基于电压源换流器的混联系统静态电压稳定性分析
摘要
基于电压源换流器的直流输电(VSC-HVDC)是一种全新的直流输电技术,它利用全控型电力电子器件和脉宽调制(PWM)技术,能够瞬时实现有功功率和无功功率的独立控制、能向无源系统供电、不会发生换相失败,且能向网络同时提供有功功率及无功功率紧急支援,有利于提高系统的稳定性。
基于传统相控换流(PCC)技术的交直流混联系统静态电压稳定性问题已研究了很长时间,提出了一些有效的分析方法。但基于VSC换流器的混联系统静态电压稳定性问题还极少有人进行研究。本文即研究基于电压源换流器的混联系统静态电压稳定性。
本文详细分析了电压源换流器的工作原理和换流过程,建立了VSC的稳态数学模型,并在此基础上建立了VSC-HVDC系统的控制方程及AC/VSC-HVDC混联系统的稳态数学模型。
论文结合延拓法和交替求解法提出了一种AC/VSC-HVDC混联系统静态电压稳定分析方法,该法可方便考虑发电机出力的上、下限限制以及VSC-HVDC系统的运行方式转换等问题,而且可应用于AC/VSC-MTDC混联系统的静态电压稳定性分析。
论文针对两条直流线路同时向同一系统供电从而形成了双馈入混联系统这一实际情况,提出了基于VSC换流器的双馈入混联系统静态电压稳定分析方法,并通过实际算例分析研究了VSC、VSC控制方式和VSC直流输电系统对双馈入混联系统静态电压稳定性的影响。
The Voltage Source Converter based High Voltage Derect Current (VSC-HVDC) transmission system is a new kind of electrical energy transmission system,which can control active and reactive power separately immedietely, supply power to non-source system and will not fail in phase commutation, at the same time, its ability to supply emergency active and reactive power support can enhance the stability of power system.
The problem of static voltage stabily of AC/HVDC system based on PCC technology has been discovered for a long time, however, the corresponding problem of AC/HVDC system based on VSC converter is merely discovered. This issue is to research the static voltage stabily of AC/VSC-HVDC system.
The working principle and the commutation process is analyzed in detail and the mathematical model of VSC is established, on this basis, the control equation of VSC-HVDC and statistic mathematical model of AC/VSC-HVDC system is established.
A new method of analyzing static voltage stability of AC/VSC-HVDC using continuation method and alternative algorithm is proposed, which can take factors such as the upper and lower limits of generator output and change of operation mode.
According to the real circumstance that two HVDC lines supply power to one system at the same time, which eventually form a Double-Infeed HVDC (DIDC)system, a method of analyzing DIDC system based on VSC converter is discovered and a practical calculation example is given to illustrate the influence of VSC, VSC control mode and VSC-HVDC transmission system to the static voltage stability of DIDC system.
基于传统相控换流(PCC)技术的交直流混联系统静态电压稳定性问题已研究了很长时间,提出了一些有效的分析方法。但基于VSC换流器的混联系统静态电压稳定性问题还极少有人进行研究。本文即研究基于电压源换流器的混联系统静态电压稳定性。
本文详细分析了电压源换流器的工作原理和换流过程,建立了VSC的稳态数学模型,并在此基础上建立了VSC-HVDC系统的控制方程及AC/VSC-HVDC混联系统的稳态数学模型。
论文结合延拓法和交替求解法提出了一种AC/VSC-HVDC混联系统静态电压稳定分析方法,该法可方便考虑发电机出力的上、下限限制以及VSC-HVDC系统的运行方式转换等问题,而且可应用于AC/VSC-MTDC混联系统的静态电压稳定性分析。
论文针对两条直流线路同时向同一系统供电从而形成了双馈入混联系统这一实际情况,提出了基于VSC换流器的双馈入混联系统静态电压稳定分析方法,并通过实际算例分析研究了VSC、VSC控制方式和VSC直流输电系统对双馈入混联系统静态电压稳定性的影响。
The Voltage Source Converter based High Voltage Derect Current (VSC-HVDC) transmission system is a new kind of electrical energy transmission system,which can control active and reactive power separately immedietely, supply power to non-source system and will not fail in phase commutation, at the same time, its ability to supply emergency active and reactive power support can enhance the stability of power system.
The problem of static voltage stabily of AC/HVDC system based on PCC technology has been discovered for a long time, however, the corresponding problem of AC/HVDC system based on VSC converter is merely discovered. This issue is to research the static voltage stabily of AC/VSC-HVDC system.
The working principle and the commutation process is analyzed in detail and the mathematical model of VSC is established, on this basis, the control equation of VSC-HVDC and statistic mathematical model of AC/VSC-HVDC system is established.
A new method of analyzing static voltage stability of AC/VSC-HVDC using continuation method and alternative algorithm is proposed, which can take factors such as the upper and lower limits of generator output and change of operation mode.
According to the real circumstance that two HVDC lines supply power to one system at the same time, which eventually form a Double-Infeed HVDC (DIDC)system, a method of analyzing DIDC system based on VSC converter is discovered and a practical calculation example is given to illustrate the influence of VSC, VSC control mode and VSC-HVDC transmission system to the static voltage stability of DIDC system.
引文
1戴熙杰.直流输电基础.水利水电出版社,1999:1~38
2 Bjarne Andersen, Carl Barker. A New Era in HVDC. IEE Review. 2009, 46(2):33~39
3 F. Schettler, H. Huang, N. Christl. HVDC-Transformers Technical Challenge. Power System Technology. 2002, (1):547~551
4严朝,朱天游.背靠背直流输电技术及其在全国联网中的作用.中国厦门全国电力系统技术会议. 2001:14~19
5 Shoichi Irokawa, Kikuo Takagi, Hideo Takeda, et al. Channel HVDC Project Commissioned in Japan. The Third Beijing International Conference on Power Transmission and Distribution Technology. 2001: 717~722
6 H. Huang, V. Ramaswami. Power Transmission from China West to East by HVDC Systems. The 4th International Conference on Power Transmission and Distribution Technology. 2003: 1~7
7 Yu Xinqiang, Liang Xuming, Wang Zuli. Complete Localization of HVDC Back-to-Back Project Realized. ELECTRICITY. 2006,1:21~24
8 N. Farhad, S. P. Hasmukh. Power Electronics in Electric Utilities:HVDC Power Transmission Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE. 1988, 76(4):495~506
9李兴源.高压直流输电系统的运行和控制.科学出版社, 1998:1~2
10 Povh D. Role of HVDC Transmission in Future Energy Development. IEEE Power Engineering Review. 2000, (2):10~25
11赵畹君.高压直流输电工程技术.中国电力出版社, 2004
12唐建,刘天琪,李兴源.新型直流输电数学模型和控制方式研究综述.继电器. 2005, 34(14) :75~80
13徐政,陈海荣.电压源换流器型输电技术综述.高电压技术. 2007, 33(1):1~10
14陈海荣,徐政,张静.一种基于电压源型多端直流输电的供电系统.高电压技术. 2006, 32(9):1~5
15张欢,刘天琪,李兴源等.新型多端直流输电技术研究.四川电力技术. 2007, 30(6):1~5
16尹明,李庚银,牛同义等. VSC-HVDC连续时间状态空间模型及其控制策略研究.中国电机工程学报. 2005, 25(18):34~39
17 A. Chemanoff, C. Corroyer. The Power System Failure on Dec. 19, 1978. RGE.1980, 89(4):101~109
18 K. Takahashi, K. Momura. The Power System Failure on July 23,1987 in Tokyo. Proc. of the 27th Conference on Decision and Control, Texas. 1988:99~07
19徐航,张启评等.美加“8.14”大停电教训和启示.华东电力. 2003, (9):3~13
20何大愚.对于美国西部电力系统1996年7月2日大停电事故的初步认识.电网技术. 1996, 20(9):35~39
21卢卫星,舒印彪,史连军.美国西部电力系统1996年8月10日大停电事故.电网技术. 1996, 20(9):40~42
22鲁宗相,蒋锦峰,袁德等.从“8.14”美加大停电思考电力可靠性.中国电力. 2003, 36(12):1~6
23鲁宗相.电网复杂性及大停电事故的可靠性研究.电力系统自动化. 2005,29(12):93~97
24姜志勇. AC/MTDC系统静态电压稳定性分析.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文. 2009
25 JIANG Hongbo, EKSTROM Ake. Multiterminal HVDC in Urban Area of Large Cities. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 1998, 13(4):1278~1284
26 LU Weixing, Ooi B. T. Opetimal Acquisiton Aggregation of Offshore Wind Power by Multiterminal Voltage Source HVDC. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 2003,18(1):201~206
27 LU Weixing, Ooi B. T. Multi-terminal DC Transmission System for Wind-farms. IEEE Power Engineering Society WinterMeeting . 2001,1091~1096
28 LU Weixing, Ooi B. T. Premium Quality Power Park Based on Multi-Terminal HVDC. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 2005, 20(2):719~724
29权白露.三峡直流输电工程换流站阀桥组数的讨论.第十二届中南七省电力系统专委会97年度联合学术年会论文集
30陈谦.新型多端直流输电系统的运行与控制.东南大学博士学位论文. 2004
31袁旭峰,程时杰.多端直流输电技术及其发展.继电器. 2006, 34(19):61~69
32 S. Lefebvre, W. K. Wong, J. Reeve, et al. Experience with Modeling MTDC Systems in Transient Stability Programs. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 1991, 6(1):405~413
33 H. W. Ngan, A. K. David, K. L. Lo. Modeling of A Distributed Computer Controlled Multi-terminal HVDC System for Dynamic Simulation. Power System Control Operation and Management International Conference. 1991: 599~604
34 A. Hammad, R. Minghetti, H. Hasler, et al. Modeling of the Pacific Intertie 4-Terminal HVDC Scheme in EMTP. International Conference on AC and DCPower Transmission, London. 1991:362~367
35 Hammad, R. Minghetti, H. Hasler, et al. Controls Modeling and Verification for The Pacific Intertie HVDC 4-Terminal Scheme. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 1993, 8(1):367~375
36 Tang Lianxiang, OoiB. T. Protection of VSC Multi-terminal HVDC against DC Faults. In:IEEE 33rd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference. 2002: 719~724
37何国庆.基于电压源换流器的高压直流输电技术在风电场并网中的应用研究.中国电力科学研究院硕士学位论文. 2008
38刘静.轻型直流输电建模及其在风力发电中的应用.华北电力大学硕士学位论文. 2008
39 Xiao Wang, Ooi B. T. High Voltage Direct Current Transmission System based on Voltage Source Converters. PESC’90 Record ,SanAntonio, Texas, USA. 1990, (1): 325~332
40陈谦,唐国庆,胡铭.采用dq0坐标的VSC-HVDC稳态模型与控制器设计.电力系统自动化. 2004, 28(16):61~66
41李国栋,毛承雄,陆继明等.基于逆系统理论的VSC-HVDC新型控制.高电压技术. 2005, 31(8):45~50
42 Durrant. M, Werner. H, Abbott. K. Model of a VSC HVDC Tenmnal Attached to a Weak AC System. Proceedings of 2003 IEEE Confereneeon Control Applications, Istanbul. 2003:178~182
43 K. R. Padiyar, Nagesh Prabhu. Modeling, Control Design and Analysis of VSC based HVDC Transmission Systems. Proceedings of Power Con2004, Singapore. 2004
44 D. Jovcic, L. A. Lamont L. Xu. VSC Transmission Model for Analytical Studies. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. 2003, 7
45张桂斌,徐政,王广柱.基于VSC的直流输电系统的稳态建模及其非线性控制.中国电机工程学报. 2002, 22(1):1~5
46 Guangkai Li, Guopeng Ma, Chengyong Zhao, et al. Research of Nonlinera Control Strategy for VSC-HVDC System Based on Lyapunov Stability Theory. Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, 2008. DRPT 2008
47 Zhao Z, Iravani M. R. Application of GTO Voltage Source Inverter in a Hybrid HVDC Link. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 1994, 9(1):369~377
48 Zhao Z, Iravani M. R. Application of GTO Voltage Source Inverter for Tapping HVDC Power. IEEE Proc on Gener, Transm and Distrib. 1994, 141(1):19~26
49赵成勇,李金丰,李广凯.基于有功和无功独立调节的VSC-HVDC控制策略.电力系统自动化. 2005, 29(5):20~24, 30
50 Asplund G . Application of HVDC Light to Power System Enhancement. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 2000, 9(4):2498~2503
51王兆安,黄俊.电力电子技术.第4版.机械工业出版社, 2003:44~49
52侯慧,游大海,尹项根.轻型高压直流输电技术的发展与应用.电力建设. 2005, 26(11): 28~30
53张纯江,顾和荣,王宝诚等.基于新型相位幅值控制的三相PWM整流器数学模型.中国电机工程学报. 2003, 23(7): 28~31
54王冠,蔡晔,张桂斌等.高压直流输电电压源换流器的等效模型及混合仿真技术.电网技术. 2003, 27(2): 4~8
55胡兆庆,毛承雄,陆继明.新型多端高压直流传输系统应用及其控制.高电压技术. 2004, 30(11): 31~33
56林晖. VSC-MTDC和交流混合的电力系统潮流计算.湖南大学硕士学位论文. 2007
57王锡凡,方万良,杜正春.现代电力系统分析.科学出版社, 2003:421~423
58陈谦,唐国庆,王浔.多端VSC-HVDC系统交直流潮流计算.电力自动化设备. 2005, 25(6):1~6
59王惠喜.交直流联合系统静态电压稳定性分析.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文. 2007
60 Xu Zheng. AC/DC and DC/DC Interactions of Multiple HVDC Links Terminating in the Same AC System. Power System Technology. 1998, 22(2):16~19
61 CIGRE Working Group B4.41. Systems with Multiple DC Infeed.CIGRE. 2008.
62 F. T. Paulo, P. Jiuping, S. Kailash, et al. Case Study of a Multi-infeed HVDC System. Power System Technology and IEEE Power India Conference. 2008
63 Ou Kaijian, Ren Zhen, Jing Yong. Research on Commutation Failture in HVDC Transmission System Part1:Analysis on Influence Factors of Communication Failure. Electric Power Automation Equipment. 2003, 23(5):5~8
64 Lin Lingxue, Zhang Yao, Zhong Qing, et al. A Survey on Commutation Failures in Multi-infeed HVDC Transmission Systems. Power System Technology. 2006, 30(17):40~46
65 He Chaorong, Li Xingyuan. Study on Mutual Admittance and Commutation Failure for Multi-infeed HVDC Transmission Systems. Proceedings of the CSEE. 2008, 28(7):51~57
66 Changchun Z, Zheng X. Study on Commutation Failure of Multi-infeed HVDC System. Proceedings of International Conference on Power System Technology. 2002
67杨卫东.多馈入直流输电系统的控制策略研究.浙江大学. 2001
68 Denis, L H A, Andersson G . Quasi-static Stability of HVDC Systems Considering Dynamic Effects of Synchronous Machines and Excitation voltage Control. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 2006, 21(3):1501~1514
69项玲,郑建勇,胡敏强.多端和多馈入直流输电系统中换相失败的研究.电力系统自动化. 2005, 29(11):29~33
70王晶芳,李新年,胡涛等.含特高压直流的多馈入交直流系统动态特性仿真.电力系统自动化. 2007, 31(11):97~102
2 Bjarne Andersen, Carl Barker. A New Era in HVDC. IEE Review. 2009, 46(2):33~39
3 F. Schettler, H. Huang, N. Christl. HVDC-Transformers Technical Challenge. Power System Technology. 2002, (1):547~551
4严朝,朱天游.背靠背直流输电技术及其在全国联网中的作用.中国厦门全国电力系统技术会议. 2001:14~19
5 Shoichi Irokawa, Kikuo Takagi, Hideo Takeda, et al. Channel HVDC Project Commissioned in Japan. The Third Beijing International Conference on Power Transmission and Distribution Technology. 2001: 717~722
6 H. Huang, V. Ramaswami. Power Transmission from China West to East by HVDC Systems. The 4th International Conference on Power Transmission and Distribution Technology. 2003: 1~7
7 Yu Xinqiang, Liang Xuming, Wang Zuli. Complete Localization of HVDC Back-to-Back Project Realized. ELECTRICITY. 2006,1:21~24
8 N. Farhad, S. P. Hasmukh. Power Electronics in Electric Utilities:HVDC Power Transmission Systems. Proceedings of the IEEE. 1988, 76(4):495~506
9李兴源.高压直流输电系统的运行和控制.科学出版社, 1998:1~2
10 Povh D. Role of HVDC Transmission in Future Energy Development. IEEE Power Engineering Review. 2000, (2):10~25
11赵畹君.高压直流输电工程技术.中国电力出版社, 2004
12唐建,刘天琪,李兴源.新型直流输电数学模型和控制方式研究综述.继电器. 2005, 34(14) :75~80
13徐政,陈海荣.电压源换流器型输电技术综述.高电压技术. 2007, 33(1):1~10
14陈海荣,徐政,张静.一种基于电压源型多端直流输电的供电系统.高电压技术. 2006, 32(9):1~5
15张欢,刘天琪,李兴源等.新型多端直流输电技术研究.四川电力技术. 2007, 30(6):1~5
16尹明,李庚银,牛同义等. VSC-HVDC连续时间状态空间模型及其控制策略研究.中国电机工程学报. 2005, 25(18):34~39
17 A. Chemanoff, C. Corroyer. The Power System Failure on Dec. 19, 1978. RGE.1980, 89(4):101~109
18 K. Takahashi, K. Momura. The Power System Failure on July 23,1987 in Tokyo. Proc. of the 27th Conference on Decision and Control, Texas. 1988:99~07
19徐航,张启评等.美加“8.14”大停电教训和启示.华东电力. 2003, (9):3~13
20何大愚.对于美国西部电力系统1996年7月2日大停电事故的初步认识.电网技术. 1996, 20(9):35~39
21卢卫星,舒印彪,史连军.美国西部电力系统1996年8月10日大停电事故.电网技术. 1996, 20(9):40~42
22鲁宗相,蒋锦峰,袁德等.从“8.14”美加大停电思考电力可靠性.中国电力. 2003, 36(12):1~6
23鲁宗相.电网复杂性及大停电事故的可靠性研究.电力系统自动化. 2005,29(12):93~97
24姜志勇. AC/MTDC系统静态电压稳定性分析.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文. 2009
25 JIANG Hongbo, EKSTROM Ake. Multiterminal HVDC in Urban Area of Large Cities. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 1998, 13(4):1278~1284
26 LU Weixing, Ooi B. T. Opetimal Acquisiton Aggregation of Offshore Wind Power by Multiterminal Voltage Source HVDC. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 2003,18(1):201~206
27 LU Weixing, Ooi B. T. Multi-terminal DC Transmission System for Wind-farms. IEEE Power Engineering Society WinterMeeting . 2001,1091~1096
28 LU Weixing, Ooi B. T. Premium Quality Power Park Based on Multi-Terminal HVDC. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 2005, 20(2):719~724
29权白露.三峡直流输电工程换流站阀桥组数的讨论.第十二届中南七省电力系统专委会97年度联合学术年会论文集
30陈谦.新型多端直流输电系统的运行与控制.东南大学博士学位论文. 2004
31袁旭峰,程时杰.多端直流输电技术及其发展.继电器. 2006, 34(19):61~69
32 S. Lefebvre, W. K. Wong, J. Reeve, et al. Experience with Modeling MTDC Systems in Transient Stability Programs. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 1991, 6(1):405~413
33 H. W. Ngan, A. K. David, K. L. Lo. Modeling of A Distributed Computer Controlled Multi-terminal HVDC System for Dynamic Simulation. Power System Control Operation and Management International Conference. 1991: 599~604
34 A. Hammad, R. Minghetti, H. Hasler, et al. Modeling of the Pacific Intertie 4-Terminal HVDC Scheme in EMTP. International Conference on AC and DCPower Transmission, London. 1991:362~367
35 Hammad, R. Minghetti, H. Hasler, et al. Controls Modeling and Verification for The Pacific Intertie HVDC 4-Terminal Scheme. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 1993, 8(1):367~375
36 Tang Lianxiang, OoiB. T. Protection of VSC Multi-terminal HVDC against DC Faults. In:IEEE 33rd Annual Power Electronics Specialists Conference. 2002: 719~724
37何国庆.基于电压源换流器的高压直流输电技术在风电场并网中的应用研究.中国电力科学研究院硕士学位论文. 2008
38刘静.轻型直流输电建模及其在风力发电中的应用.华北电力大学硕士学位论文. 2008
39 Xiao Wang, Ooi B. T. High Voltage Direct Current Transmission System based on Voltage Source Converters. PESC’90 Record ,SanAntonio, Texas, USA. 1990, (1): 325~332
40陈谦,唐国庆,胡铭.采用dq0坐标的VSC-HVDC稳态模型与控制器设计.电力系统自动化. 2004, 28(16):61~66
41李国栋,毛承雄,陆继明等.基于逆系统理论的VSC-HVDC新型控制.高电压技术. 2005, 31(8):45~50
42 Durrant. M, Werner. H, Abbott. K. Model of a VSC HVDC Tenmnal Attached to a Weak AC System. Proceedings of 2003 IEEE Confereneeon Control Applications, Istanbul. 2003:178~182
43 K. R. Padiyar, Nagesh Prabhu. Modeling, Control Design and Analysis of VSC based HVDC Transmission Systems. Proceedings of Power Con2004, Singapore. 2004
44 D. Jovcic, L. A. Lamont L. Xu. VSC Transmission Model for Analytical Studies. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting. 2003, 7
45张桂斌,徐政,王广柱.基于VSC的直流输电系统的稳态建模及其非线性控制.中国电机工程学报. 2002, 22(1):1~5
46 Guangkai Li, Guopeng Ma, Chengyong Zhao, et al. Research of Nonlinera Control Strategy for VSC-HVDC System Based on Lyapunov Stability Theory. Electric Utility Deregulation and Restructuring and Power Technologies, 2008. DRPT 2008
47 Zhao Z, Iravani M. R. Application of GTO Voltage Source Inverter in a Hybrid HVDC Link. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 1994, 9(1):369~377
48 Zhao Z, Iravani M. R. Application of GTO Voltage Source Inverter for Tapping HVDC Power. IEEE Proc on Gener, Transm and Distrib. 1994, 141(1):19~26
49赵成勇,李金丰,李广凯.基于有功和无功独立调节的VSC-HVDC控制策略.电力系统自动化. 2005, 29(5):20~24, 30
50 Asplund G . Application of HVDC Light to Power System Enhancement. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 2000, 9(4):2498~2503
51王兆安,黄俊.电力电子技术.第4版.机械工业出版社, 2003:44~49
52侯慧,游大海,尹项根.轻型高压直流输电技术的发展与应用.电力建设. 2005, 26(11): 28~30
53张纯江,顾和荣,王宝诚等.基于新型相位幅值控制的三相PWM整流器数学模型.中国电机工程学报. 2003, 23(7): 28~31
54王冠,蔡晔,张桂斌等.高压直流输电电压源换流器的等效模型及混合仿真技术.电网技术. 2003, 27(2): 4~8
55胡兆庆,毛承雄,陆继明.新型多端高压直流传输系统应用及其控制.高电压技术. 2004, 30(11): 31~33
56林晖. VSC-MTDC和交流混合的电力系统潮流计算.湖南大学硕士学位论文. 2007
57王锡凡,方万良,杜正春.现代电力系统分析.科学出版社, 2003:421~423
58陈谦,唐国庆,王浔.多端VSC-HVDC系统交直流潮流计算.电力自动化设备. 2005, 25(6):1~6
59王惠喜.交直流联合系统静态电压稳定性分析.哈尔滨工业大学硕士学位论文. 2007
60 Xu Zheng. AC/DC and DC/DC Interactions of Multiple HVDC Links Terminating in the Same AC System. Power System Technology. 1998, 22(2):16~19
61 CIGRE Working Group B4.41. Systems with Multiple DC Infeed.CIGRE. 2008.
62 F. T. Paulo, P. Jiuping, S. Kailash, et al. Case Study of a Multi-infeed HVDC System. Power System Technology and IEEE Power India Conference. 2008
63 Ou Kaijian, Ren Zhen, Jing Yong. Research on Commutation Failture in HVDC Transmission System Part1:Analysis on Influence Factors of Communication Failure. Electric Power Automation Equipment. 2003, 23(5):5~8
64 Lin Lingxue, Zhang Yao, Zhong Qing, et al. A Survey on Commutation Failures in Multi-infeed HVDC Transmission Systems. Power System Technology. 2006, 30(17):40~46
65 He Chaorong, Li Xingyuan. Study on Mutual Admittance and Commutation Failure for Multi-infeed HVDC Transmission Systems. Proceedings of the CSEE. 2008, 28(7):51~57
66 Changchun Z, Zheng X. Study on Commutation Failure of Multi-infeed HVDC System. Proceedings of International Conference on Power System Technology. 2002
67杨卫东.多馈入直流输电系统的控制策略研究.浙江大学. 2001
68 Denis, L H A, Andersson G . Quasi-static Stability of HVDC Systems Considering Dynamic Effects of Synchronous Machines and Excitation voltage Control. IEEE Trans on Power Delivery. 2006, 21(3):1501~1514
69项玲,郑建勇,胡敏强.多端和多馈入直流输电系统中换相失败的研究.电力系统自动化. 2005, 29(11):29~33
70王晶芳,李新年,胡涛等.含特高压直流的多馈入交直流系统动态特性仿真.电力系统自动化. 2007, 31(11):97~102