基于共振光声光谱的变压器油中溶解气体在线监测原理及方法
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摘要
油中溶解气体是表征运行电力变压器早期潜伏性故障的重要特征量之一,油中溶解气体的在线监测技术在变压器运行状态的在线评估及剩余寿命的预测领域具有良好的应用前景。光声气体检测技术作为一种光学检测技术,它自身不需要消耗及分离气体,且在灵敏度、选择性、动态检测范围等方面显示了独特的优点,其在变压器油中溶解气体在线监测技术领域具有巨大的应用潜力。论文从气体红外吸收特性分析、光声光谱在线监测系统的构建及微弱信号检测三方面着手,系统地研究了油中溶解气体光声光谱在线监测的原理与方法。
深入剖析气体光声效应的产生机理,即热的产生与声的激发,研究标准圆柱形光声池中声场的分布特点及其振幅的大小,在分析实际光声池中声能损耗的基础上,得出计及声能损耗的波动方程与光声信号的振幅幅值,为气体光声检测系统的组建,特别是光声池的优化设计奠定理论基础。
气体的红外吸收特性是利用红外光学技术分析气体的理论依据,提出了气体红外吸收特性的逐线积分模型,结合HITRAN2004数据库提供的气体谱线参数,给出在任意温度、任意压强及浓度下,气体在指定波长处的吸收系数;并以CH_4、C_2H_6、C_2H_4、C_2H_2、CO和CO_2的特定吸收谱线为研究对象,分析了峰值吸收系数及谱线线型受压强和温度的影响。
在详细剖析非共振、赫姆霍兹共振及空腔共振光声池的工作原理及特点的基础上,通过分析光声池谐振腔的几何参数与其特性参数-共振频率、品质因数与池常数的关系曲线,设计出能够满足油中溶解气体在线监测实际需求的一阶纵向共振光声池;同时,通过分析非相干与相干红外光源应用于气体光声检测系统的优缺点,并通过对CH_4和C_2H_2气体的近红外光谱的理论分析,建立了基于分布反馈半导体激光器阵列光源的油中溶解气体光声光谱在线监测系统;提出一种基于最小二乘回归的气体光声定量分析方法,实验分析表明,该方法对于选择性优良的光声光谱系统的气体光声定量是有效的。
针对目前在微弱信号检测中广泛应用的互相关方法的信噪比门限较高的不足,提出基于互相关和李雅普诺夫指数的微弱信号混沌检测方法,仿真实例分析表明,该方法能够从强噪声中检测出互相关方法所不能检测的微弱正弦信号,且在精度上比单独的互相关和混沌检测方法更优。
Dissolved gases in transformer oil are important characteristic values which reflect the types of incipient faults of the transformers, and on-line monitoring of dissolved gases has fine prospects in the application to on-line evaluation of the running state of the transformers and on-line forecast of their residual lives. As an optical detection technique, photoacoustic spectrometry (PAS) need not consume gas and separate gas, and has some advantages including high sensitivity, high selectivity, and big dynamic detection range. This dissertation investigates the applications of PAS to analyze dissolved gases in transformer oil.
The mechanism of the photoacoustic effect in gas, namely, the heat production and the sound generation, is analyzed in detail. The distribution of the sound field and its amplitude in the standard cylindrical photoacoustic cell are researched. And the wave equation and the amplitude of the photoacoustic signal are also given on the base of analyzing the sound energy loss of the actual photoacoustic cell. These theories provide guidance for the establishment of the photoacoustic gas detection system, especially for the design of the photoacoustic cell.
Gaseous infrared absorption properties are the bases of analyzing gas by infrared optical methods. A line-by-line integration model for the gaseous infrared absorption properties is given in this dissertation. The gaseous absorption coefficients for specific wavelength at different temperatures and pressures can be calculated by using this model and gaseous line parameters of HITRAN2004 database. As for the specific absorption lines of CH_4, C_2H_6, C_2H_4, C_2H_2, CO and CO_2, the laws that the peak absorption coefficients vary with the pressure and temperature are also analyzed.
The first longitude resonant cell which can satisfy the need of on-line monitoring of gas in oil is designed on the basis of analyzing detailedly the operating principles and the features of the non-resonant, Helmoholtz, and resonant photoacoustic cells, and analyzing the relationship curves between the geometric parameters of the resonant cavity and the characteristic parameters, namely, resonant frequency, quality factor, and cell constant. In the meantime, by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the application of incoherent sources and coherent sources in the photoacoustic gas detection systems and the near infrared spectra of CH_4 and C2H2, an experiment-setup for on-line photoacoustic monitoring of dissolved gases in oil based on the array source which is composed of several distributed feedback diode lasers is established. And a method of photoacoustic quantitative analysis for gas based on the least square regression is proposed, experimental results show that it is valuable in the quantitative analysis for a photoacoustic gaseous detection system with good selectivity.
On account that the cross-correlation method has the disadvantage of high signal to noise ratio threshold, a chaotic detection method based on the cross-correlation and the Lyapunov exponent is given. Simulation analyses show that the proposed method can detect weak sine signals in strong noise, which can not be detected by the cross-correlation method, and that it is superior to the cross-correlation method and the chaotic detection method in precision.
深入剖析气体光声效应的产生机理,即热的产生与声的激发,研究标准圆柱形光声池中声场的分布特点及其振幅的大小,在分析实际光声池中声能损耗的基础上,得出计及声能损耗的波动方程与光声信号的振幅幅值,为气体光声检测系统的组建,特别是光声池的优化设计奠定理论基础。
气体的红外吸收特性是利用红外光学技术分析气体的理论依据,提出了气体红外吸收特性的逐线积分模型,结合HITRAN2004数据库提供的气体谱线参数,给出在任意温度、任意压强及浓度下,气体在指定波长处的吸收系数;并以CH_4、C_2H_6、C_2H_4、C_2H_2、CO和CO_2的特定吸收谱线为研究对象,分析了峰值吸收系数及谱线线型受压强和温度的影响。
在详细剖析非共振、赫姆霍兹共振及空腔共振光声池的工作原理及特点的基础上,通过分析光声池谐振腔的几何参数与其特性参数-共振频率、品质因数与池常数的关系曲线,设计出能够满足油中溶解气体在线监测实际需求的一阶纵向共振光声池;同时,通过分析非相干与相干红外光源应用于气体光声检测系统的优缺点,并通过对CH_4和C_2H_2气体的近红外光谱的理论分析,建立了基于分布反馈半导体激光器阵列光源的油中溶解气体光声光谱在线监测系统;提出一种基于最小二乘回归的气体光声定量分析方法,实验分析表明,该方法对于选择性优良的光声光谱系统的气体光声定量是有效的。
针对目前在微弱信号检测中广泛应用的互相关方法的信噪比门限较高的不足,提出基于互相关和李雅普诺夫指数的微弱信号混沌检测方法,仿真实例分析表明,该方法能够从强噪声中检测出互相关方法所不能检测的微弱正弦信号,且在精度上比单独的互相关和混沌检测方法更优。
Dissolved gases in transformer oil are important characteristic values which reflect the types of incipient faults of the transformers, and on-line monitoring of dissolved gases has fine prospects in the application to on-line evaluation of the running state of the transformers and on-line forecast of their residual lives. As an optical detection technique, photoacoustic spectrometry (PAS) need not consume gas and separate gas, and has some advantages including high sensitivity, high selectivity, and big dynamic detection range. This dissertation investigates the applications of PAS to analyze dissolved gases in transformer oil.
The mechanism of the photoacoustic effect in gas, namely, the heat production and the sound generation, is analyzed in detail. The distribution of the sound field and its amplitude in the standard cylindrical photoacoustic cell are researched. And the wave equation and the amplitude of the photoacoustic signal are also given on the base of analyzing the sound energy loss of the actual photoacoustic cell. These theories provide guidance for the establishment of the photoacoustic gas detection system, especially for the design of the photoacoustic cell.
Gaseous infrared absorption properties are the bases of analyzing gas by infrared optical methods. A line-by-line integration model for the gaseous infrared absorption properties is given in this dissertation. The gaseous absorption coefficients for specific wavelength at different temperatures and pressures can be calculated by using this model and gaseous line parameters of HITRAN2004 database. As for the specific absorption lines of CH_4, C_2H_6, C_2H_4, C_2H_2, CO and CO_2, the laws that the peak absorption coefficients vary with the pressure and temperature are also analyzed.
The first longitude resonant cell which can satisfy the need of on-line monitoring of gas in oil is designed on the basis of analyzing detailedly the operating principles and the features of the non-resonant, Helmoholtz, and resonant photoacoustic cells, and analyzing the relationship curves between the geometric parameters of the resonant cavity and the characteristic parameters, namely, resonant frequency, quality factor, and cell constant. In the meantime, by analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the application of incoherent sources and coherent sources in the photoacoustic gas detection systems and the near infrared spectra of CH_4 and C2H2, an experiment-setup for on-line photoacoustic monitoring of dissolved gases in oil based on the array source which is composed of several distributed feedback diode lasers is established. And a method of photoacoustic quantitative analysis for gas based on the least square regression is proposed, experimental results show that it is valuable in the quantitative analysis for a photoacoustic gaseous detection system with good selectivity.
On account that the cross-correlation method has the disadvantage of high signal to noise ratio threshold, a chaotic detection method based on the cross-correlation and the Lyapunov exponent is given. Simulation analyses show that the proposed method can detect weak sine signals in strong noise, which can not be detected by the cross-correlation method, and that it is superior to the cross-correlation method and the chaotic detection method in precision.
引文
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