the blast wave and coal-dust rapid response dynamics et.al during the explosion process have not been solved ideally yet. And these mechanism-based questions are still the hot spot and difficulty in the research of this field.
In view of the unresolved aspect in explosion mentioned above, methane explosion and methane-coal dust hybrid explosion in a closed pipe were studied in this thesis by the means of experiment and numerical simulation. The major work and conclusions of this thesis are as follows.
(1) A methane-deposited coal dust explosion experimental system was set up, which consists of an explosion pipe with a length to diameter (L/D) ratio of23, a gas mixing tank, coal dust dispersion slot, an obstacle distributor, computer, a data-acquisition card, a high frequency pressure sensor and an ignition system. The dynamic response time of control and data acquisition unit is less than lms, and the pressure measurement accuracy is0.25%. The methane-air explosion and methane-deposited coal dust hybrid explosion experiments under different obstacle layout schemes could be conducted in this experimental system and the explosion pressure-rising under various experimental conditions were obtained.
(2) The methane-air explosion experiments were conducted. There are four stage in the pressure time history of methane-air explosion in the pipe. In the first stage, the pressure rise can be negligible and it was approximately10%-15%of the total explosion time. In the second stage, the pressure rose rapidly and the duration of this stage was less than5%of the total explosion time. After that, the explosion pressure increased slowly and the duration was relatively long. In the last stage, the explosion pressure increased with pressure fluctuation.
(3) A semi-circular asbestos plate as obstacle was arranged in the closed explosion pipe to study the influence of obstacle on the explosion pressure. The experimental results showed that the obstacle could result in the increasing of pressure rising rate locally and the shortening of explosion duration. When multi-obstacles were amounted in the pipe, the explosion pressure increased rapidly, and the maximum explosion pressure increased significantly. Considered the influence of the distance of the single obstacle from the ignition end on the explosion process, it was found that when the distance was more than a certain value, there are multiple pressure peaks in the explosion pressure time history.
(4) A three-dimensional numerical model was developed to simulate the methane-air explosion process in closed pipe. The turbulent flow was calculated by the large eddy simulation model. The chemical reaction rate was computed by the premixed combustion model based on the gradient method. The radiation heat transfer was calculated by P1model. The coupled solution of dynamic heat transfer between the flame front and the solid wall, and the effect of the temperature and pressure on burning rate were included in the model. The simulated pressure time histories were in good agreement with experimental date from both published literature and our experiments. And the error between experimental and computed maximum pressure is less than15.6%.
(5) The methane-air explosion process in closed pipe was simulated numerically. The simulation results showed that the flame front experienced such a change process of hemisphere shape, stretched in axial direction, plane shape, Tulip shape, and irregular turbulent flame in sequence. Correspondingly, the flame velocity experienced a process of accelerating, decelerating, and re-accelerating. The maximum flame propagation velocity appeared in the flame stretching stage. After analyzing the flow field of flame propagation process, it was realized that there was a backflow existing in the center of the flame front and a large-scale vortex structure appeared near the wall behind the flame front when the tulip flame formed. On that basis, the influences of L/D ratio and ignition location on the maximum flame propagation velocity were discussed. The conclusions were that the flame propagation velocity increases linearly with the increasing of L/D ratio and the maximum flame velocity is30%higher with the ignition point locates at the end than at the center of the pipe.
(6) A numerical model of methane-air explosion occurred in the tube which has obstacles inside was established based on the methane-air explosion model. By simulating the methane-air explosion process under different obstacles layout schemes, the propagation rules of flame passing through the obstacles were obtained, and the relationship between the flame propagation and the explosion pressure rising was revealed. When an obstacle was located at the second stage of the pressure rising, there was only one flame speed peak due to the two superposed mechanisms of flame font elongation and cross-sectional area of the pipe reduction. When the obstacle was located at the position behind the flame decelerated, there were two flame speed peaks. When the obstacle was located at the position where the tulip flame formed, the peak of the flame speed reached to the maximum value. When the obstacle was located at the position where the tulip flame disappeared, the multi-peak phenomenon of explosion pressure were observed. When multiple obstacles were arranged in the tube from the ignition end with a spacing of300mm, the flame speed peak value and the explosion pressure significantly increased with the increasing of the number of obstacles.
(7) Based on the methane-air explosion experiment in closed pipe, the hybrid explosion experiment of deposited coal dust was conducted. Compared with the methane-air explosion, when no obstacle was arranged in the pipe, the rising trendy and pressure peak value in different stages of the explosion pressure curve have no significant dissimilarity and the pressure fluctuation of the fourth stage is reduced. When multiple obstacles were arranged in the pipe, the deposited coal dust could disperse in the gas mixture much easier and react with the oxygen in the mixture more efficiently, which leaded to the explosion pressure of methane-coal dust hybrid explosion became larger than the pressure of methane-air explosion.
(8) Combing the premixed combustion model of gas and the non-premixed combustion model of coal dust, the three-dimensional numerical model to describe the deposited coal dust dispersion and chemical reaction induced by the methane-air explosion was established. The simulation images of coal dust dispersion process in an unsteady state were obtained, and the dispersion states of coal dust in the pipe with and without obstacles were revealed. The heights of coal dust dispersion caused by gas explosion in the pipe without obstacles were limited and there were rarely coal dust at the top of the pipe. When obstacles were arranged in the pipe, coal dust would deposit in the front of the obstacles and pass through the obstacles with the help of the fast-moving explosion wave and then disperse around the obstacles. The coal dust could disperse richly in the whole pipe with a continuous layout of obstacles.
引文
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