轴流风扇内部二维粘性流场的数值研究
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摘要
轴流风扇广泛应用于计算机CPU散热及空调通风等场合,为提高风扇的效率和运行稳定性,深入研究风扇内部的三维流场细节是很有必要的。
本文采用NUMECA公司的CFD软件包Fine/Turbo对选取的二维翼型进行数值模拟,并对结果进行确认研究。在此基础上,以一种带后导叶的具有扭曲叶片的轴流式CPU风扇为主要研究对象,对其整个流量范围内的性能进行了数值模拟,并对不同流量工况点的三维粘性流场进行了分析,包括周向平均静压、二次流动等。结果表明,不仅定性地验证了驼峰状的性能曲线,还得出了各工况下流场的定量信息,为改善轴流风扇性能的理论研究和实践提供了依据。
Axial fans are widely used in the field of computer CPU heat ventilation and air conditioning, and so on, to improve the efficiency of fans and stability operations, in-depth study of the fans internal three-dimensional flow field details is necessary.
This paper selected a two-dimensional airfoil to compute, using the Fine/Turbo software of the Belguim company NUMECA, and validated the univ-ersality of CFD technic. In the base of the result, the article brung a guide vane with the twisted blade axial fans for the CPU fan, the properties of the entire flow range of properties were simulated in different flow conditions. and analyzed the three-dimensional viscous flow, including an average week to pressure, secondary flow. The results showed that not only qualitative proved that the performance of the hump-shaped curve, also reached the condition of the flow field of quantitative information.This provided a basis to the heory and practice for Axial fans.
本文采用NUMECA公司的CFD软件包Fine/Turbo对选取的二维翼型进行数值模拟,并对结果进行确认研究。在此基础上,以一种带后导叶的具有扭曲叶片的轴流式CPU风扇为主要研究对象,对其整个流量范围内的性能进行了数值模拟,并对不同流量工况点的三维粘性流场进行了分析,包括周向平均静压、二次流动等。结果表明,不仅定性地验证了驼峰状的性能曲线,还得出了各工况下流场的定量信息,为改善轴流风扇性能的理论研究和实践提供了依据。
Axial fans are widely used in the field of computer CPU heat ventilation and air conditioning, and so on, to improve the efficiency of fans and stability operations, in-depth study of the fans internal three-dimensional flow field details is necessary.
This paper selected a two-dimensional airfoil to compute, using the Fine/Turbo software of the Belguim company NUMECA, and validated the univ-ersality of CFD technic. In the base of the result, the article brung a guide vane with the twisted blade axial fans for the CPU fan, the properties of the entire flow range of properties were simulated in different flow conditions. and analyzed the three-dimensional viscous flow, including an average week to pressure, secondary flow. The results showed that not only qualitative proved that the performance of the hump-shaped curve, also reached the condition of the flow field of quantitative information.This provided a basis to the heory and practice for Axial fans.
引文
[1] 王仲奇,秦仁,《透平机械原理》,机械工业出版社,1981
[2] 舒士甄,朱力,柯玄龄等,《叶轮机械原理》,清华大学出版社,1991
[3] Kang S., “Investigation on the Three Dimensional Flow within a Compressor Cascade with and without Tip Clearance”, Ph.D. Thesis, Vrije University Brussel, 1993
[4] 谭春青,“透平叶栅中叶片的弯曲对流场性能影响的实验研究”,哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文,1993
[5] Vijayaraghavan S. B., Kavanagh P, “Effects of Free-Stream Turbulence, Reynolds Number and Incidence on Axial Turbine Cascade Performance”, ASME Paper, No.88-GT-152, 1988
[6] Denton J.D., “A Survey and Comparison of Methods for Predicting the Profile Loss of Turbine Blades”, Institute of Mechanical Engineers Conference Publication,No.3, Paper C76/73, 1973
[7] Wu C. H., “A General Theory of Three-Dimensional Flow in Subsonic and Supersonic Turbomachines of Aixal and Mixed-Flow Types”, ASME Paper, 50-A-79, (Trans of ASME, 1952, Vo1.74, No.1, PP.363～380)
[8] Sieverding C. H., Boletis E., and Van Hove W., “Experimental Study of the Three-Demissional Flow Field in an Annular Turbine Nozzle Guide Vane”, ASME Paper No. 83-GT 120, 1983
[9] Yamamoto A.,and Yanagl R., “Production and Development of Secondary Flows and bosses Within a Three Dimensional Turbine Stator Cascade”, ASME Paper No.85-GT 217, 1985
[10] More J., Leading Edge and Ransmayr A., “Flow in a Turbine Cascade,Part I: Losses and Effects”, ASME Paper, No.83-GT 68,1983
[11] Yamamoto A., “Production and Development of Secondary Flows and Losses Within Two Types of Straight Turbine Cascades, Part I: A Stator Case”, ASME Paper, No.86-GT 184, 1986
[12] 李才修,倪中,“涡轮直列叶栅中二次流损失预测模型”,航空动力学报,Vol.2, No.3, PP.225～229, 1987
[13] Dunham J., and Came P. M., “Improvements to the Ainley-Mathieson Method of Turbine Performance Prediction”, ASME Journal of Engineering for Power, Vol.92, No.3, PP.252～256, 1970
[14] Mukhtarov M.Kh., and Krichakin V.L, “Procedure for Estimating Flow SectionLosses in Axial Flow Turbines When Calculating Their Characteristics”, Teploenergetika, No.3, PP.76～79, 1969
[15] Gregory-Smith D. G., “Secondary Flows and Losses in Axial Flow Turbines”, ASME Journal of Engineering for Power, Vol.104, No.4, PP819～822, 1982
[16] Sharma O.P., and Butler T.L., “Predictions of Endwall Losses and Secondary Flows in Axial Flow Turbine Cascades”, ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol.109, No.2, PP229～236, 1987
[17] Walsh J.A., and Gregory-Smith D.G, “Inlet Skew and the Growth of Secondary Losses and Vorticity in a Turbine Cascade”, ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol.112, No.4, PP633～642, 1990
[18] Yaras M. L, and Sjolander S. A., “Prediction of Tip-Leakage Losses in Axial Turbines”, ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol.114, No.2, PP.204-210, 1992
[19] Hall K. C., Silkowski P D., “The Influence of Neighboring Blade Rows on the Unsteady Aerodynamic Response of Cascades”, ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol.119, NO.l, PP. 85~93, 1997
[20] Hilditch M. A., Smith G. C., Singh U. K., “Unsteady Flow Turbine”, ASME Paper, 98-GT-531, 1998
[21] Greitzer E. M., “Surge and Rotating Stall in Axial Flow Compressors”, ASME Paper, No.75-GT-9, 1975
[22]聂超群,桂幸民,于清等,“跨音速压气机近失速状态的非定常特征”,中国 工程热物理学会热机气动热力学学术会议论文集,No. 982056,杭州,1998
[23] Gallus H. E., Zeschky J., "Endwall and Unsteady Flow Phenomena in an Axial Turbine Stage", ASME Paper 94-GT-143, 1994
[24]Rai M M., "Three Dimensional Navier-Stokes Simulation of Turbine Rotor-Stator Interaction.", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol.5, No.3, PP.307~319, 1989
[25] Maskell E. C., "Flow Separation in Three Dimension", RAE Aero. Rept.2565, 1955
[26] Lighthill M. J., "Attachment and Separation in Three Dimension Flow", SectionⅡ.2.6 of "Laminar Boundary Layers" Ed. By L.Rosenhead, Oxford Univ. Press, 1963
[27]Kang S., "An Application of Topological Analysis to Studying the Three-Dimensional Flow in Cascade", Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Vol.11, No.5, PP.1119~1127, 1990
[28] Truesdell C,"The Kinematics of Vorticity". Indiana Univ. Press, 1954
[29] Sarpkaya T., "Computational Methods with Vortices',ASME Journal of Fuids Engineering, Vol.l I 1,No. I,PP.45 一 52, 1989
[30]吴介之,“运动物体与涡量场相互作用的不可压理论”,空气动力学报,Vol.4, No. 2, PP 168~176, 1985
[31] Wang H. P ,“Flow Visualization in a Liner Turbine Cascade of High Performance Turbine Blades”,ASME Paper No.95-GT-7, 1995
[32] 冯国泰,苏杰先,王仲奇等,“获得综合优化流型的叶片成型方法和设计力 法”,工程热物理学报,Vo1.12, No.2, PP.156-159, 1991
[33] Hah C. N., "A Viscous Flow Study of Shock-Boundary”-Boundary Layer Interaction,Radial Transport,and wake Development in a Transonic Compresser. ASME 91-GT 69,1991
[34] Maskell E.C.,and Kuchemann D.,"Controlled Separation in Aerodyamic Design", RAE TM Aero. 463,1956
[35] Vaczy C. M., and McCormick D. C., "A Study of the Leading Edge Vortex and Tip Vortex on Prop-Fan Blades", ASME 87-GT 234, 1987
[36] Wu J. Z.,Vakili A. D.,and Wu J. M. "Review of the Physics of Enhancing Vortex Lift by Unsteady Excitation", Prog. Aerospace Science, No.2, PP 73-131,1991
[37] Honami S.,Shizawa T. and Takahama M.,"Behavior of the Leg of Horseshoe Vortex Around the Idealized Blade with Zero Attack Angle by Triple Hot-Wire Measurments", ASME Paper No.88-GT 197, 1988
[38] Bailey D. A., "Study of Mean and Turbulent Velocity Fields Trubine Vane Passage", ASME Journal of Engineering for Power,Vo1. 102,No.l,PP.88~95,1980
[39] Yamamoto A.,and Nouse H.,"Effects of Incidence on Three-Dimensional Flows in a Linear Turbine Cascade", ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vo1.110,No.5, PP.486~496,1988
[40] Byanston-Cross P J.,and Harasgama,S. P.,"The Application of Partical Image Velocimetry(PIV) in a Short Duration Transonic Annular Turbine Cascade", ASME Paper No.91-GT-221,1991
[41] Suder K. L.,"Blockage Development in a Transonic, Axial Compressor Rotor". ASME Paper, 96-GT-394, 1996
[42] Hirch C.,"Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows", John Wiley&Sons Ltd.
[43] 姚征,Hirsch C.“多级叶轮机三维流动计算的级间混合面方法分析”,工程 热物理学报,Vol. 17, No. 4, PP 417~422, 1995
[44] Adamczyk J. J. , "Model Equation for Simulating Flow in Multistage Turbomachinery",ASME Paper,85-GT-226,1985
[45] Rai M M."Three Dimensional Navier-Stokes Simulation of Turbine Rotor-Stator Interaction", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vo1.5, No.3, PP.307~319, 1989
[46] Jamson A. etc.,Time Dependent Calculations using Multigrid with applications to unsteady Flows Past Airfoils and Wings, AIAA-Paper No. 91-1596, 1991
[47] 吴子牛,《计算流体力学基本原理》,科学出版社,2001
[48] 杨策,蒋滋康,索沂生,“时间推进方法在叶轮机械内部流场计算中的进展”,力学进展,Vol. 30, No. l,PP83-94, 2000
[49] Neumann V. J.,Richtmyer R. D.,"A Method for the Numerical Calculation of Hydrodynamic Shocks", Journal of Applied Physics, Vol.21,No.2, PP.232~257, 1950
[50] Kang S.,Hirsch C.,"Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Viscous Flow in a Linear Compressor Cascade with Tip Clearance", ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol.118,No.3,PP.492~505, 1996
[51] Dawes W. N.,"Simulating Unsteady Turbomachinery Flows on Unstrructured Meshes Which Adapt Both in Time and Space",ASME Paper,No. 93-GT 104,1993
[52] 李晓鹏,李剑波,吴克启,“空调用轴流风机内流分析及性能优化”,流体机械,Vol. 34,No. 3,2006
[53] 田铖,“地铁用轴流风机的 CFD 模拟及研究”,硕士论文,天津大学,2003.11
[54] 李秋实,陆亚钧,李玲,“对旋轴流风机的稳态流场数值模拟”,北京航空航天大学学报,Vol. 28,No. 5,2002
[2] 舒士甄,朱力,柯玄龄等,《叶轮机械原理》,清华大学出版社,1991
[3] Kang S., “Investigation on the Three Dimensional Flow within a Compressor Cascade with and without Tip Clearance”, Ph.D. Thesis, Vrije University Brussel, 1993
[4] 谭春青,“透平叶栅中叶片的弯曲对流场性能影响的实验研究”,哈尔滨工业大学博士学位论文,1993
[5] Vijayaraghavan S. B., Kavanagh P, “Effects of Free-Stream Turbulence, Reynolds Number and Incidence on Axial Turbine Cascade Performance”, ASME Paper, No.88-GT-152, 1988
[6] Denton J.D., “A Survey and Comparison of Methods for Predicting the Profile Loss of Turbine Blades”, Institute of Mechanical Engineers Conference Publication,No.3, Paper C76/73, 1973
[7] Wu C. H., “A General Theory of Three-Dimensional Flow in Subsonic and Supersonic Turbomachines of Aixal and Mixed-Flow Types”, ASME Paper, 50-A-79, (Trans of ASME, 1952, Vo1.74, No.1, PP.363～380)
[8] Sieverding C. H., Boletis E., and Van Hove W., “Experimental Study of the Three-Demissional Flow Field in an Annular Turbine Nozzle Guide Vane”, ASME Paper No. 83-GT 120, 1983
[9] Yamamoto A.,and Yanagl R., “Production and Development of Secondary Flows and bosses Within a Three Dimensional Turbine Stator Cascade”, ASME Paper No.85-GT 217, 1985
[10] More J., Leading Edge and Ransmayr A., “Flow in a Turbine Cascade,Part I: Losses and Effects”, ASME Paper, No.83-GT 68,1983
[11] Yamamoto A., “Production and Development of Secondary Flows and Losses Within Two Types of Straight Turbine Cascades, Part I: A Stator Case”, ASME Paper, No.86-GT 184, 1986
[12] 李才修,倪中,“涡轮直列叶栅中二次流损失预测模型”,航空动力学报,Vol.2, No.3, PP.225～229, 1987
[13] Dunham J., and Came P. M., “Improvements to the Ainley-Mathieson Method of Turbine Performance Prediction”, ASME Journal of Engineering for Power, Vol.92, No.3, PP.252～256, 1970
[14] Mukhtarov M.Kh., and Krichakin V.L, “Procedure for Estimating Flow SectionLosses in Axial Flow Turbines When Calculating Their Characteristics”, Teploenergetika, No.3, PP.76～79, 1969
[15] Gregory-Smith D. G., “Secondary Flows and Losses in Axial Flow Turbines”, ASME Journal of Engineering for Power, Vol.104, No.4, PP819～822, 1982
[16] Sharma O.P., and Butler T.L., “Predictions of Endwall Losses and Secondary Flows in Axial Flow Turbine Cascades”, ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol.109, No.2, PP229～236, 1987
[17] Walsh J.A., and Gregory-Smith D.G, “Inlet Skew and the Growth of Secondary Losses and Vorticity in a Turbine Cascade”, ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol.112, No.4, PP633～642, 1990
[18] Yaras M. L, and Sjolander S. A., “Prediction of Tip-Leakage Losses in Axial Turbines”, ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol.114, No.2, PP.204-210, 1992
[19] Hall K. C., Silkowski P D., “The Influence of Neighboring Blade Rows on the Unsteady Aerodynamic Response of Cascades”, ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol.119, NO.l, PP. 85~93, 1997
[20] Hilditch M. A., Smith G. C., Singh U. K., “Unsteady Flow Turbine”, ASME Paper, 98-GT-531, 1998
[21] Greitzer E. M., “Surge and Rotating Stall in Axial Flow Compressors”, ASME Paper, No.75-GT-9, 1975
[22]聂超群,桂幸民,于清等,“跨音速压气机近失速状态的非定常特征”,中国 工程热物理学会热机气动热力学学术会议论文集,No. 982056,杭州,1998
[23] Gallus H. E., Zeschky J., "Endwall and Unsteady Flow Phenomena in an Axial Turbine Stage", ASME Paper 94-GT-143, 1994
[24]Rai M M., "Three Dimensional Navier-Stokes Simulation of Turbine Rotor-Stator Interaction.", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol.5, No.3, PP.307~319, 1989
[25] Maskell E. C., "Flow Separation in Three Dimension", RAE Aero. Rept.2565, 1955
[26] Lighthill M. J., "Attachment and Separation in Three Dimension Flow", SectionⅡ.2.6 of "Laminar Boundary Layers" Ed. By L.Rosenhead, Oxford Univ. Press, 1963
[27]Kang S., "An Application of Topological Analysis to Studying the Three-Dimensional Flow in Cascade", Applied Mathematics and Mechanics, Vol.11, No.5, PP.1119~1127, 1990
[28] Truesdell C,"The Kinematics of Vorticity". Indiana Univ. Press, 1954
[29] Sarpkaya T., "Computational Methods with Vortices',ASME Journal of Fuids Engineering, Vol.l I 1,No. I,PP.45 一 52, 1989
[30]吴介之,“运动物体与涡量场相互作用的不可压理论”,空气动力学报,Vol.4, No. 2, PP 168~176, 1985
[31] Wang H. P ,“Flow Visualization in a Liner Turbine Cascade of High Performance Turbine Blades”,ASME Paper No.95-GT-7, 1995
[32] 冯国泰,苏杰先,王仲奇等,“获得综合优化流型的叶片成型方法和设计力 法”,工程热物理学报,Vo1.12, No.2, PP.156-159, 1991
[33] Hah C. N., "A Viscous Flow Study of Shock-Boundary”-Boundary Layer Interaction,Radial Transport,and wake Development in a Transonic Compresser. ASME 91-GT 69,1991
[34] Maskell E.C.,and Kuchemann D.,"Controlled Separation in Aerodyamic Design", RAE TM Aero. 463,1956
[35] Vaczy C. M., and McCormick D. C., "A Study of the Leading Edge Vortex and Tip Vortex on Prop-Fan Blades", ASME 87-GT 234, 1987
[36] Wu J. Z.,Vakili A. D.,and Wu J. M. "Review of the Physics of Enhancing Vortex Lift by Unsteady Excitation", Prog. Aerospace Science, No.2, PP 73-131,1991
[37] Honami S.,Shizawa T. and Takahama M.,"Behavior of the Leg of Horseshoe Vortex Around the Idealized Blade with Zero Attack Angle by Triple Hot-Wire Measurments", ASME Paper No.88-GT 197, 1988
[38] Bailey D. A., "Study of Mean and Turbulent Velocity Fields Trubine Vane Passage", ASME Journal of Engineering for Power,Vo1. 102,No.l,PP.88~95,1980
[39] Yamamoto A.,and Nouse H.,"Effects of Incidence on Three-Dimensional Flows in a Linear Turbine Cascade", ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vo1.110,No.5, PP.486~496,1988
[40] Byanston-Cross P J.,and Harasgama,S. P.,"The Application of Partical Image Velocimetry(PIV) in a Short Duration Transonic Annular Turbine Cascade", ASME Paper No.91-GT-221,1991
[41] Suder K. L.,"Blockage Development in a Transonic, Axial Compressor Rotor". ASME Paper, 96-GT-394, 1996
[42] Hirch C.,"Numerical Computation of Internal and External Flows", John Wiley&Sons Ltd.
[43] 姚征,Hirsch C.“多级叶轮机三维流动计算的级间混合面方法分析”,工程 热物理学报,Vol. 17, No. 4, PP 417~422, 1995
[44] Adamczyk J. J. , "Model Equation for Simulating Flow in Multistage Turbomachinery",ASME Paper,85-GT-226,1985
[45] Rai M M."Three Dimensional Navier-Stokes Simulation of Turbine Rotor-Stator Interaction", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vo1.5, No.3, PP.307~319, 1989
[46] Jamson A. etc.,Time Dependent Calculations using Multigrid with applications to unsteady Flows Past Airfoils and Wings, AIAA-Paper No. 91-1596, 1991
[47] 吴子牛,《计算流体力学基本原理》,科学出版社,2001
[48] 杨策,蒋滋康,索沂生,“时间推进方法在叶轮机械内部流场计算中的进展”,力学进展,Vol. 30, No. l,PP83-94, 2000
[49] Neumann V. J.,Richtmyer R. D.,"A Method for the Numerical Calculation of Hydrodynamic Shocks", Journal of Applied Physics, Vol.21,No.2, PP.232~257, 1950
[50] Kang S.,Hirsch C.,"Numerical Simulation of Three-Dimensional Viscous Flow in a Linear Compressor Cascade with Tip Clearance", ASME Journal of Turbomachinery, Vol.118,No.3,PP.492~505, 1996
[51] Dawes W. N.,"Simulating Unsteady Turbomachinery Flows on Unstrructured Meshes Which Adapt Both in Time and Space",ASME Paper,No. 93-GT 104,1993
[52] 李晓鹏,李剑波,吴克启,“空调用轴流风机内流分析及性能优化”,流体机械,Vol. 34,No. 3,2006
[53] 田铖,“地铁用轴流风机的 CFD 模拟及研究”,硕士论文,天津大学,2003.11
[54] 李秋实,陆亚钧,李玲,“对旋轴流风机的稳态流场数值模拟”,北京航空航天大学学报,Vol. 28,No. 5,2002