观赏草耐旱性研究与景观配置应用
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摘要
观赏草种类繁多，株形、色彩和花序等观赏特性独具一格，且繁殖容易，养护管理相对简单，可广泛应用于各类不同的城市绿地环境。观赏草的耐旱性与园林配置应用的系统研究，对于建立节水型园林，丰富城市园林景观，体现园林植物的物种多样性和景观多样性，提高城市绿化水平等具有重要的理论意义和实践应用价值。主要研究结果如下：
一、通过分析观赏草的涵义以及与草坪草的区别，明确观赏草的概念。对观赏草的分类形式，种植与养护管理，以及国内外的研究现状进行了总结。
二、通过对国外观赏草应用历史沿革以及造景形式的分析借鉴，将国外观赏草的应用历史归纳为三个阶段，即中世纪时期“繁花草丛”的出现视为观赏草的应用萌发期；19世纪后期至20世纪30～40年代，一些禾草种类开始应用于花境配置和庭园造景，称为造景应用期；20世纪中后期观赏草开始作为一个观赏植物类群得到广泛应用，并用于公园、城市绿地等开敞空间以及生态建设，进入广泛应用期。
三、选取园林绿化中常用的4种观赏草为试材，研究其自然失水胁迫下的形态与生理变化规律，为耐早观赏草的园林应用提供理论依据。夏季自然失水胁迫试验结果表明，斑叶芒和灯心草的枯叶率与生理指标(游离脯氨酸和电解质外渗率)出现剧烈变化的转折点均在干旱胁迫第10d，两种观赏草的枯叶率与生理指标均呈极显著正相关，综合评价两种观赏草的耐旱性为：灯心草＞斑叶芒；秋季自然失水胁迫试验结果表明，随着干旱胁迫时间的延长，斑叶芒、狼尾草、矮蒲苇的游离脯氨酸、电解质外渗率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量不断增加，与枯叶率的增加呈显著正相关。比较形态和生理指标后，认为狼尾草的耐早性最强，斑叶芒次之，矮蒲苇对干旱最敏感。
四、经过一年多的实地调查，统计出目前杭州西湖风景区应用的观赏草种类约44种，观赏草在风景区内的应用方式比较单一，蒲苇、菖蒲、灯心草、芦竹等传统、本土种类应用频度较高，分布种类和数量较集中的几个景点为茅乡水情、长桥公园等新建景区或改造的传统景区。此外，通过调查、观察记录取得风景区内常见观赏草的物候期。
五、结合景观生态学原理，探讨了观赏草在园林花境、地被、护坡、滨水和岩石园等的应用和生态配置模式，并对沪杭地区观赏草的应用现状作了概述，为观赏草的广泛应用提供理论参考。
Ornamental grasses, as excellent additions to different environments of urban green spaces, have various species, combining with their unique shapes, foliage colors, inflorescences, easy propagation and maintenance. Being water-saving, diversified, artistic and ecological urban landscape, the systematic researches on drought tolerance and landscape uses of ornamental grasses will indicate the academic significance and practical value. The main results were summarized as follow:
1. Based on the difference of concepts between ornamental grass and turf grass, the definition of ornamental grass were discussed. The classification, planting and maintenance, reseach status of ornamental grasses were introduced.
2. With the typical application examples of ornamental grasses in foreign gardens, the application history of ornamental grasses aboard was summarized as three stages. The poetic-sounding flowery mead in the 16~(th) and 17~(th) ceturies was thinked as the original application of ornamental grasses. The landscaping application stage was from the late 1800s to the early 1900s, with several dozen grasses were considered fine subjects for traditional borders and transitional areas of the gradens. Ornamental grasses truly came into their own in the second half of the 20~(th) century, which was considered as widely application stage.
3. According to the study on changes of shape and physiological in four species of ornamental grasses under drought stress, some theoretical foundation for selecting and breeding of drought-tolerant ornamental grasses resources are put forward. The result of the drought-tolerant experiment in summer showed that the increase of the percentage of withered leaves, content of free proline and REC appeared dramatically from the 10~(th) day, respectively. There were significant positive correlations between the percentage of withered leaves and physiological indexes in Soft rush and Zebra grass under the drought stress. It was indicated that the drought tolerance of Soft rush was better than Zebra grass, based on the analysis of growth appearance and physiological characteristics. The result of the drought-tolerant experiment in autumn showed that the proline content, REC and MDA content increased continuously along with the drought treatments in Fountain grass, Zebra grass and Pampus grass, and it showed obviously positive correlation with the increasing of percentage of withered leaves. The SOD activities in Zebra grass and Fountain grass were remarkable higher than Pampus grass in later stage of drought treatment. According to the morphological and physiological analysis, the drought tolerance decreased in following order: Fountain grass > Zebra grass >Pampus grass.
4. Having been investigating ornamental grasses in Hangzhou landscape area for more than one year, 44 species of ornamental grasses were concluded. The application modes of ornamental grasses were singularity. Application frequency of traditional or autochthonous species was higher than others in Hangzhou landscape area, such as Cortaderia selloana, Acorus calamus, Arundo donax and Juncus effuses et al, and the distribution and quantity of ornamental grasses were more concentrated in newly-built scenic spots. Besides, the phenophases of ornamental grasses in Hangzhou westlake scenic spot were put forward.
5. Based on the principles of landscape ecology, the application and planting design of ornamental grasses in flower border, ground covers, slope greening, waterside, and rock garden were analyzed. The status for landscape use of ornamental grasses in Shanghai, Hangzhou was analyzed as well. It will be theoretical benefit to the extended apply for ornamental grasses in landscape.
一、通过分析观赏草的涵义以及与草坪草的区别，明确观赏草的概念。对观赏草的分类形式，种植与养护管理，以及国内外的研究现状进行了总结。
二、通过对国外观赏草应用历史沿革以及造景形式的分析借鉴，将国外观赏草的应用历史归纳为三个阶段，即中世纪时期“繁花草丛”的出现视为观赏草的应用萌发期；19世纪后期至20世纪30～40年代，一些禾草种类开始应用于花境配置和庭园造景，称为造景应用期；20世纪中后期观赏草开始作为一个观赏植物类群得到广泛应用，并用于公园、城市绿地等开敞空间以及生态建设，进入广泛应用期。
三、选取园林绿化中常用的4种观赏草为试材，研究其自然失水胁迫下的形态与生理变化规律，为耐早观赏草的园林应用提供理论依据。夏季自然失水胁迫试验结果表明，斑叶芒和灯心草的枯叶率与生理指标(游离脯氨酸和电解质外渗率)出现剧烈变化的转折点均在干旱胁迫第10d，两种观赏草的枯叶率与生理指标均呈极显著正相关，综合评价两种观赏草的耐旱性为：灯心草＞斑叶芒；秋季自然失水胁迫试验结果表明，随着干旱胁迫时间的延长，斑叶芒、狼尾草、矮蒲苇的游离脯氨酸、电解质外渗率(REC)、丙二醛(MDA)含量不断增加，与枯叶率的增加呈显著正相关。比较形态和生理指标后，认为狼尾草的耐早性最强，斑叶芒次之，矮蒲苇对干旱最敏感。
四、经过一年多的实地调查，统计出目前杭州西湖风景区应用的观赏草种类约44种，观赏草在风景区内的应用方式比较单一，蒲苇、菖蒲、灯心草、芦竹等传统、本土种类应用频度较高，分布种类和数量较集中的几个景点为茅乡水情、长桥公园等新建景区或改造的传统景区。此外，通过调查、观察记录取得风景区内常见观赏草的物候期。
五、结合景观生态学原理，探讨了观赏草在园林花境、地被、护坡、滨水和岩石园等的应用和生态配置模式，并对沪杭地区观赏草的应用现状作了概述，为观赏草的广泛应用提供理论参考。
Ornamental grasses, as excellent additions to different environments of urban green spaces, have various species, combining with their unique shapes, foliage colors, inflorescences, easy propagation and maintenance. Being water-saving, diversified, artistic and ecological urban landscape, the systematic researches on drought tolerance and landscape uses of ornamental grasses will indicate the academic significance and practical value. The main results were summarized as follow:
1. Based on the difference of concepts between ornamental grass and turf grass, the definition of ornamental grass were discussed. The classification, planting and maintenance, reseach status of ornamental grasses were introduced.
2. With the typical application examples of ornamental grasses in foreign gardens, the application history of ornamental grasses aboard was summarized as three stages. The poetic-sounding flowery mead in the 16~(th) and 17~(th) ceturies was thinked as the original application of ornamental grasses. The landscaping application stage was from the late 1800s to the early 1900s, with several dozen grasses were considered fine subjects for traditional borders and transitional areas of the gradens. Ornamental grasses truly came into their own in the second half of the 20~(th) century, which was considered as widely application stage.
3. According to the study on changes of shape and physiological in four species of ornamental grasses under drought stress, some theoretical foundation for selecting and breeding of drought-tolerant ornamental grasses resources are put forward. The result of the drought-tolerant experiment in summer showed that the increase of the percentage of withered leaves, content of free proline and REC appeared dramatically from the 10~(th) day, respectively. There were significant positive correlations between the percentage of withered leaves and physiological indexes in Soft rush and Zebra grass under the drought stress. It was indicated that the drought tolerance of Soft rush was better than Zebra grass, based on the analysis of growth appearance and physiological characteristics. The result of the drought-tolerant experiment in autumn showed that the proline content, REC and MDA content increased continuously along with the drought treatments in Fountain grass, Zebra grass and Pampus grass, and it showed obviously positive correlation with the increasing of percentage of withered leaves. The SOD activities in Zebra grass and Fountain grass were remarkable higher than Pampus grass in later stage of drought treatment. According to the morphological and physiological analysis, the drought tolerance decreased in following order: Fountain grass > Zebra grass >Pampus grass.
4. Having been investigating ornamental grasses in Hangzhou landscape area for more than one year, 44 species of ornamental grasses were concluded. The application modes of ornamental grasses were singularity. Application frequency of traditional or autochthonous species was higher than others in Hangzhou landscape area, such as Cortaderia selloana, Acorus calamus, Arundo donax and Juncus effuses et al, and the distribution and quantity of ornamental grasses were more concentrated in newly-built scenic spots. Besides, the phenophases of ornamental grasses in Hangzhou westlake scenic spot were put forward.
5. Based on the principles of landscape ecology, the application and planting design of ornamental grasses in flower border, ground covers, slope greening, waterside, and rock garden were analyzed. The status for landscape use of ornamental grasses in Shanghai, Hangzhou was analyzed as well. It will be theoretical benefit to the extended apply for ornamental grasses in landscape.
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